In cooperation with: Published by:

Climate-Smart Land Use Insight Brief No. 3 Climate services to support adaptation and livelihoods

Key Messages

f Climate services – the translation, tailoring, f It is not enough to tailor climate services to a packaging and communication of climate data to specifc context; equity and inclusion require meet users’ needs – play a key role in adaptation paying attention to the differentiated needs of to climate change. For farmers, they provide vital men and women, Indigenous Peoples, ethnic information about the onset of seasons, temperature minorities, and other groups. Within a single and rainfall projections, and extreme weather community, perspectives on climate risks, events, as well as longer-term trends they need to information needs, preferences for how to receive understand to plan and adapt. climate information, and capacities to use it may vary, even just refecting the different roles that f In ASEAN Member States, where agriculture is men and women may play in agriculture. highly vulnerable to climate change, governments already recognise the importance of climate f Delivering high-quality climate services to all services. National meteorological and hydrological who need them is a signifcant challenge. Given institutes provide a growing array of data, the urgent need to adapt to climate change and disseminated online, on broadcast media and via to support the most vulnerable populations and SMS, and through agricultural extension services sectors, it is crucial to address resource gaps and and innovative programmes such as farmer feld build capacity in key institutions, so they can schools. Still, there are signifcant capacity and continue to improve climate information services resource gaps that need to be flled. and products. Promising models, such as climate feld schools and climate services built around f To be effective, climate services must be tailored knowledge co-production, need to be scaled up, to users’ needs. This requires direct engagement and this requires allocating appropriate resources. with those users – e.g. farmers – to learn how climate and weather data are relevant to their work, f Climate service providers and policy-makers how they make decisions, and how to best deliver must work with traditional ecological knowledge information to them. It is also essential to recognise holders and practitioners and ensure their the insights that farmers bring to the table, knowledge is harnessed for climate change including traditional ecological knowledge, and adaptation and disaster resilience and not incorporate them into adaptation strategies. There is displaced by conventional climate service. a trend away from top-down delivery of information and towards knowledge co-production, which also helps build farmers’ capacities and helps ensure that climate services have long-lasting benefts. armers have always monitored the of equity and inclusion. It ends with recommendations for weather, tracked the seasons, and policy-makers, development partners, and researchers in looked out for hazards that could harm the region. F their crops or their livestock: from droughts and heat waves, to storms and foods. Now, with climate change Climate services in ASEAN shifting seasonal patterns and bringing more frequent and Climate change poses signifcant threats to Southeast intense extreme events, up-to-date and usable information Asia and the entire world, making it crucial to adapt. is more crucial than ever to enable farmers to adapt their This requires understanding future climate projections, practices and mitigate risks. which can be quite uncertain; gauging the vulnerability of different sectors, communities and population groups, A new feld has emerged to meet that need: climate which depends not only on their exposure to climate services. Bridging the gap between scientists and the hazards, but also on social, economic, and other factors; people who need scientifc knowledge to inform their and identifying adaptation options, such as climate-smart decisions, climate services are offered in multiple agricultural methods. settings, but have become particularly crucial to farmers, pastoralists and other rural people whose livelihoods may In this context, climate services are crucial resources. depend on having good weather data and understanding Having access to and effectively using climate information the changing climate. can help societies and individuals to better understand climate-related risks and opportunities, so they can make This Insight Brief, part of a series on climate-smart land use more effective decisions on agriculture, land use and food in the ASEAN countries, provides an overview of the feld security (Vaughan and Dessai 2014). of climate services, with multiple examples from Southeast Asia, and explains how these services ft into ASEAN’s The need for climate services in ASEAN countries is broader approach to adaptation and resilience-building in signifcant. Agriculture in Southeast Asia faces multiple agriculture. It explores how climate services can connect climate threats: from slow-onset impacts such as rising science with traditional ecological knowledge to identify temperatures, changes in precipitation, ecosystems contextually appropriate solutions, and it addresses issues

Presenting the climate and agrosystem observation at Climate Field School, 2013, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Photo credit: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

