DOCSLIB.ORG

TABLE of CONTENTS 974 CUTTING SPEEDS and FEEDS 978 Cutting Tool Materials 982 Cutting Speeds 983 Cutting Conditions 983 Selectin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TABLE of CONTENTS 974 CUTTING SPEEDS and FEEDS 978 Cutting Tool Materials 982 Cutting Speeds 983 Cutting Conditions 983 Selectin TABLE OF CONTENTS MACHINING OPERATIONS CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS ESTIMATING SPEEDS AND MACHINING POWER 978 Cutting Tool Materials 982 Cutting Speeds 1044 Planer Cutting Speeds 983 Cutting Conditions 1044 Cutting Speed and Time 983 Selecting Cutting Conditions 1044 Planing Time 983 Tool Troubleshooting 1044 Speeds for Metal-Cutting Saws 985 Cutting Speed Formulas 1044 Turning Unusual Material 987 RPM for Various Cutting Speeds 1046 Estimating Machining Power and Diameter 1046 Power Constants SPEED AND FEED TABLES 1047 Feed Factors 1048 Tool Wear Factors 991 Introduction 1050 Metal Removal Rates 991 Feeds and Speeds Tables 1051 Estimating Drilling Thrust, 995 Speed and Feed Tables for Turning Torque, and Power 1000 Tool Steels 1053 Work Material Factor 1001 Stainless Steels 1053 Chisel Edge Factors 1002 Ferrous Cast Metals 1054 Feed Factors 1004 Turning-Speed Adjustment 1055 Drill Diameter Factors Factors MACHINING ECONOMETRICS 1004 Tool Life Factors 1005 Adjustment Factors for HSS 1056 Tool Wear And Tool Life Tools Relationships 1006 Copper Alloys 1056 Equivalent Chip Thickness (ECT) 1007 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 1057 Tool-life Relationships 1008 Superalloys 1061 The G- and H-curves 1009 Speed and Feed Tables for Milling 1062 Tool-life Envelope 1012 Slit Milling 1065 Forces and Tool-life 1013 Aluminium Alloys 1067 Surface Finish and Tool-life 1014 Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels 1069 Shape of Tool-life Relationships 1018 Tool Steels 1070 Minimum Cost 1019 Stainless Steels 1071 Production Rate 1021 Ferrous Cast Metals 1071 The Cost Function 1023 High Speed Steel Cutters 1072 Global Optimum 1025 Speed Adjustment Factors 1073 Economic Tool-life 1026 Radial Depth of Cut 1076 Machine Settings and Cost 1028 Tool Life Calculations 1029 Drilling, Reaming, and Threading 1076 Nomenclature 1030 Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels 1077 Cutting Formulas 1035 Tool Steels 1081 Variation Of Tooling And Total 1036 Stainless Steels Cost 1037 Ferrous Cast Metals 1082 Optimized Data 1039 Light Metals 1085 High-speed Machining 1040 Adjustment Factors for HSS Econometrics 1041 Copper Alloys 1086 Chip Geometry in Milling 1041 Tapping and Threading 1088 Chip Thickness 1043 Cutting Speed for Broaching 1090 Forces and Tool-life 1091 High-speed Milling 1092 Econometrics Comparison 974 TABLE OF CONTENTS SCREW MACHINE FEEDS AND GRINDING FEEDS AND SPEEDS SPEEDS 1120 Basic Rules 1094 Automatic Screw Machine Tools 1120 Wheel life T and Grinding Ratio 1094 Knurling 1121 ECT in Grinding 1094 Revolution for Knurling 1122 Optimum Grinding Data 1094 Cams for Threading 1124 Surface Finish, Ra 1095 Cutting Speeds and Feeds 1125 Spark-out Time 1097 Spindle Revolutions 1126 Grinding Cutting Forces 1098 Practical Points on Cam 1127 Grinding Data 1099 Stock for Screw Machine 1128 Grindability Groups Products 1128 Side Feed, Roughing and 1101 Band Saw Blade Selection Finishing 1102 Tooth Forms 1129 Relative Grindability 1102 Types of Blades 1130 Grindability Overview 1103 Band Saw Speed and Feed Rate 1130 Procedure to Determine Data 1104 Bimetal Band Saw Speeds 1136 Calibration of Recommendations 1105 Band Saw Blade Break-In 1138 Optimization CUTTING FLUIDS GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES 1107 Types of Fluids 1107 Cutting Oils 1139 Grinding Wheels 1107 Water-Miscible Fluids 1139 Abrasive Materials 1108 Selection of Cutting Fluids 1140 Bond Properties 1109 Turning, Milling, Drilling and 1140 Structure Tapping 1141 ANSI Markings 1110 Machining 1141 Sequence of Markings 1111 Machining Magnesium 1142 ANSI Shapes and Sizes 1112 Metalworking Fluids 1142 Selection of Grinding Wheel 1112 Classes of Metalworking fluids 1143 Standard Shapes Ranges 1112 Occupational Exposures 1150 Grinding Wheel Faces 1113 