BENGT-OVE ANDREASSEN Doctoral theses on Laestadius and the Laestadian movement 1937–2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30664/ar.86819 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
he scope of this review is all doctoral have been produced about Laestadius and theses that exist on Laestadius and the the Laestadian movement; something sev- Laestadian movement. A total of thirty- T eral bibliographies bare witness to.1 one doctoral theses on Laestadius and the Laes- tadian movement are included in this review. This article is (limited to) a review of The Laestadian movement is an international doctoral theses produced in the period one, albeit primarily established in the Nordic from when the first thesis was delivered in countries, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The 1937 to 2018. The aim of the research is to review aims at presenting an overview of doc- toral theses, countries where they are produced, analyse the main tendencies in the doctoral academic disciplines that have contributed to theses. The article is structured by review- this research, and finally to discuss some main ing firstly theses on Laestadius and sec- tendencies. ondly theses on the Laestadian movement. Concerning the theses on Laestadius, I will Introduction present which country they are from, and This review article aims at providing a secondly, which parts of Laestadius’s work general overview of the main tenden- they cover (theology/church history, [reli- cies in thirty-one doctoral theses that are gious] philosophy, natural sciences, or folk- identified as dealing with either Lars Levi lore/mythology). In doing so, it becomes Laestadius (1800–61) or the Laestadian clear that it is his work as a priest that has movement. Laestadius and the Laestadian been given most attention, while his work movement have generated interest amongst in the natural sciences is not covered in researchers in different academic fields, doctoral theses at all. such as church history, theology, history, The theses on the Laestadian movement social anthropology, the study of religion, will also be mapped according to the coun- botany and philosophy (see Larsen in this try in which they are produced and secondly volume). In addition, Laestadius and the which period of the Laestadian movement Laestadian movement have gained crit they cover. This is to say, whether they ical interest from journalists and intel- lectuals; especially the moment when the Laestadian revival broke loose in the 1840s 1 See bibliographies by Raittila (1967), Ryd (see Kristiansen in this volume). In total ving (2000a), and Lindin and Rydving an enormous number of articles and books (2007: 159–79).
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 91 cover the period before the big schism in Peace) (Finland, Norway and Sweden), the Laestadian movement in 1901 (1861– Conservative Laestadianism4 (which pri- 1900) or after (1901–2018). This is relevant marily exists in Finland), New Awakening because it will say something about which (primarily in Finland) and Lyngen group Laestadian groups are covered in the doc- (which exists only in Norway). More toral theses. groups could have been mentioned: in 2001, Jouko Talonen (2001: 53) counted Lars Levi Laestadius eighteen different Laestadian groups. In and the Laestadian movement general, the Laestadian groups can be char- The Laestadian movement – also referred acterized as centred on conservative Chris to as Laestadianism – can be described as a tian ideas, emphasising the Bible as the Christian revival movement that occurred word of God, and highlighting the import as a result of the preaching of the Swedish ance of the individual’s belief in the for- minister Lars Levi Laestadius. The revival giveness of sins in the name and blood of first erupted in Karesuando in the 1840s, on Jesus Christ. Laestadian groups are trad the border between Sweden and Finland, itionally family oriented, sceptical of lib- and within a couple of years also spread eral theology, rejecting female and homo- to Norway and other parts of Finland sexual priests, and sceptical concerning the and Sweden. In the 1860s, migrants from use of contraceptives. The large number of Scandinavia also brought the Laestadian groups makes it important to stress that the movement to the United States (Talonen Laestadian movement (or Laestadianism) 2001). At the end of the nineteenth and is as diverse as any other religious tradition, the beginning of the twentieth century, which could be emphasised by writing the several internal conflicts arose, and the term(s) in plural – Laestadian movements Laestadian movement divided into sev- (or Laestadianisms). eral groups. Today the main groups are the Laestadius himself was not a trad Firstborn2 (Finland, Norway and Sweden), itional minister in his time. He published Laestadianernas Fridsföreningars Förbund academic works in botany and meteorol- r.f (LFF, Laestadian Federation of the Peace ogy, and wrote several academic works in Associations) 3 or Rauhan Sana (Word of fields such as Sami mythology and reli- gious philosophy; most of them, however, remained unpublished while he lived (see 2 In 2015–16 the Firstborn group were divided in two in Finland. This division is discussed in Ollilainen’s article in this vol- ume. 4 The term ‘Conservative Laestadianism’ is in 3 LFF is an umbrella organization for nine this article used in accordance with Finnish member congregations in Finland located researchers. ‘Conservative Laestadianism’ is in Ostrobothnia, along the western coast- the group which historically is a part of the line in Finland. In southern Finland, there ‘Old Laestadian’ tradition and that relates are congregations in Helsinki. Rauhan Sana to SRK (Suomen Rauhanyhdistysten Kes- is a monthly bulletin in Finnish that has kusyhdistys ry, the central organization of been also used as a name for the same Laes- Conservative Laestadians) as their central tadian group. LFF and Rauhan Sana are sis- office/organizational office, located in Oulu. ter congregations with the Norwegian Alta Although the role of the SRK is essential in group, and belong to the same Laestadian the context of Conservative Laestadianism, tradition, sometimes referred to as ‘Little it cannot include or refer to the Conserva- Firstborn’. tive Laestadianism in its entirety.
