DOCSLIB.ORG

Wahhabi Influence in Bosnia-‐Herzegovina

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wahhabi Influence in Bosnia-‐Herzegovina The Political Impact of the Rising Salafi-Wahhabi Influence in Bosnia-Herzegovina Nicholas Christopher Panos Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Political Science Georgeta Pourchot Ioannis Stivachtis Lynita Newswander March 20, 2015 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Society, Wahhabi, Extremism, English School of International Relations, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT The Political Impact of the Rising Salafi-Wahhabi Influence in Bosnia-Herzegovina Nicholas Christopher Panos This thesis examines the political impact of Salafi-Wahhabism in contemporary Bosnia- Herzegovina (BiH) since the El Mujahed Brigade of mujahedeen introduced this puritanical Saudi form of Islam during the 1992-1995 War that broke apart the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFROY). This study employs tenets of the English School of International Relations and utilizes a historical analytic approach to identify durable features of Bosnian Muslim religious economic activity, Bosnian education, and Bosnian political processes to answer the research question: what kind of influence has Salafi-Wahhabism had on BiH society and government since the end of the 1992-1995 Balkan War? Emergent evidence captured by these variables suggests a momentum of Salafi-Wahhabism influence is developing that may undercut the sovereignty of BiH and possibly impede its European Union membership bid. As a result of this rising Wahhabi influence in several facets of Bosnian society, the aggregate level of Islamism in the country is also likely increasing. DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis work to my loving and supportive family and friends. I enjoyed and benefited from your perspectives as I formulated and wrote this thesis through three international moves, two deployments, and most importantly, the birth of our two children. I am extremely grateful to my Papou who, as a brave young man, boarded a freighter in Greece to earn a better life in America. My Dad built on that same work ethic and extraordinary belief in family and has always been my greatest example of what a Dad should be. Thank you Mom for raising your sons to be a strong men and helping plant the seeds for a lifetime of exploration and learning. To Anna and Christopher, you are both incredible children and though you might not fully grasp that yet, you will someday. You have embraced the positive changes in your lives with a brilliant resiliency that makes me so thankful and proud to be your Dad. This work is for you in the hope that you will grow up looking for ways to serve others as you continue to explore our wonderful world. Finally, to my beautiful wife Betsy, thank you. We are on quite a journey together. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend deep and sincere thanks to my committee members who were extremely generous with their time, patience, and subject matter expertise. Thank you Dr. Georgeta Pourchot for your encouragement, insightful guidance, and broad perspective. Thank you Dr. Ioannis Stivachtis for agreeing to co-chair my committee and for your mentorship, particularly in English School of International Relations theory. Thank you Dr Lynita Newswander for serving as a committee member and providing your expertise on issues of faith in public life and governance. I would like acknowledge and thank the Political Science Department at Virginia Tech for this innovative and forward-thinking program that allows students to learn and excel regardless of their physical location. This program is enabled by a superior administrative staff in both the National Capital Region and in Blacksburg, Virginia. Students depend on these professionals for all manner of assistance. I would like to thank Ms Karen Nicholson, Graduate Coordinator for Political Science and International Studies, in particular for her help throughout the program. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Working Hypotheses ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Sources ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Limitations to this Study ................................................................................................................................ 12 Expected Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2: UTILIZING THE ENGLISH SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 4: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND MODERN CONTEXT OF SALAFI- WAHHABISM ............................................................................................................................................................ 42 Ibn Wahhab and Wahhabism ....................................................................................................................... 43 Salafism .................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Wahhabism, BiH, and the Ottoman Empire ........................................................................................... 45 Sayyid Qutb .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 Wahhabism Situated ........................................................................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 5: BOSNIAN ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ............................................... 51 v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 Ottoman Era ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Hapsburg Era ...................................................................................................................................................... 54 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ................................................................................................... 57 Waqf in Yugoslavia ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Waqf in Contemporary Bosnia-Herzegovina: Recoupment and Wahhabism ........................ 