2 degradation, sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion, to more Vietnam has developed a climate-informed agro-advisory frequent and severe extreme events that can ruin crops and service for major food crops, including recommended damage or destroy infrastructure (AHA Centre 2020). farming practices (FAO 2017; FAO and UNDP 2017). And across the region, climate information is also A basic but crucial need is to have accurate and timely disseminated to farmers via radio broadcasts, SMS, climate and weather information relevant to farming. emails and farm visits. Some countries also incorporate Meteorological and hydrological data are important information about insurance and market access. Mobile elements of climate services and essential to adaptation applications have been recognised as having particular efforts. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) potential – for instance, in Vietnam, 80–90% of farmers estimates that improving weather, climate, water targeted by climate services used mobile platforms – and observations and forecasting could increase global several countries have prioritised technological upgrades. productivity by up to US$30 billion per year and reduce Governments also see potential for more private actors to losses by US$2 billion per year (WMO 2019, p.11). get involved; in Myanmar, for example, a social enterprise called Greenovator launched an app for sustainable and For farmers, key information may include monthly seasonal resilient farming.1 outlooks, monitoring of dry spells (or droughts), analyses of soil water availability, and warnings about extreme Several studies have reviewed the impacts of these weather: from heat waves, to heavy rainfall, to storms. efforts; for example, of monthly seasonal rainfall Climate services can also help users adapt to changes scenarios provided by SMS in Indonesia (Stigter et al. that manifest on a longer time-scale, such as trends in 2016); international NGOs and local government units temperature and rainfall and shifts in the onset of seasons, collaborating to train farmers in the Philippines on how to for example, with projections of future conditions. use weather and climate forecasts (Ewbank 2016); and the dissemination of information from national meteorological To be most useful, the information needs to be tailored to and hydrological agencies in Vietnam, Lao PDR and users’ specifc needs. This means presenting information Cambodia (Simelton et al. 2018). at an appropriate spatial and temporal scale – to refect conditions in Bali, for example, not Indonesia or Southeast ASEAN Member States have also evaluated the Asia as a whole, and within a time period relevant to the effectiveness of their own climate services and sought ways farmer, not 20, 50 or 100 years into the future. It is also to improve them, including through a survey commissioned important to tailor climate services to users’ literacy levels, by the ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre (ASMC access to technology and other capacities, and the local 2017). The survey that national services were already context. There is a trend towards engaging directly with providing a wide range of products, including statistics on stakeholders to incorporate their knowledge and produce climate extremes, historical datasets, monthly seasonal more relevant and accessible climate information (Daniels outlooks, and various climate summaries, bulletins and et al. 2020; Guido et al. 2020). special statements. Areas in which agencies wished to improve included information on uncertainties in monthly ASEAN Member States recognise the importance of climate to seasonal forecasts, products focused on sea surface services for agriculture and have worked to meet that temperatures and variability, and downscaled climate urgent need. National meteorological and hydrological change projections, among others. services are mandated to provide climate services, and NGOs, research organisations and other entities are also In 2017, with the support of ASEAN-CRN and GIZ, providing services (ASMC 2017). representatives of ASEAN Member States, research institutes and development organisations came together In Thailand, for example, climate information for water to exchange knowledge on climate services for agriculture. management is provided, via local extension services, to They identifed several best practices, including close at least 900 villages, helping to build resilience (FAO 2017; coordination between national data management and FAO and UNDP 2017). Indonesia, the Philippines and Lao local extension offces; the translation of climate data into PDR are using feld schools to train extension workers and actionable agro-advisories; the utilisation of feld schools farmers to interpret weather and seasonal forecasts and to help farmers understand and act on climate services; and adapt agricultural practices accordingly. In addition, the development of mobile platforms to share information a network of nearly 1,000 automatic weather stations in (FAO and UNDP 2017). the Philippines aims to provide free, reliable, localised weather information to 100 million people.

1 See https://www.mmgreenovator.com/greenway-app.

3 Using climate information in decision-making for the coming days to weeks, extreme weather and planning warnings, and alerts on pests and diseases. Daily weather observations, usually gathered by government agencies, Climate and weather services are important for a range of provide the foundation, including current and historical stakeholders at the national, sub-national and community data on temperatures, precipitation and evaporation (as levels. Climate information that is relevant to the specifc well as snow depth in other contexts). social and environmental context can enable better adaptation decisions and more effective management of Medium-term information may include the expected onset available resources (Daniels et al. 2020). Policy-makers at of seasons (e.g. when the rain will start) and forecasts for different levels are also provided climate data and analyses rainfall and temperatures for the season, contributing to inform decisions related to broader economic and to farmers’ selection of crops, intensity of fertiliser and development planning. At the farm level, tailored data can pesticide use, and potential measures to diversify their help farmers decide what is best to plant, when and how to incomes. Information on long-term trends can provide plant it, when to look out for pest and disease outbreaks, indications of how climate change may infuence conditions when to harvest and, if needed, dry the crops, and when for farming in the coming years and inform agricultural to take emergency measures to protect the felds (for investments and livelihood strategies. instance, if a major storm is coming). Who is providing climate services? Yet as crucial as good climate and weather information is for farmers and others with land-based livelihoods, A wide range of sources provide data that feed into climate researchers and practitioners have found that services, including international agencies, research institutions, meteorological and hydrological data, as generated by global climate information portals, insurance companies scientists, are often not very useful (see, e.g., ASEAN- and other private enterprises. For example, the World CRN 2017b; Brugger et al. 2016; Daniels et al. 2020; Meteorological Organization (WMO) Climate Data Catalogue MeteoSwiss and Senamhi 2018; Raaphorst et al. 2020). provides information from 18 global climate databases covering They may not match the time-frame or geographic scale temperature, precipitation, sea level, climate indices and at which they operate – looking at 10-year increments to hydrology.2 The WMO and the Global Framework for Climate 2050, for instance, instead of near-term, or at the whole Services also offer guidelines and technical support to agencies country instead of their province – and/or it may be and organisations around the world. diffcult to read, provided in complex graphics or in highly technical scientifc English. And the scientists conveying The Asia Pacifc Economic Cooperation Climate Center, the information may not be skilled communicators and meanwhile, provides more region-specifc projections teachers, and thus struggle to support users. and analysis.3 The Specialised Meteorological Centre supports ASEAN Member States in their development It is now widely accepted that climate services need to of climate services. Within individual countries, national “translate” and tailor the science, sometimes gathering meteorological and hydrological services are the most and/or producing new knowledge as well, to ft the needs important data sources, as they collect, analyse, and of individual decision-makers – whether they are public produce nationally relevant climate services. offcials, business owners or farmers – and deliver that knowledge to them in the ways that will be most useful In Indonesia, for example, BMKG (the Meteorological, (Daniels et al. 2020; Practical Action 2020; Raaphorst et Climatological, and Geophysical Agency) provides a wide al. 2020). It is also important to recognise differences range of information on weather, climate change, air quality in technology access, literacy and numeracy, and local and disaster risks, including from non-climate hazards such languages, for instance. as earthquakes and tsunamis.4 In Lao PDR, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology under the Ministry of In the context of agriculture, climate services need to Natural Resources and Environment provides weather provide at different time scales: from daily or seasonal information, while in Cambodia, general forecasts and early forecasts and warnings, to longer-term trends relevant for warnings of storms are provided by the Ministry of Water planning. Near-term (and real-time) weather information Resources and Meteorology. may include the expected temperatures and precipitation