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 92 Rydving 2000a). In addition, he published the project of looking at the scholarly con- his own monthly bulletin, Ens Ropandes struction of Laestadius and the Laestadian Röst i Öknen (The voice of one crying movement and its discursive entangle- in the wilderness) in the period 1852 to ments with other cultural systems and aca- 1854, wrote a lot of letters to scientists and demic disciplines. However, a review that church officials, and 466 of his sermons (in is limited to doctoral theses must be con- Finnish, Swedish and Sami) have been pre- sidered as one of several steps in order to served (Elgvin 2010: 36). get a broader picture of the research on Laestadius and the Laestadian movement. A discourse-inspired review This review is inspired by a discourse- Doctoral theses as material for a systematic analytical approach. A well-established idea review in theory on discourse analysis is that a dis- A systematic review is a method of making cursive approach provides a research per- sense of large bodies of information, and to spective rather than a particular method identify where little or no research has been (cf. Hjelm 2011; von Stuckrad 2014: 3). done and where new studies are needed This article’s basis in discourse analysis (Petticrew and Roberts 2006: 2). Systematic arises out of a perspective that academic reviews of doctoral theses have also been research can be treated as a field of discur- used to map tendencies within academic sive practices. Thus, ‘discourse’ is under- disciplines (such as history, see Amirell stood as ‘communicative structures that 2006; Ryymin et al. 2019). One should of organize knowledge in a given commu- course be aware that a review of doctoral nity…’ (von Stuckrad 2014: 11).5 Doctoral theses does not provide the full picture of theses on Laestadius and the Laestadian the research within a field. In Swedish his- movement are thus treated as expressions toriographical research, researchers have of how knowledge within this research area pointed out that doctoral theses might be has been produced and organized. One of used as a ‘rough indicator’ of developments the focus areas of this article is to identify in historical research (Amirell 2006: 261). and discuss which academic disciplines Thus, doctoral theses provide a starting have contributed to this research. point in order to map tendencies. Doing Inspired by a discourse-analytical a review on doctoral theses in a ‘limited’ approach, I will argue that it is helpful to area also contributes to the process of self- review tendencies in doctoral theses on reflection within the research on Laestadius Laestadius and the Laestadian movement, and the Laestadian movement. because this kind of review contributes to Doctoral theses are interesting because there are certain academic criteria they have to fulfil in order to be approved: they should 5 The full quote reads: ‘Discourses are com- be of a certain extent, bring in new knowl- municative structures that organize knowl- edge in a given community; they establish, edge about the field, be updated on other stabilize, and legitimize systems of mean- recent developments, and be able to refer ing and provide collectively shared orders to a data material that has been collected, of knowledge in an institutionalized social analysed and discussed. A doctoral thesis ensemble. Statements, utterances, and opinions about a specific topic, systematic is often definitive for an academic career. It ally organized and repeatedly observable, is expected that the doctoral students place form a discourse’ (von Stuckrad 2014: 11). themselves within the field, and, one might
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 93 presume that new theoretical insights and is Pekka Raittila’s (1967) bibliography. I have research trends are reflected in doctoral also used my network of colleagues. theses. Doctoral theses are (in most cases) The criterion for including a thesis in also the work mainly by (relatively) young this review has been that it deals exten- scholars at the start of their careers. One sively with the Laestadian movement. might also presume that the supervisors’ A result is that theses of Eetu Kejonen and institutions’ research interests and spe- (2014), Marit Myrvoll (2011) and Nellejet cialisations are reflected in the doctoral Zorgdrager’s (1989/97) are included in the theses (Ryymin et al. 2019: 135). review, while Lars Elenius’s (2001) thesis in Reviews are usually made within one the history of modernisation, nationalism academic discipline. Doctoral theses on and language change in the Torne valley, is Laestadius and the Laestadian movement excluded. Elenius does bring attention to are rooted in various academic disciplines. the Laestadian movement as an important The work of this review has revealed that factor in understanding the modernisation since the turn of the millennium, disserta- processes, and the complexity of ethnicity tions have been written within a number of and language in the Torne valley. different academic disciplines in addition A possible category in mapping theses to theology and church history – which could be a category of ‘persons related are by far the dominating disciplines. Now to the Laestadian movement’ (such as there are theses in history, the study of reli- Auranen 2008; Mäkitalo 2016; Pohjanen gion, social anthropology and political sci- 1979; Vuollo 2006).7 Theses in this cate- ence. Different disciplines offer somewhat gory are biographical and include people different research questions and theoretical with a background in the Laestadian move- perspectives. Research within different ment. However, these theses do not say academic disciplines are therefore most much about the Laestadian movement welcome. other than that it is the religious context or background of these persons. To what Mapping, reading and categorization extent their Laestadian background has of the theses had an influence is a matter of interpreta- In order to get an overview of all the doc- tion. Thus, I have not included theses in toral theses dealing with the Laestadian this category in my review. movement or Lars Levi Laestadius, I have The review of the theses on the systematically read bibliographies in art- Laestadian movement are firstly structured icles and books from all the Nordic coun- according to the Nordic country in they tries.6 A great help in mapping early material were produced. Secondly, the theses are differentiated by their focus on Laestadius or the Laestadian movement. It is expedient 6 An exclusive focus on doctoral theses will to separate the theses on Laestadius from necessarily have the result that other exten- sive books in other academic genres that the theses on the Laestadian movement are equal in quality and scope to doctoral because the theses on Laestadius focus on dissertations, presenting highly relevant research on Laestadius and the Laestadian movement, are left out (such as Boreman 7 Thanks to Professor Jouko Talonen (Uni- 1953; Bjørklund 1985; Brännström 1990; versity of Helsinki) for making me aware of Franzén 1973; Heith 2018; Thulin 1949 and these theses and introducing this category Wikmark 1980). and challenging my review on this point.