Fluid Selection, Use, and 1151 Classification of Tool Steels Application 1152 Hardened Tool Steels 1114 Fluid Maintenance 1156 Constructional Steels 1115 Respiratory Protection for 1157 Cubic Boron Nitride Workers 1158 Dressing and Truing 1158 Tools and Methods for Dressing MACHINING NONFERROUS and Truing METALS 1160 Guidelines for Truing and 1116 Machining Dressing 1116 Aluminium 1161 Diamond Truing and Crossfeeds 1117 Magnesium 1161 Size Selection Guide 1118 Zinc Alloy Die-Castings 1162 Minimum Sizes for Single-Point 1118 Monel and Nickel Alloys Truing Diamonds 1119 Copper Alloys 1119 Hard Rubber 975 TABLE OF CONTENTS GRINDING AND OTHER GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES (Cont.) ABRASIVE PROCESSES (Cont.) 1163 Diamond Wheels 1183 Centerless Grinding 1163 Shapes 1184 Through-feed Method of Grinding 1164 Core Shapes and Designations 1184 In-feed Method 1164 Cross-sections and Designations 1184 End-feed Method 1165 Designations for Location 1184 Automatic Centerless Method 1166 Composition 1184 Centerless Grinding 1167 Designation Letters 1185 Surface Grinding 1168 Selection of Diamond Wheels 1186 Principal System 1168 Abrasive Specification 1186 Grinding Wheel 1169 Handling and Operation Recommendations 1169 Speeds and Feeds 1188 Principal Systems 1170 Grinding Wheel Safety 1189 Process Data for Surface Grinding 1170 Safety in Operating 1190 Basic Process Data 1170 Handling, Storage and Inspection 1190 Faults and Possible Causes 1170 Machine Conditions 1192 Offhand Grinding 1171 Grinding Wheel Mounting 1192 Floor- and Bench-Stand Grinding 1171 Safe Operating Speeds 1192 Portable Grinding 1172 Portable Grinders 1192 Swing-Frame Grinding 1175 Cylindrical Grinding 1193 Mounted Wheels and Mounted 1175 Plain, Universal, and Limited- Points Purpose Machines 1193 Abrasive Belt Grinding 1175 Traverse or Plunge Grinding 1193 Application of Abrasive Belts 1175 Work Holding on Machines 1193 Selection Contact Wheels 1176 Work-Holding Methods 1195 Abrasive Cutting 1176 Selection of Grinding Wheels 1196 Cutting-Off Difficulties 1177 Wheel Recommendations 1196 Honing Process 1177 Operational Data 1197 Rate of Stock Removal 1178 Basic Process Data 1197 Formula for Rotative Speeds 1178 High-Speed 1198 Factors in Rotative Speed 1179 Areas and Degrees of Automation Formulas 1179 Troubles and Their Correction 1198 Eliminating Undesirable Honing 1180 Chatter Conditions 1180 Spirals on Work 1199 Tolerances 1180 Marks on Work 1199 Laps and Lapping 1181 Burning and Discoloration of 1199 Material for Laps Work 1199 Laps for Flat Surfaces 1181 Thread on Work 1200 Grading Abrasives 1182 Inaccuracies in Work 1200 Charging Laps 1182 Inaccurate Work Sizing 1200 Rotary Diamond Lap 1182 Uneven Traverse or Infeed of 1201 Grading Diamond Dust Wheel Head 1201 Cutting Properties 1183 Wheel Defects 1201 Cutting Qualities 1183 Wheel Loading and Glazing 1202 Wear of Laps 1183 Wheel Breakage 1202 Lapping Abrasives 1202 Effect on Lapping Lubricants 1202 Lapping Pressures 1202 Wet and Dry Lapping 1203 Lapping Tests 976 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARBORS, CHUCKS, AND NUMERICAL CONTROL SPINDLES PROGRAMMING 1203 Portable Grinding Tools 1240 Programming 1203 Circular Saw Arbors 1243 Postprocessors 1203 Spindles for Geared Chucks 1243 G-Code Programming 1203 Spindle Sizes 1243 Format Classification 1204 Standard Shapes of Mounted 1243 Letter Addresses Wheels 1245 Sequence Number (N-Word) 1207 Straight Grinding Wheel Spindles 1245 Preparatory Word (G-Word) 1207 Threaded and Tapered Spindles 1249 Miscellaneous Functions 1208 Square Drives for Portable Air 1250 Feed Function (F-Word) 1209 Abrasion Tool Spindles 1251 Spindle Function (S-Word) 1210 Hexagonal Chucks for Portable 1251 Tool Function (T-Word) Air 1253 Linear Interpolation 1210 Hexagon Shanks for Portable Air 1254 Circular Interpolation 1255 Helical and Parabolic KNURLS AND KNURLING Interpolation 1211 Knurls and Knurling 1256 Subroutine 1211 ANSI Standard 1258 Conditional Expressions 1211 Preferred Sizes 1258 Fixed (Canned) Cycles 1211 Specifications 1262 Turning Cycles 1212 Cylindrical Tools 1262 Thread Cutting 1213 Flat Tools 1263 APT Programming 