2 See https://climatedata-catalogue.wmo.int. 3 See https://www.apcc21.org/abt/intro.do?lang=en&menuId=intro. 4 See https://www.bmkg.go.id/?lang=EN.

4 The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical assessments and allow the attribution of specifc changes Services Administration (PAGASA) is responsible for or events to underlying causes.6 delivering services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy and other geophysical sciences to ensure Once data have been collected and analysed, safety and economic security for the country. This advisory communications are distributed by numerous includes weather forecasts, typhoon and food forecasts actors, including agriculture extension workers, national and warnings, climatological and farm weather services, and local meteorological staff, international and non- research and development, and education and public governmental organisations, and other intermediaries. outreach. In Thailand, the Thai Meteorological Department The materials provided by climate services take the is responsible for weather forecasting and monitoring, and information and package it for its intended use (and users), the National Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting covering the most relevant aspects of historical and current does the same in Vietnam. climate data, future projections, global emission scenarios, and impact and vulnerability assessments. That tailoring Locally, weather stations are used to gather data on is essential to the effectiveness of climate services: temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar Even within a single community, an individual farmer, radiation, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, for example, will have very different needs than a public atmospheric pressure, and visibility information. These are offcial making decisions on land use and development. “essential climate variables” that inform climate models There are also different actors and components in and future projections.5 These variables also inform risk the climate services “value chain”, described in Box 1.

Box 1. Climate services value chain

The 2019 State of Climate Services (WMO 2019) outlines the climate services value chain, which encompasses not only the production and delivery of climate services, but also their use and resulting outcomes. The value chain approach ensures that credible information is meaningfully translated to best beneft the end users and contribute towards informed decision making.

The climate services value chain consists of fve main elements (see fgure): climate and water observation; services production; provision and application of climate services; user decisions and actions; and monitoring and evaluation of outcomes. A weakness in any one aspect of the chain has the potential to limit the usefulness of the information, products, and services provided and therefore must be addressed holistically. Delivering climate services requires understanding the demand by asking end-users what they need in order to collect the necessary data and create relevant products. It also requires creating strong links between climate scientists and advisory services to ensure the information provided is complemented by agricultural knowledge. User needs are context specifc and may vary from one village to the next and may rely on local knowledge. Advisory products should be tailored to local needs and effectively communicated, with particular emphasis on providing support to vulnerable communities.

All components of the value change are important to ASEAN countries’ success in using climate services to support adaptation to climate change. It is not enough to have basic meteorological systems, or even forecasts and alerts. They need to be grounded in policies that embed them in adaptation strategies and planning. They require user interfaces that enable effective two-way learning and tailoring of information to the needs of the users as well as regularly tracking the use of climate services that their outcomes and the challenges they encountered are known. Finally, the capacities of users and providers need to be regularly enhanced.

5 See Global Climate Observing System: https://gcos.wmo.int/en/essential-climate-variables/about. 6 See WMO explainer: https://public.wmo.int/en/programmes/global-climate-observing-system/essential-climate-variables.