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 94 him as a person, his theology, or as a phi- the subject have been produced. In Norway, losopher. The theses on Laestadius cover there are five theses on the Laestadian the time when he was alive, 1800–61. The movement, but none on Laestadius. In theses on the Laestadian movement pri- Sweden, there is only one doctoral thesis on marily focus on a period after Laestadius’s the Laestadian movement, which is surpris- death. There are some exceptions, but the ingly little. However, three on Laestadius theses on the Laestadian movement focus corrects the picture in some extent. Two on aspects on Laestadianism as a Christian doctoral theses are identified which come revival movement. from outside the Nordic countries; in the The theses on the Laestadian movement Netherlands (Zorgdrager 1989/1997) and are divided according to whether they the United States (W. R. Juntunen 1988). cover the early period of the Laestadian Most of the theses on the Laestadian movement (1861–1900) or whether they movement include chapters about are limited to a period after the major Laestadius. A couple of the theses could schism between eastern and western be placed in both categories. Martti E. Laestadianism at the beginning of 1900s. Miettinen’s (1942) thesis deals mostly with For theses that historically deal with the the time of Laestadius; still, Miettinen Laestadian movement in the twentieth focuses on the background and context of century, it is of relevance to see which the Laestadian movement. I have also found Laestadian group is covered in these theses. support for placing Miettinen’s thesis in the This might help detect whether there are category of theses on the Laestadian move- Laestadian groups that have been subject to ment in Raittila’s (1967: 294) bibliography. more research than others. This focus will While the dissertations on Laestadius help detect possible ‘holes’ in the research are mainly rooted in theology and on the Laestadian movement and define a church history, the doctoral theses on the challenge for future research. The academic Laestadian movement are rooted in a var discipline in which the thesis is written will iety of academic disciplines. A clear ten- also be a subject for categorisation. dency shows that most of the earliest dis- As illustrated in Figure 1, there are eight sertations on Laestadianism as a revival theses on Laestadius and twenty-three on movement were rooted in church history the Laestadian movement. Twenty out of and theology. thirty-one theses establish Finland as the Figure 2 indicates that there has been a country in which most doctoral theses on growing interest in research on Laestadius and the Laestadian movement. Figure 1. Theses on Laestadius and the Laestadian move- Looking at twenty year inter- ment vals since the first doctoral Theses on Theses on the Laes- thesis in 1937, one gets an idea Laestadius tadian movement of when the theses have been Finland 5 15 produced. The most promin Norway 0 5 ent tendency is that fourteen out of twenty-three theses on Sweden 3 1 the Laestadian movement were Other (US and the 0 2 written after the turn of the Netherlands) millennium. If one looks into Total 8 23 the details of these theses, ten
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 95 Figure 2. Theses on Laestadius and the Laestadian movement Conservative Laestadianism produced in different periods in other parts of Finland, Time periods Laestadius The Laestadian movement reached national head- 1937–57 2 2 lines as well as in Norway and Sweden (see Wolf- 1958–77 0 2 Knuts 2016). Awareness of 1979–99 4 5 the Laestadian movement 2000–18 2 14 through its public presence Total 8 23 might have led to increased interest in the movement, were written in Finland and four in Norway. and, additionally, made it easier to get It is difficult to explain why there has been funding for PhD projects focussing on the a peak in the contribution of theses on the Laestadian movement. In order to get a Laestadian movement in the last twenty more solid explanation of the peak in theses years. Part of an explanation might point on the Laestadian movement after the turn to the fact that in the year 2000 there were of the millennium, one must map and ana- a range of different seminars on the bicen- lyse the motivation behind each thesis. tennial anniversary of Laestadius’s birth. These seminars generated news coverage Theses on Laestadius and several publications about Laestadius Laestadius is known for his interests and and the Laestadian movement (cf. Jonsell work in many disciplines. In his work as et al. 2000; Luleå stift 2001; Nesset and a priest, he started to write down his ser- Norderval 2000; Nordberg et al. 2000). mons, especially after the Laestadian That might have contributed to the focus- revival broke loose. These he sent out with sing of more attention on Laestadius and his missionaries. He also wrote an exten- the Laestadian movement. Still, there have sive book on (religious) philosophy entitled been only two dissertations on Laestadius Dårhushjonet (The Lunatic, Laestadius himself (Elgvin 2010; Joensuu 2016) since 1844–57/2015). In addition, he wrote sev- the turn of the millennium. eral minor and major works of botany (cf. Another, and more complex, explan Laestadius 1839/1993), made meteorologi- ation might lie in the increased awareness of cal and climate observations (Nissen 1945), the Laestadian movement in different pub wrote about Sami mythology (Laestadius lic and popular media, especially in Finland. c.1840–5/1997, 2003), and contributed to As Sandra Wallenius-Korkalo (2018) points the development of the Lule Sami language out in her thesis, the Laestadian movement (Rydving 2000b), to mention only some of has been presented in various forms of his works. popular culture (such as literature, movies The doctoral theses on Laestadius pri- and theatre) several times since the turn of marily cover his work as a priest and as the the millennium. In addition, Conservative ‘founder’ of the Laestadian movement that Laestadianism in Finland has gained abun- is covered. dant coverage in the public media concern- Seven out of eight theses on Laestadius ing their reluctance to use contraceptives cover his sermons, theological develop- (see also Ruoho and Ilola 2014). In 2009– ment and founding of the Laestadian 10 news coverage concerning child abuse movement (Dahlbäck 1950; Elgvin 2010; in the LFF in Ostrobothnia and in H. Juntunen 1982; Kujanpää 1997; Nilsson