1213 Specifications for Flat Dies 1265 APT Computational Statements 1213 Formulas to Knurled Work 1265 APT Geometry Statements 1214 Tolerances 1266 Points, Lines and Circles 1215 Marking on Knurls and Dies 1270 APT Motion Statements 1215 Concave Knurls 1271 Contouring Cutter Movements 1272 Circles and Planes MACHINE TOOL ACCURACY 1274 3-D Geometry 1275 APT Postprocessor Statements 1219 Degrees of Accuracy Expected 1277 APT Example Program with NC Machine Tool 1279 APT for Turning 1220 Part Tolerances 1280 Indexable Insert Holders for NC NUMERICAL CONTROL 1281 Insert Radius Compensation 1284 Threading Tool Insert Radius 1225 Introduction 1284 V-Flange Tool Shanks 1225 CNC Technology 1286 Retention Knobs 1225 Numerical Control vs. Manual Operations CAD/CAM 1226 Numerical Control Standards 1287 CAD/CAM 1229 Programmable Controller 1289 Drawing Projections 1233 Closed-Loop System 1290 Drawing Tips and Traps 1233 Open-Loop System 1294 Sizes of Lettering on Drawing 1233 Adaptive Control 1294 Drawing Exchange Standards 1234 Flexible Manufacturing Systems 1296 Rapid Automated Prototyping 1235 Flexible Manufacturing Cell 1296 DNC 1235 Flexible Manufacturing Module 1297 Machinery Noise 1235 Axis Nomenclature 1297 Measuring Machinery Noise 1238 Total Indicator Reading 977 978 SPEEDS AND FEEDS CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS Work Materials.—The large number of work materials that are commonly machined vary greatly in their basic structure and the ease with which they can be machined. Yet it is possible to group together certain materials having similar machining characteristics, for the purpose of recommending the cutting speed at which they can be cut. Most materials that are machined are metals and it has been found that the most important
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cutting Tools — Trends of Functional Upgrading, Resource Saving Technologies and New Products —
    Prefatory Note Special Issue: Cutting Tools — Trends of Functional Upgrading, Resource Saving Technologies and New Products — Yoshihiro Minato Executive Officer and General Manager Advanced Materials R&D Laboratories Of all the tools used for cutting ferrous metals and non- made by sintering CBN, using a specially prepared ceramic ferrous metals, about 90% are cemented carbide or coated binder whose affinity with steel is extremely low. Subse- cemented carbide tools. Cemented carbide (WC-Co) is a quently, another type of CBN sintered body was developed composite material of a tungsten carbide (WC) phase and a by coating specially sintered CBN base material with a highly cobalt (Co) binder phase. It was invented in Germany in wear-resistant ceramic film. Coated CBN sintered body tools 1923 and put on the market in 1927 by the German corpo- are widely used today to cut hardened steels that are ex- ration Krupp AG under the trade name “WIDIA.” Subse- tremely difficult to cut in place of grinding. quently, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. succeeded in its Metal cutting technology has progressed and developed test manufacture of a cemented carbide wire-drawing die in in conjunction with three elements: tool materials, tool de- 1928, and commercialized a cemented carbide tool in 1931. sign/geometry, and machine tools. Among the above ele- This tool has been marketed under the brand name of ments, Sumitomo Electric has promoted the development of “IGETALLOY” ever since. In 2011, Sumitomo Electric cele- advanced tool materials and tool design/geometry. In the brated 80 years of marketing this product. In the early 1900s, very competitive market environment surrounding cutting high-speed steel tools were used for steel cutting operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Grinding Your Own Lathe Tools