5 Box 1. WMO’s Comprehensive Climate Services Value Chain (Adapted from WMO 2019: pp.12-13)

Types of climate services, products and modes weather and climate data, but often also maps, risk and create user-focused climate services, turn information into Box 2 offers an example of a climate feld school in of communication vulnerability assessments and long-term projections. That, action, and help ensure sustained use of climate services. Indonesia that integrates conventional climate services in turn, requires a broader range of non-meteorological For best results, scientists must work collaboratively with with traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), recognising As noted earlier, ASEAN Member States are already information, including on the local development context, practitioners, policy-makers, and communities to develop that farmers’ own experience and the wisdom passed down providing climate information relevant to farmers in a the crops grown, the market prices of those crops and and communicate climate information that supports over generations are also highly valuable for adaptation. number of ways. A survey of the services provided in inputs used. This deeper understanding can help ensure adaptation planning and decision-making (Guido et al. communities in Vietnam, Cambodia and Lao PDR found that climate services are widely used and truly helpful to 2020). Climate services themselves are evolving. Most notably, that weather information was overwhelmingly made farmers. there are ongoing initiatives to refocus climate services available via television, radio and extension offces Capacity-building is also crucial – both for climate services away from the production and dissemination of climate (Simelton et al. 2018). Farming advice, on the other hand Another key element is to understand how and why providers, who may not have a grounding in science services and products and more towards the process of co- – including climate-smart agriculture techniques – was the target users of a climate service make decisions – communications (Brugger et al. 2016), and for users, who producing this information so that climate services inform communicated by village leaders, agriculture extension something best learned by engaging directly with them need to learn to understand the basic science and how to decision-making in more meaningful and usable ways and offces, local unions and NGOs. (Brugger et al. 2016). The goal is to provide easy-to- apply it to their decision-making. This is yet another beneft build capacity at the same time. This has been the intention understand, actionable information. This is one advantage of programmes such as climate feld schools, which provide of the Tandem framework, described in Box 3. National meteorological services recognise the importance of climate feld schools, which link climate service opportunities for farmers to learn from experts, while also of tailoring information to local needs (Cheng et al. 2020). providers with users and enable them to learn from one sharing their own knowledge and providing feedback on This means not only the collection and synthesis of local another. The relationships they build are important to how such services can be further improved.

6 7 Box 2. The School of Climate and Living Traditions (SaLT)

Climate feld schools are in-depth trainings to help farmers understand how to access climate information and apply it across all relevant aspects of their crop production. The feld school model is derived from earlier experiences in Indonesia, where it was used to give feld demonstrations of rice farming techniques, so these were originally branded as farmer feld schools. As the focus shifted to climate change adaptation, they became known as climate feld schools.

The School of Climate and Living Traditions (SaLT) is a project that was implemented in Bali and Bajawa, Indonesia, to integrate conventional climate services with traditional ecological knowledge. The project was supported by the Stockholm Environment Institute’s Initiative on Climate Services, su-re.co (Sustainability and Resilience Co), and BMKG. It began as a series of climate feld schools to increase farmers’‘ knowledge on the application of climate information in the farming of coffee and cacao.

SaLT starts with an introduction to weather and climate concepts, then covers agro-ecosystems observation, how to understand and use weather and climate information, and how to incorporate local knowledge in agriculture, including to support climate change adaptation.

To learn more about SaLT, see https://www.sei.org/featured/indigenous-knowledge-modern-science/.

Box 3. Tandem, a framework for co-designing transdisciplinary knowledge services

Tandem is a tool to guide practitioners on how to pursue structured and purposeful Strategically Identify and engage seniors engage relevant collaboration in developing climate services decision-makers stakeholders that is participatory and inclusive of diverse users to produce relevant, actionable, and Co-explore and Relevant Co-explore sustainable climate services. It has seven ‘distil’ relevant Actionable and understand elements, as shown in the diagram. information context from data Sustainable These elements are iterative, fexible and Climate Service adaptable. These elements are described in

detail in Daniels et al. (2020). The weADAPT Identify solutions, Set focus platform hosts a number of materials on recommendations and learning and always objective forward Identify and Tandem, including an online guidance on how respond to to use the framework.7 training or capacity needs