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 96 Figure 3. Theses on Laestadius after his work and scientific interests Sermons, Natural sciences Philosophy Mythology, theological (botany, Language of religion folklore development meteorology Finland 4 1 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 0 0 0 Sweden 3 0 0 0 0 Others 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7 1 0 0 0
1988; Outakoski 1991; Zidbäck 1937). Sami mythology and Laestadius’s work Apart from Nilla Outakoski’s (1991) thesis in this area. However, Outakoski uses in history, the theses are written in church Laestadius’s sermons in his analysis, and history and theology. Kosti Joensuu’s thus does not focus on Laestadius’s aca- (2016) thesis is the only one on Laestadius’s demic work on Sami mythology. work in philosophy. However, this could Lassi Kujanpää (1997) does a rhetorical also be included in the first category as analysis of fourteen Advent sermons. it also relates to Laestadius’s theological Kujanpää shows how Laestadius’s ser- development. mons correspond with classical principles The theses in theology go into specific of rhetoric. He argues that Laestadius’s ser- aspects of Laestadius’s theology. In the mons correspond with a homiletic text- 1980s and 1990s, four dissertations were book by the Swedish theologian Samuel done, and offered new perspectives and Ödman from the early 1800s. There are, insights into Laestadius’s theology and according to Kujanpää, no explicit refer- his view (or idea) of the church. Hannu ences to Ödman in Laestadius’s work. Lilly- Juntunen (1982) questioned the established Anne Østveit Elgvin’s (2010) thesis on the idea that Laestadius’s view of the church spirituality of Lars Levi Laestadius analy- was based in pietism. Laestadius’s concept ses a selection of all of the 466 sermons by of God – the heavenly parent – is analysed Laestadius which have been preserved. in Kristina Nilsson’s (1988) thesis. Nilsson’s Compared with the theses in the work is the first research work that takes ology, Joensuu’s (2016) thesis deals with a gender perspective. In particular, she Laestadius as a philosopher, and relates shows how Laestadius often uses a female his thinking to philosophical traditions symbolism, and in particular the motherly rather than theological traditions. Joensuu aspects of God. Outakoski (1991) examines places Laestadius in a philosophical tradi- whether there are traces of Sami pre-Chris- tion influenced by contemporary classical tian religion in Laestadius’s preaching. medical vitalism in the Nordic countries. Outakoski concludes that Laestadius At the same time, Laestadius stands out affirms a belief in mythological creatures by creating a system for religiosity and the de underjordiske (the ones living beneath religious man as well. Part of Laestadius’s the ground) in his preaching. Other aspects philosophical work Dårhushjonet is also of Sami pre-Christian religion cannot be characterized by a strong criticism of the demonstrated, according to Outakoski. rationality of the Enlightenment; nev- This thesis relates to questions concerning ertheless, it also carries ideas from the
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 97 Enlightenment and roman- Figure 4. Theses on the Laestadian movement after country and ticism. In Dårhushjonet, on which period they cover Laestadius develops a The Laestadian The Laestadian rational and systematic movement 1861–1900 movement 1901–2018 argument for religiousness Finland 3 12 and explains pietistic spir- Norway 0 5 ituality through scientific Sweden 1 0 and philosophical con- Others 1 1 cepts. He creates a holistic system that sees the phys Total 5 18 ical, moral and spiritual as parts of the whole human being. influenced the culture and society of north- Joensuu’s thesis is the first major work ern Scandinavia to the greatest extent. Still, on Laestadius as a philosopher. Earlier work it is rather surprising that there are no doc- on the philosophical basis of Laestadius’s toral theses on Laestadius’s original works theology has not been as extensive as Joen in the natural sciences (especially botany), suu’s thesis.8 Joensuu offers a modern philo- nor his metrological observations, or his sophical analysis of Laestadius’s philo- observation concerning nature and climate sophical work, demonstrating that there (cf. Laestadius [1824] 1981). The same are certain philosophic al qualities in Laes applies to his work on Sami mythology. tadius’s works. Still, we can say that the Nevertheless, Laestadius’s work Fragmenter philosophical work of Laestadius, until i lappska mythologin (Laestadius 1997, Joensuu’s thesis, has been subject to little 2003) is extensively commented on and attention in the research on Laestadius. used in research (cf. Rydving 1995, 2010; The doctoral theses have primarily Kristiansen 2003) and in doctoral theses focused on Laestadius’s work in theology on Sami religion (cf. Christoffersson 2010: and as a priest. They have all been writ- 76–9).10 ten in Finland and Sweden.9 Apart from the smaller contributions mentioned here, Theses on the Laestadian movement there is no major work on Laestadius writ- Of the twenty-three theses on the Laestadian ten by Norwegian researchers submitted as movement, fifteen are related to a Finnish a doctoral dissertation, or equivalent, and university, five Norwegian, and one was published in Norway. In the Swedish and written in Sweden (Brännström 1962), the Finnish works, it is mainly Laestadius’s Netherlands (Zorgdrager 1989/1997) and theology and preaching that have received the United States (W. R. Juntunen 1988). attention. This is partly because the revival Of the twenty-three theses on the movement that arose in the wake of his Laestadian movement, there are only ministry as a priest is the one that has five that deal with the early period before the movement was divided into differ- ent groups. Some of these theses deal with 8 There are minor articles that discuss ideas issues that developed both prior to and in Laestadius’s work The Lunatic (cf. Bäcks- backa 1939, Steen 1962; Hallencreutz 2000; Norderval 2000; Kristiansen 2004). 9 One of the Swedish theses is written by a 10 See also Håkan Rydving’s bibliography on Norwegian scholar (Elgvin 2010). Laestadius’s work (Rydving 2000a: 13–23).