    WEAR YOUR SAFETY GLASSES FORESIGHT IS BETTER THAN NO SIGHT READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE OPERATING Grinding Your Own Left Hand Right Hand Boring Tool Cutting Tool Cutting Tool Lathe Tools As with any machining operation, grinding requires the Dressing your grinding wheel is a part of maintaining the utmost attention to “Eye Protection.” Be sure to use it when bench grinder. Grinding wheels should be considered cutting attempting the following instructions. tools and have to be sharpened. A wheel dresser sharpens Joe Martin relates a story about learning to grind tools. “My by “breaking off” the outer layer of abrasive grit from the first experience in metal cutting was in high school. The wheel with star shaped rotating cutters which also have to teacher gave us a 1/4" square tool blank and then showed be replaced from time to time. This leaves the cutting edges us how to make a right hand cutting tool bit out of it in of the grit sharp and clean. a couple of minutes. I watched closely, made mine in ten A sharp wheel will cut quickly with a “hissing” sound and minutes or so, and went on to learn enough in one year to with very little heat by comparison to a dull wheel. A dull always make what I needed. I wasn’t the best in the class, wheel produces a “rapping” sound created by a “loaded just a little above average, but it seemed the below average up” area on the cutting surface. In a way, you can compare students were still grinding on a tool bit three months into the what happens to grinding wheels to a piece of sandpaper course.
    [Show full text]
  • Ld-16B - Ld-16Ba - Ld-16Be - Ld-16Bt
    RAIL DRILL LD-16B - LD-16BA - LD-16BE - LD-16BT ENGLISH OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL 1 16 M 187 E INDEX page 1. General characteristics ............................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Accessories supplied with the drill ........................................................................................................................ 7 3. Accessories to be ordered separately ................................................................................................................... 9 4. Spindle advance lever ................................................................................................................................................ 13 5. Motor ON/OFF switch (EMERGENCY) ................................................................................................................... 14 6. LED worklights ON/OFF switch ............................................................................................................................... 14 7. LED indicator .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 8. "Drilling assistance" function ................................................................................................................................... 15 9. Rechargeable battery ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Broaching Tool Design
    Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering - 4 OPTIMIZATION OF BROACHING TOOL DESIGN U. Kokturk, E. Budak Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Broaching is a very common manufacturing process for the machining of internal or external complex shapes into parts. Due to the process geometry, broaching tool is the most critical parameter of the broaching process. Therefore, optimal design of the tools is needed in order to improve the productivity of the process. In this paper, a methodology is presented for optimal design of the broaching tools by respecting the geometric and physical constraints. The method has also been implemented on a computer code. Keywords: Broaching, optimization, tooling 1 INTRODUCTION Broaching is commonly used for machining of internal or methods that use databases [6], have also been used. external complex profiles that are difficult to generate by Combinations of different approaches have also been other machining processes such as milling and turning. utilized with a mixture of fuzzy basics [7]. Erol and Ferrel Originally, broaching was developed for noncircular [8] also used fuzzy methods among many others. In most internal profiles and keyways. The process is very simple, of these studies, the mechanics of the process such as and decreases the need for talented machine operator forces, deflections, vibrations etc., other than tool wear, while providing high production rate and quality. Because were not included in the analysis. of the straight noncircular motion, very high quality surface Although there have been many studies on various finish can be obtained. In addition, roughing and finishing machining processes, there has been only a few on operations can be completed in one pass reducing total broaching.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTER BIT GEOMETRY Feed the Router Bit in Such a Manner So That in Moving Through the Terms Work It Has a Chance to Bite Or Cut Its Way Freely