61 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 CHAPTER 6: FORMAL EDUCATION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ...................................................... 73 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Ottoman Era: Empire and Caliphate ......................................................................................................... 75 Hapsburg Era: Formalization and Modernity ...................................................................................... 78 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ................................................................................................... 80 “Yugoslav” Education ....................................................................................................................................... 83 Contemporary Bosnia ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Sanctioned Islamic Education in BiH ........................................................................................................ 92 Salafi-Wahhabi Education in BiH ............................................................................................................... 94 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 7: BOSNIAN POLITICAL PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS ......................................... 103 vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 103 Wahhabism and Participatory Democracy ......................................................................................... 105 Early Twentieth Century
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Qatar Gulf
    6/13/2017 The Qatar Gulf The Qatar Gulf Regional Diary Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and UAE broke up their diplomatic ties with Qatar last week, with Egypt, Libya and Yemen following. Oman and Kuwait (part of the Gulf Cooperation Council-GCC) have stayed neutral until today. Surprisingly, from South Asia, Maldives have followed the Saudi suit! Besides the diplomatic breakup, few have also closed their air space, with Saudi Arabia (which shares Qatar’s only land border) also imposing an economic blockade. According to reports, some have also closed the maritime space, meaning the use of their ports to ships heading off to Qatar. How genuine are those allegations against Qatar? What are the intentions behind the actions against Doha? And what are the likely fallouts of this new crisis in Gulf? Does Qatar support terrorism and Iran? The primary complaints against Qatar by those who broke diplomatic ties and imposing sanctions are twofold. First, Doha supports militant and extremist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, Hezbollah, ISIS and the Taliban. Second, Doha has close ties with Tehran. Qatar has been politically active in mediating between various actors in different conflicts in West Asia and has taken a position independent of other countries in the Gulf. The Afghan Taliban did have an office in Qatar, and Doha did attempt to mediate between Taliban and the Afghan government. Similarly, it did have contacts with the leadership of Muslim Brotherhood. But to consider Doha’s initiatives vis-a-vis these groups and conflicts as supporting terrorism is farfetched. On Syria and the ISIS, the support from Qatar is Janus-faced.
    [Show full text]
  • HIZB UT-TAHRIR Islam’S Political Insurgency
    HIZB UT-TAHRIR Islam’s Political Insurgency Zeyno Baran The Nixon Center December 2004 About the Nixon Center The Nixon Center is a non-partisan public policy institution established by former President Richard Nixon shortly before his death in 1994. Committed to the analysis of policy challenges to the United States through the prism of the American national interest, the Center is a substantively and programmatically independent division of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation. Major programs of The Nixon Center include the Chinese Studies Program, Immigration and National Security Forum, International Security and Energy Program, National Security Program, Regional Strategic Program, and U.S.- Russian Relations Program. Topics addressed by the Center’s programs range from U.S. relations with China and Russia to energy geopolitics in the Persian Gulf and Caspian Basin and European security issues. The Center is supported by the Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation endowment as well as by foundation, corporate and individual donors. Copyright 2004 The Nixon Center. All Rights Reserved. “Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency” By Zeyno Baran The Nixon Center 1615 L Street, N.W., Suite 1250 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202) 887-1000 Fax: (202) 887-5222 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nixoncenter.org Editing, Layout and Design by Thomas M. Rickers Order from the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation 1-800-USA-8865 INTRODUCTORY NOTE This Nixon Center monograph, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, breaks new ground in exploring the danger posed by the spread of radical Islamist ideology. The focus of this monograph is Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Party of Liberation), which has successfully sown the seeds of an ideology encouraging a clash of civilizations in over forty countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic by Michael Habib
    Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic by Michael Habib A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences with a Concentration in History Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2016 Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic By Michael Habib This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Christopher Ely, and has been approved by the members of his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ___________________________ Dr. Christopher Ely ____________________________ Dr. Douglas McGetchin ______________________________ Dean Jeffrey Buller, Wilkes Honors College ____________ Date i ABSTRACT Author: Michael Habib Title: Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic Institution: Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Christopher Ely Degree: Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences Concentration: History Year: 2016 This thesis seeks to analyze Pan-Arabism through the lens of the United Arab Republic. I argue that even though the UAR faced many internal issues, it ultimately failed due to external pressures. I argue this to provide a new perspective on the Middle East and the Arab world, by showing how it came to be as it is. I organize my thesis into four chapters: I. Introduction: Arab Unity and its Limits, II. The Marriage of Syria and Egypt, III.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Religion in the Western Balkansâ•Ž Societies
    Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 39 Issue 5 Article 2 8-2019 Role of Religion in the Western Balkans’ Societies - Full Text Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation (2019) "Role of Religion in the Western Balkans’ Societies - Full Text," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 39 : Iss. 5 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol39/iss5/2 This Article, Exploration, or Report is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Role of Religion in the Western Balkans’ Societies Conference Volume Country snapshots, elite survey reports and papers delivered to the conference Tirana, June 2019 Disclaimer: This study was conducted in the framework of the Project “Exploring the role of Religion in the Western Balkan societies” with the support of a grant of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs awarded in the framework of the Human Rights Fund. The objectives, proper implementation and results of this project constitute responsibility for the implementing organization – Institute for Democracy and Mediation. Any views or opinions presented in this project are solely those of the implementing organisation and do not necessarily represent those of the Dutch Government. Implementing partners: Editing Board Leonie Rakaj – Vrugtman Aleksandar Takovski Tarik Jusić Nenad Zekavica Viktorija Borovska ISBN 978-9928-4385-3-9 Copyright ©IDM 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Abul A'la Maududi and Sayyed Qutb on Revolution: a Comparative Analysis
    AL-ADWA 47:32 43 Abul A'la Maududi and Sayyed Qutb.. Abul A'la Maududi and Sayyed Qutb on Revolution: A Comparative Analysis Munir Masood Marath* Revolution in terms of a change process has been subject to debate in occidental as well as in oriental intellectual and political circles alike. For instance, in the modern history, though revolution in terms of an instrument of instability was despicable to German philosopher Friedrich Hegel owing to a profound influence of Romanticism which in the wake of French Revolution, with the philosophical crutches provided by Edmond Burk and Hume overshadowed Rationalism but at the same time, he cherished the idea of revolution in terms of an agent of positive development of history on the basis of dialectics.1 He deserves rich tributes to present a logical conflict-model of opposite ideas which he terms as thesis and anti-thesis resulting in the emergence of a new idea which is synthesis of the good qualities of thesis and anti-thesis. In other words, he viewed conflict as a positive source of historical development and a medium of transferring positive qualities from one phase of history to another meaning thereby that conflict finds justification only if it helps to develop a better system than the existing one. If promise of a better order is imperative to justify the very genesis of a change process whether it is in the form of a conflict of ideas or a revolution, then the agents of the change process must look for a theory of change which may explain three important questions: one, what is the philosophical rationale and justification of revolution; two, what is the road-map of revolution; three, what will be the form of political structure replacing the older system.
    [Show full text]
  • Hizb Ut-Tahrir Ideology and Strategy
    HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY “The fierce struggle… between the Muslims and the Kuffar, has been intense ever since the dawn of Islam... It will continue in this way – a bloody struggle alongside the intellectual struggle – until the Hour comes and Allah inherits the Earth...” Hizb ut-Tahrir The Centre for Social Cohesion Houriya Ahmed & Hannah Stuart HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY “The fierce struggle… between the Muslims and the Kuffar, has been intense ever since the dawn of Islam... It will continue in this way – a bloody struggle alongside the intellectual struggle – until the Hour comes and Allah inherits the Earth...” Hizb ut-Tahrir The Centre for Social Cohesion Houriya Ahmed & Hannah Stuart Hizb ut-Tahrir Ideology and Strategy Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart 2009 The Centre for Social Cohesion Clutha House, 10 Storey’s Gate London SW1P 3AY Tel: +44 (0)20 7222 8909 Fax: +44 (0)5 601527476 Email: [email protected] www.socialcohesion.co.uk The Centre for Social Cohesion Limited by guarantee Registered in England and Wales: No. 06609071 © The Centre for Social Cohesion, November 2009 All the Institute’s publications seek to further its objective of promoting human rights for the benefit of the public. The views expressed are those of the author, not of the Institute. Hizb ut-Tahrir: Ideology and Strategy By Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart ISBN 978-0-9560013-4-4 All rights reserved The map on the front cover depicts Hizb ut-Tahrir’s vision for its Caliphate in ‘Islamic Lands’ ABOUT THE AUTHORS Houriya Ahmed is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Social Cohesion (CSC).