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 98 Figure 5. Theses organised after the country in which they are produced and the context the theses deal with Finnish Norwegian North Ameri- Other Swedish context context context can context contexts Finland 10 0 3 1 1 (Karelia) Norway 0 5 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 1 0 0 Others 0 1 0 1 0 Total 10 6 4 2 1 after the schism of 1901 (cf. Vuollo 1999; Laestadian preacher Oskari Heikki Jussila Kinnunen 2004; Tapaninen 2007; Larsen (1888–1955), does, however, offer insights 2012; Palola 2015), and thus could have on the Laestadian context in the United been placed in both categories in Figure 4. States. The thesis by Wayne Roger Juntunen None of the Norwegian theses has a (1988), covers Laestadianism in the United main focus on the period before 1900. States. Theses by Martti E. Miettinen (1942), However, both Dagmar Sivertsen (1955) Pekka Raittila (1976), Olaus Brännström and Rolf Inge Larsen (2012) partly cover (1962) and Gerd Snellman (2011) all cover developments before 1900. Their focus is the Laestadian movement in a Swedish- the early phase of the Laestadian move- Finnish context. ment in Norway in order to map and As stated above, the theses do to a very explain later developments. small extent reflect that the Laestadian There is a clear pattern that theses cover movement is a transnational revival move- the Laestadian movement in the same ment; albeit almost all of the theses in their national context in which they are written. introductions describe the Laestadian Theses written in Finland primarily cover movement as an international one. The the Finnish context, the Norwegian theses idea or the perspective on the Laestadian cover Norway, and so on. The themes of the movement as an international one is thus theses rarely go into issues concerning the present, but not a main focus. Laestadian movement as a transnational Eight Finnish theses can be placed revival movement. The exceptions are the in the field of church history (Miettinen Finnish theses by Mauri Kinnunen (2004) 1942; Raittila 1976; Talonen 1988; Snell and Tuomas Palola (2015), and to some man 2011; Kejonen 2014; Palola 2015; extent Pekka Tapaninen (2007). Kinnunen Nurminen 2016; Rantala 2018), along (2004) writes about how the Laestadian with one from Norway (Sivertsen 1955), movement was established in Karelia in the Sweden (Brännström 1962) and the United period 1870 to 1939. Palola’s (2015) thesis States (W. R. Juntunen 1988) respectively. discusses the questions of identity and lan- The thesis in church sociology (Hintsala guage in the Laestadian movement in the 2017) was delivered at a theological fac- United States during the period from 1884 ulty (Faculty of Theology at the University to 1929. These two theses are the only ones of Helsinki). Church history was the only written in a Nordic country that cover the academic discipline that produced doc- Laestadian movement outside the Nordic toral theses on the Laestadian movement context. Tapaninen’s (2007) thesis on the until Zorgdrager’s ([1989]1997) thesis of
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 99 Figure 6. Theses on the Laestadian movement after country and academic discipline Church history / Church Study of Social anthro- Political History theology sociology religions pology science Finland 8 1 0 4 0 2 Norway 1 0 2 1 1 0 Sweden 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Others 1 (US) 0 0 0 0 (Netherlands) Total 11 1 2 5 2 2
1989. In the Nordic countries, Vuollo’s Myrvoll’s theoretical perspectives, (1999) thesis in history seems to be the first based on Peter Berger’s, as well as Thomas that was not delivered at a theological fac- Luckmann and Clifford Geertz’s works, ulty. After Vuollo’s (1999) thesis, four more illustrate the social anthropological per- theses have been written as theses in his- spective. Her fieldwork was conducted in tory (Kinnunen 2004; Tapaninen 2007; a local community in Northern Norway Larsen 2012; Rantala 2018). which is dominated by the Laestadian Nellejet Zorgdrager’s (1989/1997) Firstborn group. She uses the theoretical thesis is, together with Marit Myrvoll’s perspectives in a discussion of how real- (2011), the only two offered in social ity is established and maintained through anthropology. Zorgdrager delivered her religion. Myrvoll delineates and specifies thesis on the Kautokeino uprising in 1852 ‘religious and religious reality’ to ‘various at the University of Groningen in 1989. aspects of faith’. The focus on continuity Zorgdrager argues that she wishes to and change in people’s understanding is give a broader account of what happened confined to religiosity and beliefs, and the before, during and immediately after the consequences it has for modern life. Kautokeino uprising in 1852. A key point In his thesis on the Lyngen group, in her dissertation is to bring in source Torjer A. Olsen (2008) applies theoretical material ‘in order to be able to portray perspectives from study of religions schol- life in Kautokeino in a larger social con- ars such as Bruce Lincoln and Russell T. text’ (Zorgdrager 1997: 28). She gives great McCutcheon, as well as from gender stud- importance to Laestadius’s preaching and ies scholars such as Joan W. Scott. Torgeir the context of the Laestadian movement Nordvik (2015) labels his thesis on the in Kautokeino. Zorgdrager’s dissertation Firstborn and Lyngen groups’ relation analyses and discusses a key event in the to the Church of Norway after2000 , as a early history of the Laestadian movement church-historical project, using theor in Norway. The Laestadian movement is ies from Niklas Luhmann’s work on the related to its social context, but also to the autopoietische Systeme. It is worth noticing old Sami religion (shamanism). Although that Olsen’s and Nordvik’s11 are the only the thesis is limited to a historical context, Zorgdrager presents larger hypotheses or generalisations about the movement (cf. 11 Nordvik places his thesis (2015) within Andreassen 2017: 81). church history, although delivered at the Department for History and Study of
