Racial and Religious Reconciliation: a Grounded Theory Study on African American
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RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS RECONCILIATION: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY ON AFRICAN AMERICAN LATTER-DAY SAINTS by Eunicia Jones May, 2019 Director of Dissertation: Andrew Brimhall, PhD Major Department: Human Development and Family Science Race relations between Black and White Americans continue to be tense. For African Americans, this is rooted in mistreatment by White Americans that has led to negative health outcomes. For many African Americans, religion has been one way to cope with this mistreatment and find hope in their circumstances. While many African Americans worship in Black Churches, some choose to worship in predominantly White churches. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of research on the experience of African Americans who worship in predominantly White spaces. Research using a cohesive theory that provides more context for their processes as they reconcile their racial and religious identities is needed. The current study sought to address this gap in literature by focusing on the experiences of African American Latter-day Saints using a theoretical framework combining acculturation theory and the biopsychosocial-spiritual (BPSS) framework. The history of African American Latter-day Saints using these theoretical frameworks were provided. Constructivist grounded theory was used to gather more information on the processes of African American Latter-day Saints and then construct the themes into a coherent theory that may help others understand their experiences in more detail. Through the data collection and analysis processes, five main themes emerged: (1) racial socialization, (2) trust, (3) cultural location, (4) coping, and (5) BPSS health. The first theme, racial socialization, was the central theme that informed the rest of the themes, and all of the themes had a reciprocal relationship with each other. The results lead to several recommendations for researchers, clinicians, and the LDS community. Researchers should look more deeply at the variation in acculturation strategies, explore how different strategies can lead to both positive and negative BPSS health, and expand the acculturation model to account for more than one cultural identity at a time. Clinicians must practice cultural humility, address the intersection of race and faith, explore cultural locations, and promote protective and nourishing coping mechanisms with clients. The LDS community should focus efforts on the local and general geographical levels to decrease the distance some African Americans Latter-day Saints feel in their church spaces. RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS RECONCILIATION: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY ON AFRICAN AMERICAN LATTER-DAY SAINTS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Human Development and Family Science East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Family Therapy by Eunicia Jones May, 2019 © Eunicia Jones, 2019 RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS RECONCILIATION: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY ON AFRICAN AMERICAN LATTER-DAY SAINTS by Eunicia Jones APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF DISSERTATION: _____________________________________________________ Andrew Brimhall, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ Angela Lamson, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ Bernice A. Dodor, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ Seodial Frank Deena, PhD CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY SCIENCE:______________________________________________ Sharon M. Ballard, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _______________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There were a lot of minds and hearts that went into this labor of love. I would first like to extend my gratitude to the many Black Mormons I’ve conversed with over the years about who we are and what to do with that. I thank them for their patience as I observed and sifted through my own thoughts and feelings of what it meant to be Black and Mormon while many were fighting racism at church often and openly. I am especially grateful for Zandra Vranes, who mentioned the idea of studying Black Mormon mental health during one of these conversations about how to make the Black Mormon experience a more positive one. I was planning on studying a different topic entirely and, obviously, changed course. This change has blessed my life in ways I had not anticipated, including becoming more acquainted with the ladies of Black LDS Legacy – Phylicia Jimenez, Tamu Smith, Maybelline McCoy, and Janan Graham-Russell. I thank them for their friendship, support, and prayers as I went through the process of carrying out this project. I am thankful for the guidance of my dissertation committee throughout this project. I thank Andy Brimhall for his ability to visualize where this dissertation could go. I thank Angela Lamson for helping me think more critically about theory. I thank Bernice Dodor for her emotional support and desire to look more deeply at Christian culture. I thank Seodial Deena for his perspectives on the intersections of identity. Their individual and collective contributions to this process have helped me complete it. I am also thankful to the academic scholars outside of my committee who offered perspective as I developed my ideas. I am grateful for my family’s support, especially over the past year, as I’ve completed this project. I thank my parents, Dianne and James, for their outpourings of love and financial support so I could focus on this project to graduate on time. I thank my siblings – LaShawn, James, Jette, and Morgan – for both the silly conversations to make sure I wasn’t taking myself too seriously and the serious conversations about how I was doing to make sure I was paying attention to my health. I am thankful for my family members who have passed on. I felt their divine presence pushing me when I was discouraged and/or I felt like I did not have more to give. Lastly, I am eternally thankful for my Heavenly Parents, who breathe life into me and show me different ways to live my purpose daily. They remind me: I’ve gone through the fire, and I’ve been through the flood. I’ve been broken into pieces, seen light’nin flashin’ from above. But, through it all, I remember that He loves me, and He cares. And He’ll never put more on me than I can bear. (Franklin, 1997). REFERENCES Franklin, K. (1997). More Than I Can Bear [Recorded by God’s Property and Kirk Franklin]. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................xv PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 African American History and Experience ...............................................................................2 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade ...........................................................................................3 Religion as a Tool of Oppression ..................................................................................4 Religion as a Tool of Liberation ....................................................................... 4 Worshiping in the Black Church ...................................................................... 5 Worshiping in Predominantly White Churches ................................................... 8 Latter-day Saint History ........................................................................................... 8 African American Latter-day Saint Experience .......................................................... 10 Addressing the Gaps.............................................................................................. 13 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 14 Seeking Solace with Strategies: Improving African American Biopsychosocial-spiritual Health Using Acculturation Theory ............................................................... 14 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 15 Racial and Religious Reconciliation: A Grounded Theory Study on African American Latter-day Saints ........................................................................................ 15 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 16 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................21 BPSS Framework ....................................................................................................................23 Latter-day Saint Overview ......................................................................................................24