Adapted from Daniels et al. 2020, p.11 7 See http://www.weadapt.org/tandem

8 Challenges for climate services Ensuring equity and inclusion A number of challenges exist in the collection, In agro-ecological settings, the vulnerabilities of dissemination and use of climate data. At the national level, communities and households to climate change impacts meteorological institutions may not be able to provide are determined by their gender, age, wealth, religion, actionable information because they lack capacity or data ethnicity, education and identities so that they require may not be consistent in quality or available in all places particular climate information to address them. This means or translatable to the agriculture context. Climate data is that even a climate service designed to address a specifc derived from ground-based national weather stations and hazard might work for one group, but not for others (Carr satellite data. While ground-based systems often provide and Onzere 2017). Women and men, for instance, often accurate measurements, they are not evenly distributed have different roles and responsibilities on the farm, and throughout Southeast Asia and often do not cover rural sometimes different educational levels. Additionally, socio- areas (ASEAN-CRN 2017a). Additionally, where there are economic conditions and circumstances may impact a existing weather stations, observations may be of poor farmer’s opportunities and challenges in accessing climate quality and inconsistent. Ensuring that weather stations services and applying them to their decision-making. are calibrated regularly to ensure data integrity and As a result, the benefts of climate services are uneven, consistency is a problem in many AMS. Financing increased especially in developing countries. climate data collection is a challenge, as increasing coverage and upgrading of equipment to ensure high- The best way to address this problem is to develop climate quality data requires substantial investments. services to meet the needs of specifc, underserved groups. In 2015, for example, World Agroforestry (ICRAF) In addition to challenges of collecting climate information, partnered with Care International and national, provincial, there are also gaps in generating and delivering climate and local government and other stakeholders in Vietnam, services at the national level. Common concerns among Cambodia, and Lao PDR to ensure that women and ethnic national meteorological institutions include a lack of minority smallholders could better access resources that personnel and training, inadequate computing facilities and would enhance their resilience to climate shocks. equipment, insuffcient access to data at the local, regional and international levels, and a need for more quality This project recognised that women and ethnic minorities control (ASEAN-CRN 2017b; ASMC 2017). are often restricted by limited fnancial resources and inadequate access to information, alongside social, cultural Another, signifcant challenge is the need to tailor climate and language barriers. The Agro-Climate Information services to specifc contexts and user needs. Farmers Services (ACIS) project used a fve-tier approach, including and other stakeholders may not use climate information a knowledge generation platform, action-oriented if it is not localised enough, lacks critical information capacity-building and agro-climate advisories. Farmer (such as rainfall projections), is unreliable forecasts, learning networks were used to further build capacity, or is not presented in the local language. Meeting all while policy dialogues helped lay a foundation for scaling those needs, however, is resource- and labour-intensive. up this model. Building capacity among farmers, so they can interpret the information provided and translate it into meaningful Achieving broad-based benefts from climate services also action, is also demanding work. Furthermore, for many requires clear, accessible and inclusive communication. The reasons, people within communities may not all get equal use of weather icons, for example, may not be universal and access to climate information, or they may not receive it in interpreted differently based on culture, gender, or literacy a timely manner. The next section delves deeper into equity level (Simelton and Le 2020). There is also evidence that and inclusion issues. women and men perceive climate risks and information needs differently and have different preferences for There are also several “usability gaps” in climate services: how to receive it, but more knowledge on this is needed from presenting information in formats that are not easy (Diouf et al. 2019; Practical Action 2020). While access to for users to grasp, such as complex graphs, to failing to climate services is a potential means of empowerment and recognise the roles of different actors in mitigating climate resilience-building for rural women and other marginalised risks (Raaphorst et al. 2020). A variety of stakeholders are groups, there is a risk of inequalities being reinforced needed to address these challenges including government if their specifc needs are not addressed (Gumucio et agencies, research institutions, extension workers, civil al. 2020). In some cases, gender, ethnicity and area of society, the private sector and farmers themselves. residence may limit access to climate information,

9 so special measures are needed to close the gap. For When working with Indigenous Peoples and their example, in Haryana, India, climate information was traditional knowledge, however, it is crucial to ensure delivered to women through their mobile phones (CCAFS their free, prior and informed consent and respect the and CIMMYT 2014). cultural norms associated with that knowledge (UNFCCC 2017). In addition, the Local Communities and Indigenous In some cases, access to climate services may not be Peoples Platform Facilitative Working Group advises: enough, if certain individuals or groups are unable to make “Engagement with indigenous peoples for knowledge land management-related decisions (Gumucio et al. 2020). sharing and exchange should recognize that indigenous This may be infuenced by socio-cultural norms infuencing peoples’ knowledge and ways of knowing are collective, gendered labour roles and responsibilities. Control over experiential, time tested and inter-generational, bridging resources and decision-making power may also impact an both what is sometimes termed “tangible” and “intangible” individual’s ability to act on the information received. cultural heritage, and is thus distinct in many ways from Ensuring fair and equitable access to climate services other knowledge systems” (email communication with A. requires an intersectional approach, looking not only Carmen, April 2021). at gender, for example, but also social class, ethnicity, seniority, educational level and decision-making power. Relevant ASEAN guidelines and frameworks ASEAN has embraced the increased development and For this reason, several checklists on gender-inclusive use of climate services in two major ways. First, the actionable agro-advisories have been developed to unpack establishment of Global Framework for Climate Services whether climate information is available, accessible, timely (GFCS) was endorsed by 13 heads of government and 81 and understandable for the intended users (Gumucio and ministers, including delegates from ASEAN Member States. Schwager 2019; MeteoSwiss and Senamhi 2018; see, e.g., Volume I of the ASEAN Regional Guidelines for Promoting Simelton and Le 2020). Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices outlines the Equity and traditional ecological knowledge use of agro-insurance using weather indices (see 10 Phases in Developing a National Crop Insurance Program In Southeast Asia, it is well known that local and guidance), which requires an array of climate services, such Indigenous communities have extensive knowledge of as historical weather, agro-climatic, hydro-meteorological natural systems and farming, including strategies for data, the localised context and the capacity to utilise the coping with adverse conditions. This is known as traditional information effectively (ASEAN-CRN 2015). ecological knowledge, which Berkes (2017, p.7) defnes as “a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, Climate services are further detailed in Volume II of the evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through Regional CSA Guidelines (ASEAN-CRN 2017a). This volume generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship contains detailed information on climate service design of living beings (including humans) with one another and and production, climate information dissemination and with their environment”. channels, including gender considerations, institutional arrangements, and potential regional collaborations. There are various examples of traditional ecological knowledge in Southeast Asia, such as the Balinese subaks ASEAN is also part of a global network of Regional Climate (Lansing 2007), the use of pranata mangsa calendar Outlook Forums (RCOFs) initiated by the WMO with among Javanese farmers (Winarto et al. 2008), or the national, regional and international partners. RCOFs are use of environmental signals among the Mamanwas in multi-sectoral, involving stakeholders from agriculture, southern Philippines (Cuaton and Su 2020). Hiwasaki water, energy, health, communications and disaster risk et al. (2014; 2014) have documented many more cases reduction, and aim to deliver consensus-based, user- on the use of local and Indigenous knowledge among relevant climate information as well as trainings to coastal communities in Southeast Asia to adapt to hydro- strengthen the capacity of scientists, media experts and meteorological hazards. policy-makers.