    [Show full text]
  • Political Islam: a 40 Year Retrospective
    religions Article Political Islam: A 40 Year Retrospective Nader Hashemi Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The year 2020 roughly corresponds with the 40th anniversary of the rise of political Islam on the world stage. This topic has generated controversy about its impact on Muslims societies and international affairs more broadly, including how governments should respond to this socio- political phenomenon. This article has modest aims. It seeks to reflect on the broad theme of political Islam four decades after it first captured global headlines by critically examining two separate but interrelated controversies. The first theme is political Islam’s acquisition of state power. Specifically, how have the various experiments of Islamism in power effected the popularity, prestige, and future trajectory of political Islam? Secondly, the theme of political Islam and violence is examined. In this section, I interrogate the claim that mainstream political Islam acts as a “gateway drug” to radical extremism in the form of Al Qaeda or ISIS. This thesis gained popularity in recent years, yet its validity is open to question and should be subjected to further scrutiny and analysis. I examine these questions in this article. Citation: Hashemi, Nader. 2021. Political Islam: A 40 Year Keywords: political Islam; Islamism; Islamic fundamentalism; Middle East; Islamic world; Retrospective. Religions 12: 130. Muslim Brotherhood https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020130 Academic Editor: Jocelyne Cesari Received: 26 January 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 9 February 2021 Published: 19 February 2021 The year 2020 roughly coincides with the 40th anniversary of the rise of political Islam.1 While this trend in Muslim politics has deeper historical and intellectual roots, it Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral was approximately four decades ago that this subject emerged from seeming obscurity to with regard to jurisdictional claims in capture global attention.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Ideas. the Influence of Hassan Al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb on the Muslim Brotherhood Organization1
    Przegl¹d Strategiczny 2015, nr 8 Ronnie AZOULAY DOI 10.14746/ps.2015.1.12 Israel National Water Company “Mekorot” THE POWER OF IDEAS. THE INFLUENCE OF HASSAN AL-BANNA AND SAYYID QUTB ON THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ORGANIZATION1 This article examines the conceptions of the political thoughts of Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb, two of the most important Arab theorists of the Muslim world during the twentieth century. They are often considered as Islamists or radical Islamists. While al-Banna was the theoretician of the Muslim Brotherhood and is represented by the mainstream of the Muslim Brotherhood, Qutb’s writings are represented by the militant Islam movements. This article also attempts to account for some of the differences be- tween the two theorists’ views. The article aspires to widen the spectrum of political science and give insight to Western knowledge. In addition, this article focuses on the most significant ideas of Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb, what similarities and dif- ferences exist, what each leader’s contribution has been, and how these ideas continue to affect the Muslim Brotherhood movement until today. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD – BACKGROUND Following the deep ideological crisis within the Muslim world during the nineteenth century, thinkers such as al-Afghani (1839–1897), Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935) attempted to find creative solutions that would rescue the Muslim world from the superiority of the West. Rashid Rida developed the concept that a great disaster has fallen upon the Islamic world due to Salafist theory being neglected. Consequently, Rida developed a new theory based on the writings of Ibn Taymiyya, stating that the only way to strengthen the Islamic world is to return to its greatness.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 01 Oct 26.Indd
    www.thepeninsulaqatar.com BUSINESS | 17 SPORT | 24 UDC third Rea on cusp quarter revenues of second rise to QR1.3bn WSBK title WEDNESDAY 26 OCTOBER 2016 • 25 MOHARRAM 1438 • Volume 21 • Number 6961 2 Riyals thepeninsulaqatar @peninsulaqatar @peninsula_qatar Condolences pour in as nation mourns Emir and Father Emir receive heads of states and foreign dignitaries LEFT: Emir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani with Emir of Kuwait H H Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah. CENTRE: The Emir with Crown Prince, Deputy Premier and Minister of Interior of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Naif bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. RIGHT: Father Emir H H Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani receives UAE Vice-President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, BELOW: Father Emir with Yemen President Abdrabuh Mansur Hadi. The Peninsula Commander of the UAE Armed Khaimah Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Forces, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Qasimi, Crown Prince of Dubai Sheikh Deputy Prime Minister and Minister Al Nahyan, President of of Yemen Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al of Presidential Affairs Sheikh Mansour DOHA: Emir H H Sheikh Tamim Abdrabuh Mansur Hadi, Ruler of Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai and bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who offered their bin Hamad Al Thani and Father Ajman Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid UAE Minister of Finance Sheikh Ham- condolences on the death of the Grand- Emir H H Sheikh Hamad bin Kha- Al Nuaimi, Ruler of Fujairah Sheikh dan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy father Emir Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad lifa Al Thani yesterday received Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Prime Minister and Minister of Inte- Al Thani.