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 100 two theses in the study of religions, both in making sense of the political potential delivered at UiT The Arctic University of of the Laestadian body’. She suggests that Norway in Tromsø. The study of religions ‘the power at issue constructs, maintains was established there in 1995, and one of and divides the religious collective and is the intentions was to stimulate research on focused on, materializes in, and origin religious life in northern Norway and the ates from the body’ (Wallenius-Korkalo Arctic region. In general, there has been 2018: 7). Wallenius-Korkalo argues that rather little interest in research on the the popular publications reveal the pres- Laestadian movement by scholars in the ence of Laestadianism in the social debate study of religions. and cultural consciousness. According to Also worth noticing is that there are two Wallenius-Korkalo, the representations of Finnish theses in the field of political sci- Laestadianism in popular culture revolve ence. Tapio Nykänen (2012) discusses the around a triad of care, longing and social Laestadian movement’s theology (repre- control. Wallenius-Korkalo argues that sented by Conservative Laestadianism) and these three elements appear to be highly its political implications. Nykänen’s point of politicized when linked to issues of belong- departure is that the Laestadian movement ing or non-belonging to the Laestadian – in addition to being a religious movement tradition. – also represents a political one. He argues that Laestadian theology has social and Discussion thus political implications. Nykänen par- Main tendencies in the theses on Laestadius ticularly emphasizes that Laestadian theol- The theses on Laestadius are still rather ogy is largely interpreted with references to few, and theological discussions are the ‘the other(s)’, ‘the world’ and ‘non-believers’. most prominent tendency in the theses on Among these are other Christian groups. Laestadius. Kosti Joensuu’s (2016) thesis This makes Conservative Laestadianism stands out as an original contribution in an exclusive movement, affecting its sur- the research on Laestadius. Joensuu’s focus roundings accordingly. Sandra Wallenius- is on Laestadius’s religious-philosophical/ Korkalo (2018: 7) draws on several aca- religious-psychological work Dårhushjonet, demic disciplines: feminist political and the aim is to analyse and interpret studies, religious studies and cultural stud- Laestadius’s philosophical and psycholog- ies. Wallenius-Korkalo’s dissertation ana ical perspectives and ideas. Thus, Joensuu’s lyses and discusses how Laestadianism thesis discusses aspects of Laestadius appears in popular cultural expressions that have been looked at to a very little such as fiction (literature), film and the- extent in earlier research. Joensuu discuss atre. In particular, she looks at ‘bodily Laestadius’s ideas in relation to philosoph- expressed Laestadianism’ and the power ical ideas and trends, which makes this an structures that lie in ‘religious corporeality’. innovative and valuable contribution to the She asks ‘how Laestadianism is embodied research on Laestadius. and how its representations participate In biographical sketches of Laestadius – encyclopaedias, textbooks, or in intro- ductions to doctoral theses on Laestadius Religions at University of Tromsø. This has to do with the department’s divided profile, or the Laestadian movement – his work offering both theology (and church) history in botany, linguistics and folklore/mythol- and study of religions. ogy are usually mentioned. The absence of
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 101 doctoral theses on Laestadius’s works in Main tendencies in theses on the Laestadian these areas is therefore striking. Laestadius’s movement work as a mythologist is richly commented The numbers in the figures above have upon (cf. Pulkkinen 2000; Pentikäinen clearly illustrated that most of the doc- 2000) and in research on Sami religion, toral theses on the Laestadian movement Laestadius’s work on Sami mythology is are produced in Finland. The most surpris- broadly referred to and discussed (Rydving ing finding in this review is that there is 1995; Christoffersson 2010). It is, thus, only one doctoral thesis on the Laestadian something that is rather richly covered in movement produced in Sweden. However, research even if there are no doctoral theses this does not indicate that there has not that has Laestadius as a mythologist as its been research on the Laestadian movement main focus. in Sweden. As illustrated above – research The same might apply to Laestadius’s has been published in other academic work in botany, or other natural sciences. genres. Beyond this, it is difficult to explain There are no doctoral theses covering this. why there is only one Swedish doctoral However, Olle Franzén’s book Natural thesis on the Laestadian movement – and historikeren Lars Levi Laestadius (1973), that delivered almost sixty years ago. Still, it covers several aspects of this, and in many indicates that it has been difficult to recruit respects is equivalent to a doctoral thesis. young scholars to do a doctoral project on After Franzén’s book, several minor articles the Laestadian movement. It also might have been published about Laestadius’s indicate that it has been difficult to finance work in botany (cf. Jonsell 2000; Elven a doctoral project because the Laestadian 2000; Nordal and Jonsell 2000; Sortland movement has not been prioritized at the 2016). universities. However, it is worth noting Juha Pentikäinen (2000: 78) suggests because the Laestadian movement was that Laestadius’s contributions in the fields first established in Sweden and has been of botany, ethnography and mythology a dominant aspect of the religious context are something that have been overshad- in northern Sweden. The fact that it has owed by the revival that occurred on the been a phenomenon in northern Sweden basis of speeches he made in his work as a might also – paradoxically – help explain priest. That is indeed a part of the explan why there is only one thesis: the Laestadian ation of why most of the doctoral theses movement has been considered as periph- on Laestadius concern his work as a priest. eral to mainstream Swedish church his- Still, the doctoral theses (or research in tory.12 The situation thus has similarities general) on Laestadius’s works in the nat- to that in Norway. In both countries, the ural sciences, ethnography and mythology Laestadian movement is rarely discussed in is something that should be given more attention in research. One of the challenges is to recruit researchers within the natural 12 A part of the picture to illustrate that the sciences, ethnography and mythology who Laestadian movement might be referred to might be interested in Laestadius’s contri- as peripheral in Swedish church history, is bution within these fields. In church his- the fact that the translations and publish- ing of Laestadius’s speeches have primar- tory, theology and the study of religions, it ily been done by Laestadians themselves is a given that his work has been of major (Andreassen 2019). Laestadius’s speeches influence. have had no place in the Swedish church.
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 102 national church histories (Olsen 2010). In toral theses and others not. The question is comparison, the Laestadian movement was of relevance in reference to the fact there also established in larger cities in Finland, are several different Laestadian groups. If as well as in the south, making it a more one takes a closer look at the theses that mainstream phenomenon compared to the cover the movement after 1901, one can neighbouring countries (Pentikäinen 1985: map some tendencies. Especially, theses 156). produced after the turn of the millennium. In the theses on the Laestadian move- Among the Finnish, Snellman (2011) ment, the focus is on how the movement is the only one to write about LFF, while spread (Miettinen 1942; Raittila 1976; Lohi the other recent Finnish theses have 1997), came to a specific area, and was focused on Conservative Laestadianism established there (Sivertsen 1955; Vuollo (Hintsala 2017; Kejonen 2014; Nurminen 1999; Zorgdrager 1997; Kinnunen 2004; 2016; Nykänen 2012; Wallenius-Korkalo Palola 2015). In later theses, the research 2018). In the Norwegian dissertations, design seems to be more critical-analytical the focus is on the Lyngen group (Larsen and have resulted in theses that are more 2012; Nordvik 2015; Olsen 2008), and the thematically focused on special issues, Firstborn group (Myrvoll 2011; Nordvik which are discussed in depth, especially 2015). Only Nordvik and Larsen discuss concerning sexuality and gender (Olsen two or more Laestadian groups in the same 2008; Snellman 2011; Kejonen 2014; dissertation. Larsen (2012) refers to several Hintsala 2017; Rantala 2018; Wallenius- different Laestadian groups but does not Korkalo 2018), as I will return to below. go into detail about them. Nordvik’s (2015) Two theses focus on the Laestadian move- thesis stands out by discussing and com- ment and politics (Nykänen 2012; Talonen paring two Laestadian groups’ relationship 1988). to the Church of Norway. Surprisingly few theses have had a Myrvoll’s (2011) is the only doctoral biographical focus. Tapaninen’s (2007) is thesis that has a primary focus on the the only thesis that follows a Laestadian Firstborn Laestadians. None of the Finnish preacher. This gives an interesting approach theses focus on them.13 If one looks to to research on the Laestadian movement Sweden, there is no research covering the that might be developed. Especially in order Firstborn Laestadians, be it doctoral theses to say more about the lay preacher, which or other research. In Norway, there is very has been ‘the main rule’ in the Laestadian little written about the Firstborn group,14 movement. and hardly anything written about the Alta
The Laestadian groups covered in the theses It is a clear tendency that the Norwegian 13 There are several other examples of Finn- theses cover the Laestadian movement ish research on the Firstborn group (e.g. Ihonen 1987; Talonen 1993; Hokka 2006). in Norway, while the Finnish focus on Still, the research on SRK / Old Laestadian Finland, the Swedish on Sweden, and the group / Conservative Laestadians is domin North Americans on the movement in the ant. United States. The theses cover the national 14 In addition to Nordvik’s articles in his thesis, some minor articles have been writ- context in which they are produced. ten by Bengt-Ove Andreassen (2011, 2012), Another question is whether there are spe- Roald Kristiansen (2016), Rolf Inge Larsen cific groups that are represented in the doc- (1997) and May Lunde (1986, 2001).