The continued use of traditional ecological knowledge The ASEAN RCOF is run by the ASEAN Specialised in many communities across the region highlights Meteorological Centre (ASMC), which supports ASEAN the importance of integrating this knowledge with Member States in their development of national conventional climate services to guide local adaptation meteorological services. Established in 1993, the ASMC is strategies. Box 2 above provides an example of how this has hosted by Singapore’s National Meteorological Service. It been done in Indonesia, the School of Climate and Living conducts research and development to better understand Traditions. and predict weather and climate systems and runs regional

10 capacity development programmes. Since 2018, the ASMC the long term. The good news for ASEAN is that signifcant has produced a biannual bulletin providing an overview of efforts to deliver high-quality, tailored climate services to the climate, fre and haze situation and outlook as well as agricultural communities are already under way, and many signifcant weather events in the region. Regional weather people have given a great deal of thought to what is needed observations, including wind and rainfall, and climate in the region. information are available on the Centre’s website. In March 2017, an ASEAN-CRN Knowledge Exchange In 2016, Vietnam made a statement on behalf of the Event in Cebu City brought together representatives of ASEAN Negotiators Group on Agriculture at the UNFCCC ASEAN agriculture and environment ministries, national Subsidiary Body for Scientifc and Technological Advice meteorological and hydrological institutes, development in-session workshop on agriculture. The statement partners, academia and civil society organisations involved highlighted climate services for smallholder farmers as a in creating and delivering climate services for farmers. They regional adaptation priority (ASEAN Negotiators Group on made a series of recommendations (ASEAN-CRN 2017b). Agriculture 2016). As these have been jointly discussed and agreed already by key regional stakeholders, it is important that they be An agenda for action revisited and implemented. Critical actions ensuring that climate actions meet the the needs of adaptation decision- Given the increasing climate-related challenges facing makers were also reviewed in 2019 (Hansen et al. 2019). countries in Southeast Asia, access to timely, reliable The recommendations below build on those insights. and actionable climate information is crucial to farmers’ success and to their ability to adapt to climate change in

Farmers listened to a lecture by Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) during one of the climate feld schools in Bali, Indonesia. Photo: su-re.co (Sustainability and Resilience Company)

11 Recommendations for policy-makers

f Explicitly incorporate climate services in National meteorological and hydrological institutes. It may be Adaptation Plans (NAPs) as crucial elements in appropriate to develop specialised climate extension supporting adaptation in vulnerable sectors and services, building on the model of climate feld schools. communities. f Ensure that climate services are designed and implemented f Increase budgetary support for climate services, in in such a way that they are tailored to the needs of different line with national adaptation priorities, to ensure that users, accounting for gender, class, ethnic minorities and national meteorological and hydrological institutes, other factors to ensure equity and inclusion. This will require extension services and other key actors in the climate direct engagement with farmers to understand their needs services value chain (see Box 1) have the resources they and how they will apply knowledge. need. f Support the integration of Indigenous knowledge in science f Improve the provision of localised information through feld schools, farmer feld schools and climate feld schools. the use of geographic information systems (GIS), crop zoning and agricultural maps, and improve the local f Use a wide array of channels to deliver climate information, accuracy of forecasts, including through the expansion including via mobile phones and the internet. This, in turn, of weather station networks. requires improving internet access in rural communities; it is also crucial to translate information into local languages, f Increase collaboration between the ministries of including scientifc and technical terms, and use visual agriculture and related ministries and departments, communication and audio programming to help bridge local government units and other stakeholders to literacy gaps. identify information needs and embed climate services in sectoral and local programmes. It is also crucial to f Continually monitor and evaluate the outcomes of existing track progress on existing action plans to deliver climate climate services in Southeast Asia to that they are achieving services for agriculture and assess outcomes. the desired outcomes in terms of enhancing adaptive capacity, building resilience, and helping farmers adopt f Continually build capacity within national climate-smart practices. meteorological and hydrological institutes, including through short courses and trainings on Priorities for further research agro-meteorology, as well as on effective climate f Produce more agriculture-specifc climate information, communications. Similar courses should also be such as on potential impacts on crop yields, pests and provided in universities. diseases. This requires combining agricultural research with Priorities for donors and project meteorological research, and could involve exchanging tools implementers as well as real-time monitoring.

f Invest and support policymakers and decision-makers f Delve deeper into existing climate services in the ASEAN in climate-sensitive sectors to develop their capacities countries to identify best practices, models that can be to use climate information effectively, identify their replicated or scaled up, and key challenges to address. This information needs, and strategically drive the co- should include – if not prioritise – climate services that co- production of climate services. This is the highest produce knowledge with Indigenous Peoples, smallholder priority identifed by Hansen et al (2019) to scale up farmers and other vulnerable user groups, and that climate services. effectively engage women and marginalised communities.