    [Show full text]
  • And Diverse Are Their Hues: Color in Islamic Art and Culture Is the Third Biennial Hamad Bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art
    schedule of events monday, november 2 rectory building, university of cordobaó 5–6 pm Conference Registration 6–7:30 pm Opening Ceremony and Keynote Address: Drs. Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom, Color in Islamic Art tuesday, november 3 sessions, day 1, palacio congresos 8:30–9 am Conference Registration 9–9:15 am Opening Remarks, Drs. Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom 9:15–10 am Olga Bush, “Designs Always Polychromed or Gilded”: the Aesthetics of Color in the Alhambra 10–10:45 am Samir Mahmoud, Color, Symbolism, and the Mystic Quest: the Spiritual Exegesis of Color in Sufism in the Works of Henry Corbin 10:45–11:30 am COFFEE BREAK 11:30 –12:15 pm Cheryl Porter, The Role of Economics, Geography and Tradition in the Artist’s Choice of Colors for Manuscript Painting 12:15–1 pm Jon Thompson, Some Observations on Color in Carpets 1–2:30 pm LUNCH 2:45–3:30 pm Lawrence Nees, Blue Behind Gold: the Inscription of the Dome of the Rock and its Relatives 3:30–4:15 pm Julie Scott Meisami, “I Guess That’s Why They Call It the Blues”: Depictions of Majnun in Persian Illustrated Manuscripts 4:15–4:45 COFFEE BREAK 4:45–5:30 Marianna Shreve Simpson, Why My Name is Red: Ahmar, Surkh and Kirmizi in the History of Islamic Art 5:30–6 pm Discussion, Closing wednesday, november 4 sessions, day 2, palacio congresos 10–10:30 am Conference Registration 10:30–10:45 am Opening Remarks, Drs. Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom 10:45–11:30 am Noha Sadek, Colors of Power and Piety in Rasulid Yemen 11:30 –12:15 pm Maribel Fierro, “The Battle of Colors”: Colors and Their Meaning
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S
    Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy (name redacted) Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs January 12, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL30588 Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy Summary The United States, partner countries, and the Afghan government are attempting to reverse recent gains made by the resilient Taliban-led insurgency since the December 2014 transition to a smaller international mission consisting primarily of training and advising the Afghanistan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF). The Afghan government has come under increasing domestic criticism not only for failing to prevent insurgent gains but also for its internal divisions. In September 2014, the United States brokered a compromise to address a dispute over the 2014 presidential election, but a September 2016 deadline was not met for enacting election reforms and deciding whether the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) position might be elevated to a prime ministership in a restructured government. The progress of the Afghan government in reducing corruption and implementing its budgetary and other commitments was assessed by an international meeting on Afghanistan during October 4-5, in Brussels, as sufficient to merit continued international assistance. And, in late 2016, the government adopted the requisite measures to, at the very least, move forward with new parliamentary elections. The number of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, which peaked at about 100,000 in 2011, is about 9,800, of which most are assigned to the 13,000-person NATO-led “Resolute Support Mission” that trains, assists, and advises the ANDSF. About 2,000 of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Hadl Yahya B. Ai-Husayn: an Introduction, Newly Edited Text and Translation with Detailed Annotation
    Durham E-Theses Ghayat al-amani and the life and times of al-Hadi Yahya b. al-Husayn: an introduction, newly edited text and translation with detailed annotation Eagle, A.B.D.R. How to cite: Eagle, A.B.D.R. (1990) Ghayat al-amani and the life and times of al-Hadi Yahya b. al-Husayn: an introduction, newly edited text and translation with detailed annotation, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6185/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ABSTRACT Eagle, A.B.D.R. M.Litt., University of Durham. 1990. " Ghayat al-amahr and the life and times of al-Hadf Yahya b. al-Husayn: an introduction, newly edited text and translation with detailed annotation. " The thesis is anchored upon a text extracted from an important 11th / 17th century Yemeni historical work.
    [Show full text]