    Compression Spiral ROUTER BIT GEOMETRY Feed the router bit in such a manner so that in moving through the Terms work it has a chance to bite or cut its way freely. If the feedrate is too Helix Angle- Angle of the cutting flute, it is measured relative to the axis fast, strain and deflection will occur. If it is too slow, friction and of the cutting toot. burning will occur. Both too fast and too slow will decrease its life and cause breakage. Flute Fadeout- The length between the end of the cutting length and the begin of the shank length The router mechanism must be well maintained for any cutting tool to perform properly. Check the collet for wear regularly. Inspect tools for CEL- Cutting edge length. collet marks indicating slipping due to wear or dust build up. Check Shank Length- The length of the cutter shank that can be inserted into spindle on a dial indicator for run-out. Collet and run-out problems cause the collet. premature toot failure and associated production difficulties. Do not use OAL- Overall cutter length. adaptor bushings to reduce size of the collet on a routing or production basis. Tools will not perform properly in bushings over an extended CED- Cutting edge diameter. period of time. Bushings are for prototype, experimentation, test and Shank Diameter- The diameter of the shank to be inserted into the collet. evaluation and not for production. Single Flute Wherever possible, use a coolant when routing. Heat caused by Use for faster feed rates in softer materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Tap
    Types of Tap HAND TAPS ISO 529 These are straight flute general purpose tools which can be used for both machine or hand tapping. They are generally the most economical tool for use on production runs, but are best on materials that produce chips, or where the swarf breaks readily. Where deep holes are to be tapped, in materials which produce stringy swarf, serial taps may be needed, especially for coarse threads. ISO 529 hand taps can be supplied in sets of three; bottom, second and taper leads, or individually. BOTTOM TAPS have a chamfer (lead) of 1–2 threads, the angle of the lead being around 18 degrees per side. They are used to produce threads close to the bottom of blind holes. SECOND TAPS have a lead of 3-5 threads at 8 degrees per side. They are the most popular and can be used for through holes, or blind holes where the thread does not need to go right to the bottom. TAPER TAPS have a lead of 7-10 threads at 5 degrees per side. The taper lead distributes the cutting force over a large area, and the taper shape helps the thread to start. They can therefore be used to start a thread prior to use of second or bottom leads, or for through holes. IMPORTANT NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY! In the U.K. bottom taps are often referred to as ‘plugs’. In North America second taps are often referred to as ‘plugs’! This can easily lead to confusion. To avoid problems when ordering it is best to use the terms bottom, second and taper.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Turning Tools and Their Application Identification and Application of Cutting Tools for Turning
    Introduction to Turning Tools and their Application Identification and application of cutting tools for turning The variety of cutting tools available for modern CNC turning centers makes it imperative for machine operators to be familiar with different tool geometries and how they are applied to common turning processes. This course curriculum contains 16-hours of material for instructors to get their students ready to identify different types of turning tools and their uses. ©2016 MachiningCloud, Inc. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 Audience ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Lesson Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 2 Anatomy of a turning tool............................................................................................................... 3 Standard Inserts .............................................................................................................................. 3 ANSI Insert Designations ............................................................................................................. 3 Insert Materials
    [Show full text]
  • Drilling 22 | Drilling | Overview Bosch Accessories for Power Tools 09/10 Your Guide to the Right Drill Bit
    Drilling 22 | Drilling | Overview Bosch Accessories for Power Tools 09/10 Your guide to the right drill bit. These information pages are designed to help users. They cover the correct use of the appropriate power tool and the various drill bits for commonly-used materials. The charts given below are only intended as recommendations and cannot be regarded as a complete guide. For more detailed queries, please contact Bosch directly. The fact that power tools and drill bits are mutually dependent is often ignored. It is only once this relationship has been identifi ed and taken into account that the service life of both the tool and its drill bit can be optimised. Drill/Impact drill Drill/Impact drill Drill/Impact drill Drill/Impact drill up to 600 watts up to 700 watts up to 1010 watts up to 1150 watts Cordless drill/driver Cordless drill Cordless impact drill Metal drill bits Sheet metal cone bit up to 20 mm over 30 mm Steel drill bit up to 10 mm up to 13 mm up to 20 mm Wood drill bit Wood drill bit up to 15 mm up to 25 mm up to 32 mm Auger bit up to 18 mm up to 32 mm Installation and form- work drill bits 18 mm 30 mm Flat drill bits up to 40 mm Forstner bit up to 50 mm TC-tipped hinge-boring bit up to 50 mm Concrete drill bit Concrete drill bit up to 15 mm up to 20 mm up to 25 mm Masonry drill bit up to 12 mm up to 18 mm up to 24 mm up to 30 mm Core cutters up to 68 mm up to 82 mm Diamond core edge sinkers up to 82 mm Multi-purpose and rotary drill bits Multi-purpose drill bit 14 mm Glass drill bit 12 mm Holesaws up to 40 mm up to 60 mm up to 80 mm up to 152 mm Bosch Accessories for Power Tools 09/10 Drilling | Overview | 23 Working on metal and plastic.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Drill Bits Hammer Drill Stronger Than Steel Chisel Drill Bits Stone and Special Metal Drill Bits
    BITS METAL DRILL BITS HAMMER DRILL STRONGER THAN STEEL CHISEL DRILL BITS STONE AND SPECIAL METAL DRILL BITS 307 | HSS-E DIN 338 cobalt 76–79 WOOD DRILL BITS 311 | HSS TIN DIN 338 steel drill bit 80–81 302 | HSS DIN 338, ground, split point 82–85 300 | HSS DIN 338, standard 86–90 300 | HSS DIN 338, standard, shank reduced 91 340 | HSS DIN 340, ground, split point, long 92 342 | HSS DIN 1869, ground, extra long 93 SAWS 344 | HSS hollow section drill bit / Facade drill bit 94 345 | HSS DIN 345 morse taper 95–96 303 | HSS DIN 1897 pilot drill bit, ground, split point, extra short 97 310 | HSS DIN 8037 carbide tipped 98 312 | HSS-G Speeder DIN 338 RN metal drill bit 99 304 | HSS Double end drill bit, ground, split point 100 315 | HSS Drill bit KEILBIT, ground 101 317 | HSS combination tool KEILBIT 102 329 | HSS countersink KEILBIT 103 327 | HSS countersink 90° DIN 335 C 104 328 | HSS deburring countersink 105 ASSORTMENTS 326 | HSS tube and sheet drill bit 106 325 | HSS step drill 107 140 | Scriber 108 320 | HSS hole saw bi-metal 109–112 SHELVES | From Pros for Pros | www.keil.eu | 73 MODULES - BITS HAMMER DRILL METAL DRILL BITS Nothing stops the metal drill bits because we offer a drill bit for every application. CHISEL HSS-E TWIST DRILL BIT 135° The HSS-E drill bit is a cobalt alloyed high performance drill bit. Even with insufficient cooling it has reserve in heat resistance. Due to the alloying addition of 5 % Co in the cutting material these drill bits can be used for working with work pieces with a tensile strength of over 800N/m².
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction and Classification of Tool Wear in Drill and Blast Tunnelling
    PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TOOL WEAR IN DRILL AND BLAST TUNNELLING Ralf J. Plinninger1, Georg Spaun1 and Kurosch Thuro2 ABSTRACT: After introducing basic ideas on tools, rock fragmentation and wear mechanisms this paper presents and discusses options to classify bit wear types and to predict the rate of button bit wear. Results show that model tests, such as the CERCHAR scratch test may only give an idea of the rocks abrasivity but show no distinct correlation between encountered tool wear rates. Based on conventional rock parameters and taking into account the whole range of scale from grain mineral to rock mass, the presented schemes may help to predict tool wear rates and hint at possible problems in excavation and specific requirements for the tools used RÉSUMÉ: According to Point 6.5.2 of the IAEG bylaws all papers must be preceded by an abstract in both English and French. Please have your English abstract translated and include it here so that non-English speaking readers can determine the scope of your work and its conclusions. According to Point 6.5.2 of the IAEG bylaws all papers must be preceded by an abstract in both English and French. Please have your English abstract translated and include it here so that non-English speaking readers can determine the scope of your work and its conclusions. INTRODUCTION: TOOLS AND WEAR BASICS Tool wear in drill and blast tunnelling Drill & Blast is a commonly used excavation method for the construction of underground openings (e.g. tunnels, caverns) in hardrock conditions worldwide. The working cycle itself consists of the main steps: 1) drilling of blastholes 2) charging 3) blasting 4) ventilation and muck-out 5) rock supporting and surveying (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Water Jet Cutting a Technology on the Rise
    Water Jet Cutting A Technology on the Rise Water Jet Cutting- A Technology on the Rise Foreword: Siberia to Iceland, from Norway to South The purpose of this brochure is to give the Africa. reader a rough overview of Waterjet Specially trained technicians are constantly Cutting. In addition to precise cutting of on duty and can help you immediately at various materials as presented, many any time. special applications i.e. medical and in the decommissioning and demolition field Service and wear parts are shipped within exist – these however being outside the 24 hours. scope of this text. For any additional Our contract-cutting department takes information, our KMT Waterjet team is care of our customers’ needs to the fullest, always available. Also, we would like to enabling us to perform test-cutting welcome you to visit our homepage procedures in order to optimize the www.kmt-waterjet.com, where you have cutting method, allowing you for the option of downloading useful files. economically and technically sound In order for you to get a better operation of your machines. understanding of KMT Waterjet Systems, The KMT Waterjet team in Bad Nauheim is we would also like to take this opportunity always available to answer your questions! to present our company. In the Autumn of 2003, KMT AB of Sweden purchased the Waterjet Cutting Division from Ingersoll-Rand. The KMT Corporation is an Internationally active corporation with over 700 employees worldwide. KMT Waterjet Systems employs 200 people. Further KMT brands include UVA, LIDKOPING, KMT Robotic Solutions, KMT Aqua-Dyne, KMT McCartney, and KMT H2O.
    [Show full text]
  • Portable Machine Tools Safety Precautions
    TC 9-524 Chapter 3 PORTABLE MACHINE TOOLS The portable machine tools identified and described in this Portable machine tools are powered by self-contained chapter are intended for use by maintenance personnel in a electric motors or compressed air (pneumatic) from an outside shop or field environment. These lightweight, transportable source. They are classified as either cutting took (straight and machine tools, can quickly and easily be moved to the angle hand drills, metal sawing machines, and metal cutting workplace to accomplish machining operations. The accuracy shears) or finishing tools (sanders, grinders, and polishers). of work performed by portable machine tools is dependent upon the user’s skill and experience. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS GENERAL Portable machine tools require special safety precautions Remove chuck keys from drills prior to use. while being used. These are in addition to those safety precautions described in Chapter 1. Hold tools firmly and maintain good balance. Secure the work in a holding device, not in your PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRIC TOOL hands. SAFETY Wear eye protection while operating these Here are some safety precautions to follow: machines. Never use electric equipment (such as drills, Ensure that all lock buttons or switches are off sanders, and saws) in wet or damp conditions. before plugging the machine tool into the power source. Properly ground all electric tools prior to use. Never leave a portable pneumatic hammer with a Do not use electric tools near flammable liquids or chisel, star drill, rivet set, or other tool in its nozzle. gases. ELECTRIC EXTENSION CORDS Inspect all pneumatic hose lines and connections prior to use.
    [Show full text]