f Support the integration of Indigenous knowledge in f Through direct engagement with communities, identify science feld schools, farmer feld schools and climate traditional ecological knowledge in Southeast Asian feld schools in ASEAN. countries that can be incorporated into climate services to provide richer insights into climate and weather monitoring f Provide more training for agricultural extension as well as adaptation strategies and resilience-building. staff, including through exchanges with national

12 References

AHA Centre (2020). ASEAN Risk Monitor and Disaster Carr, E. R. and Onzere, S. N. (2017). Really effective (for 15% of Management Review (ARMOR) 2nd Edition. ASEAN Coordinating the men): Lessons in understanding and addressing user needs in Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management climate services from Mali. Climate Risk Management. 22, 82-95. (AHA Centre), Jakarta. https://ahacentre.org/publication/armor/ DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.002

ASEAN Negotiators Group on Agriculture (2016). Statement CCAFS and CIMMYT (2014). Climate-Smart Villages in Haryana, by Viet Nam at the UNFCCC SBSTA 44 In-Session Workshop India. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture on Agriculture. Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Bonn, and Food Security and International Maize and Wheat Germany. https://unfccc.int/fles/land_use_and_climate_ Improvement Center. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/42346 change/agriculture/application/pdf/viet_nam_sbsta_44_in_ session_workshop_on_adaptation_measures_20_may_(2).pdf Cheng, C.-P., Lin, H.-I., Wang, S., Liu, P.-T. D. and Chao, K.-Y. C. (2020). Climate Services in Asia Pacifc: Emerging Trends and ASEAN-CRN (2015). ASEAN Regional Guidelines for Promoting Prospects. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 101(9). Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices Vol. I. Endorsed by E1568–71. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0093.1 the 37th AMAF, 10 September 2015, Makati, the Philippines. ASEAN Climate Resilience Network, Association of Southeast Cuaton, G. P. and Su, Y. (2020). Local-indigenous knowledge on Asian Nations, Jakarta. https://asean-crn.org/asean-regional- disaster risk reduction: Insights from the Mamanwa indigenous guidelines-for-promoting-climate-smart-agriculture-csa- peoples in Basey, Samar after Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. practices-vol-i-2/ International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48. 101596. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101596 ASEAN-CRN (2017a). ASEAN Guidelines on the Promotion of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices: Volume II. ASEAN Climate Daniels, E., Bharwani, S., Swartling, Å. G. and Vulturius, G. (2020). Resilience Network, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Refocusing the climate services lens: introducing a framework for Jakarta. https://asean-crn.org/asean-guidelines-on-the- co-designing “transdisciplinary knowledge integration processes” promotion-of-climate-smart-agriculture-practices-volume-ii/ to build climate resilience. Climate Services, 19. DOI: 10.1016/j. cliser.2020.100181 ASEAN-CRN (2017b). Effective Climate Information Services for Agriculture in ASEAN. ASEAN-CRN Knowledge Exchange Event to Diouf, N. S., Ouedraogo, I., Zougmoré, R. B., Ouedraogo, M., Increase Climate Resilience in Asian, 21-23 March 2017, Cebu City. Partey, S. T. and Gumucio, T. (2019). Factors infuencing gendered ASEAN Climate Resilience Network, Jakarta. https://asean-crn. access to climate information services for farming in Senegal. org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/22May_Summary_ACRN- Gender, Technology and Development, 23(2). 93–110. DOI: CIS-KEE.pdf 10.1080/09718524.2019.1649790

ASMC (2017). Climate Information and Services Survey Results: Ewbank, R. (2016). Developing Climate Services in the Philippines. Review on the Current Status of Climate Information and Services Christian Aid. https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/ Provided by the National Meteorological and Hydrological fles/2017-11/Developing-Climate-Services-Philippines-report- Services of Southeast Asia. ASEAN Specialised Meteorological July2016.pdf Centre (AMSC), Singapore. http://asmc.asean.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/Climate-Services-Survey-Results-for-ASEAN- FAO (2017). The power of climate information in agriculture | NMHSs-2016-17.pdf Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Berkes, F. (2017). Sacred Ecology. 4th Ed. Routledge, New York and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations News. http:// www.fao.org/in-action/naps/news-events/detail/en/c/1118408/ Brugger, J., Meadow, A. and Horangic, A. (2016). Lessons from First-Generation Climate Science Integrators. Bulletin of the FAO and UNDP (2017). The power of climate information in American Meteorological Society, 97(3). 355–65. DOI: 10.1175/ agriculture | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation. https://www. BAMS-D-14-00289.1 adaptation-undp.org/power-climate-information-agriculture

13 Guido, Z., Knudson, C., Campbell, D. and Tomlinson, J. (2020). Raaphorst, K., Koers, G., Ellen, G. J., Oen, A., Kalsnes, B., van Climate information services for adaptation: what does it mean Well, L., Koerth, J. and van der Brugge, R. (2020). Mind the to know the context? Climate and Development, 12(5). 395–407. Gap: Towards a Typology of Climate Service Usability Gaps. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2019.1630352 Sustainability, 12(4). 1512. DOI: 10.3390/su12041512