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 103 group (except Leganger-Krogstad 1995) – Laestadian movement. Rather, it follows with the LFF as a sister group in Finland general patterns in doctoral theses within and Sweden, and the research literature on humanities and social sciences. the New Awakening is non-existent. One Discourse analysis is a generic term might also add minor groups after dif- covering a heterogeneous number of theor ferent schisms such as the Laestadianska etical approaches and analytical constructs Missionsförbundet (Laestadian Missionary (Muncie 2006: 74; Hjelm 2011). It is a quali- Society) in Sweden, Elämän Sana (Word tative research design, in which the analysis of Life) in Finland, or the Levi group in of different data materials as text (such as Finland and Sweden. documents, newspapers, communication Taking into account that the Laestadian or social media), is carried out in order to movement is a highly international one (cf. detect relations between language, commu- Talonen 2001), there are surprisingly few nication, knowledge and power in social theses that have focused on the movement practices. One might say that it focuses outside the Nordic countries. Theses by upon the meaning and structure (whether Kinnunen (2004) and Palola (2015) are the overt or hidden) of acts of communication only two that have a main focus on estab- in context. A discourse approach can thus lishment (Kinnunen in Karelia) or develop- be described as critical. It presupposes that ment (Palola in the US) outside the Nordic there is a meaning beyond the immediate countries. The lack of theses on the interna- message of a text or communication. tional dimension of the Laestadian move- The theses applying a discourse-ana ment is also something that applies for the lytical approach, in some shape or another, research in general. introduce critical perspectives in the re Research on different Laestadian search on the Laestadian movement to an groups, and Laestadian groups in different extent that is rather new. Whereas most (national) contexts, not only maps the dif- of the theses written before the turn of ferences in the Laestadian movement, it also the millennium (and some after, such as illustrates that ‘Laestadianism’ is a generic Kinnunen 2004; Myrvoll 2011; Snellman term and must be used as such. It will also 2011) have a more descriptive and herme- illustrate that the Laestadian movement neutical approach, the later theses have a is a typical religious movement, in which more critical approach (such as Kejonen every sub-group argues that they are main- 2014; Larsen 2012; Nordvik 2015; Nykänen taining the authentic Laestadian teaching. 2012; Olsen 2008; Rantala 2018; Wallenius- Thus, focus on different Laestadian groups Korkalo 2018). These theses also illustrate will illustrate that religion is contextual and that the Laestadian movement is highly dynamic, and dependent on human inter- relevant as a context for discussing the body, pretation and reception. sexuality (homosexuality, contraceptives) and gender, where Laestadianism repre- New theoretical approaches, new perspectives sents a pre-modern (religious, Christian) The dissertations after the turn of the mil- view in conflict with a modern (secular, lennium are characterized by use of new non-religious, or liberal Christian/theo theoretical concepts in the social sciences logical) view. These theses thus take a step and theology, especially discourse analysis further from that of describing a historical related to sexuality/gender and power. This development, or how the Laestadian move- is not something special for theses on the ment was established in a local community,
Approaching Religion • Vol. 10, No. 1 • May 2020 104 to a more thematic and critical discussion of Bengt-Ove Andreassen, aspects related to power structures within PhD, is a full professor in the movement. Hence, one might say that the field of the study of religions at the Depart- these perspectives treat the Laestadian ment of Education, UiT movement as, in Russell T. McCutcheon’s The Arctic University of (2001) words, something ordinary – and Norway. His main areas of as a typically religious tradition (religion), research are the didactics and not as something special, original or of religions (RE), religion in public education and the Laestadian revival exclusive compared to other religious trad movement. Among his publications are Textbook itions, which often has been the case in Gods (ed. together with James R. Lewis, Equinox more theologically based research. 2014), ‘A review of theories on the Laestadian rørelse: on the academic construction of some- Conclusion thing extraordinary and exotic’, in Acta Borealia, Doctoral theses on Laestadius are still few, 34(1), 2017, pp. 70–89, and ‘ “Knowledge about religions” and analytical skills in religious educa- and mainly focus on his work as a priest. tion: reflections from a Norwegian context’, in Theses on the Laestadian movement have Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal – CEPS gained more attention, and have increased Journal, 9(4), 2019, pp. 73–90. rapidly in numbers since the turn of the millennium. Finland stands out, by far, as Bibliography the country in which the most doctoral Doctoral theses on Lars Levi Laestadius theses on Laestadius and the Laestadian Dahlbäck, Gustaf, 1950. Den gamla och den nya movement have been produced. människan i Lars Levi Læstadius’ teologi (Lund, Skånska centraltryckeriet) The theses on the Laestadian movement Elgvin, Lilly-Anne Østveit, 2010. Lars Levi are influenced by theoretical trends in the Læstadius’ spiritualitet (Umeå University) social sciences. This has resulted in the pro- Joensuu, Kosti, 2016. The Physical, Moral and duction of theses on the Laestadian move- Spiritual: A Study on Vitalist Psychology and ment that are more thematically and criti- the Philosophy of Religion of Lars Levi Laes cally oriented. This review has also displayed tadius (Rovaniemi, University of Lapland) Juntunen, Hannu, 1982. Lars Levi Læstadiuk that there is a tendency that the research sen käsitys kirkosta, Suomalaisen Teologisen in doctoral theses is limited to a national Kirjallisuusseuran julkaisuja, 132 (Helsinki, context even though several groups in the Suomalainen Teologinen Kirjallisuusseura) Laestadian movement are transnational. Kujanpää, Lassi, 1997. Kristillinen saarna. Lars Finnish researchers have focused on Levi Laestadiuksen funktionaalis-historialli groups in Finland (especially Conservative nen analyysi (University of Oulu) Nilsson, Kristina, 1988. Den himmelska För Laestadianism) and Norwegian research- äldern. Ett studium av kvinnans betydelse i ers have focused on Laestadian groups in och för Lars Levi Laestadius’ teologi och för Norway (especially the Lyngen group). This kunnelse (Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell) has meant that several Laestadian groups Outakoski, Nilla, 1991. Lars Levi Læstadiuk are more or less absent in the research. sen saarnojen maahiskuva verrattuna Kaa resuvannon nomadien maahiskäsityksiin, Scripta Historica, 17 (Oulu, Oulun historia- seura) Zidbäck, Aulis, 1937. Lars Levi Laestadiuksen kristillisyyden-näkemys. Erityisesti silmällä pitäen Kristuksen seuraamisen ihannetta (Turku)
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