Gumucio, T., Hansen, J., Huyer, S. and Huysen, T. van (2020). Simelton, E., Coulier, M., Carter, A., Duong, T. M., Le, T. T., Gender-responsive rural climate services: a review of the Luu, G. T. T. and Madsen, E. J. (2018). Info Note: Actionability literature. Climate and Development, 12(3). 241–54. DOI: of Climate Services in Southeast Asia. CGIAR Research 10.1080/17565529.2019.1613216 Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, Wageningen, The Netherlands. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/ Gumucio, T. and Schwager, S. (2019). Checklist: Gender bitstream/handle/10568/92120/InfoNote_ACIS_Baseline. Considerations for Climate Services and Safety Nets. CGIAR pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, Washington, DC. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/99172 Simelton, E. and Le, T. T. (2020). Checklist: Gender-Inclusive Actionable Agro-Advisories. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Hansen, J., Furlow, J., Goddard, L., Nissan, H., Vaughan, C., et al. Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). https://cgspace. (2019). Scaling Climate Services to Enable Effective Adaptation cgiar.org/handle/10568/106790 Action. Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/ Stigter, C. (Kees) J., Winarto, Y. T. and Wicaksono, M. (2016). handle/10568/105763/ScalingClimateServices.pdf?sequence=1 Towards Enhanced Resilience: Monthly Updated Seasonal Rainfall “Scenarios” as Climate Predictions for Farmers in Hiwasaki, L., Luna, E. and Syamsidik, S. R. (2014). Local & Indonesia. In Climate Change Adaptation, Resilience and Hazards. Indigenous Knowledge for Community Resilience: Hydro- Leal Filho, W., Musa, H., Cavan, G., O’Hare, P., and Seixas, J. (eds). Meteorological Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Climate Change Management. Springer International Publishing, Adaptation in Coastal and Small Island Communities. UNESCO, Cham. 289–303. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39880-8_18 Jakarta UNFCCC (2017). Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Hiwasaki, L., Luna, E., Syamsidik and Shaw, R. (2014). Process Platform: Proposals on Operationalization Based on the for integrating local and indigenous knowledge with science for Open Multi- Stakeholder Dialogue and Submissions. FCCC/ hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change SBSTA/2017/6. UNFCCC adaptation in coastal and small island communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10. 15–27. DOI: 10.1016/j. Vaughan, C. and Dessai, S. (2014). Climate services for society: ijdrr.2014.07.007 origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Lansing, J. S. (2007). Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Change, 5. 587–603. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.290 Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali. Princeton University Press, Princeton Winarto, Y. T., Stigter, K., Anantasari, E. and Hidayah, S. N. (2008). Climate Field Schools in Indonesia: Improving “response MeteoSwiss and Senamhi (2018). Designing User-Driven Climate farming” to climate change. LEISA Magazine, 24(4). 16–18. Services. What We Can Learn from the Climandes Project: A Checklist for Practitioners, Scientists and Policy Makers. Global WMO (2019). 2019 State of Climate Services: Agriculture and Food Framework for Climate Services, Zurich. https://gfcs.wmo.int/ Security. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. https:// sites/default/fles/UIP%20Publication_s.pdf library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21609

Practical Action (2020). Climate Information Services Toolkit. Practical Action, Rugby, UK. http://hdl.handle. net/11283/622661/

14 About the Insight Brief series

This Insight Brief is part of a series prepared by the Stockholm Environment Institute on behalf of the Climate- Smart Land Use (CSLU) in ASEAN project, which receives funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in close cooperation with the ASEAN Secretariat. The Insight Briefs aim to raise awareness on the mitigation and adaptation potential of selected climate-smart land use practices and approaches in order to contribute to their application in Southeast Asia as well as to enhance the technical knowledge exchange among ASEAN Member States (AMS).

All briefs are available at https://asean-crn.org/overview/publications/study-and-policy/.

The CSLU project builds on the successes of the Forestry and Climate Change Project (FOR-CC) under the Former ASEAN-German Program on Response to Climate Change (GAP-CC), which supported ASEAN in improving selected Framework conditions for sustainable agriculture and Forestry in AMS. CSLU aims to strengthen the coordination role of ASEAN in contributing to international and national climate policy processes for climate-smart land use in agriculture and forestry.

The authors would like to thank Ella Nanda for her research support, and Paul Teng, Hanna Reuter and Sukaina Bharwani for their helpful comments on earlier drafts. Thanks also to Moch Taufqul Mujib for providing support in the publication of this brief.

Recommended citation Anschell, N., Salamanca, A. and Davis, M (2021) Climate Services to Support Adaptation and Livelihoods, ASEAN Climate-Smart Land Use Insight Brief 3. Jakarta: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).

Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photo credits The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Su-re.co (Sustainability & resilience) Registered offces Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Authors Nicole Anschell and Albert Salamanca Address Climate Smart Land Use (CSLU) in ASEAN Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) GIZ Offce Indonesia 10th Floor, Kasem Uttayanin Building, Menara BCA, 46th foor 254 Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 1 Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand Jakarta 10310 Indonesia T +62 21 23587111 Editor Marion Davis F +62 21 23587110 E [email protected] www.giz.de/en

As at August 2021

Design Jippy Rinaldi, Jakarta

DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors.