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Thesis.Pdf (4.891Mb) Self-Perpetuating Rationalization State Intervention in the Use of Natural Resources By Geir R. Karlsen Dissertation for the Degree Doctor Rerum Politicarum Institute of Social Science, University of Tromsø January, 1998 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 1 THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER ONE: AUTHORITY AND RATIONALITY IN MODERN SOCIETIES: AN OUTLINE OF WEBER’S SOCIAL THEORY....................................................................................... 1 1.1 ACTION AND AUTHORITY ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The Organization of Authority and Economic Actions .............................................................. 9 1.2 CAPITALISM AND BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION .......................................................................... 14 1.3 STATE INTERVENTION, BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY AND RATIONALIZATION................................. 22 1.3.1 Inescapable Rationalization: Weber’s Iron Cage and Entzauberung...................................... 27 1.4 SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ......... 34 2.1 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 35 2.1.1 Extra-legal Resource management Systems............................................................................. 42 2.1.2 Legal Resource Management Systems ..................................................................................... 45 2.2 IS THERE A MIDDLE WAY?............................................................................................................... 47 2.3 RATIONALIZATION AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 49 CHAPTER THREE: FISHERIES RESOURCES AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN NORWAY ................................................................................................................................................. 54 3.1 SOME ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORWEGIAN COD FISHERY .......... 54 3.1.1 Cod (Gadidae).......................................................................................................................... 54 3.1.2 Other Species Harvested by Fishermen in Codfjord................................................................ 56 3.1.3 The Harvest of Cod in the Barents Region............................................................................... 57 3.2 THE MANAGEMENT OF COD IN NORWAY ......................................................................................... 60 3.2.1 The Vessel Quota System.......................................................................................................... 60 3.2.2 The Effects of the Cod Crisis and Recent Fisheries Management Systems.............................. 67 CHAPTER FOUR: THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE IN CODFJORD........................................ 75 4.1 THE HISTORY OF SAAMI FISHERIES: THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF CODFJORD............................... 75 4.1.1 Recent Developments ............................................................................................................... 81 4.2 LÆSTADIANISM: THE MORAL HERITAGE OF CODFJORD................................................................... 85 CHAPTER FIVE: THE SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF SMALL-SCALE FISHING ............................ 94 5.1 LIVING WITH NATURE....................................................................................................................... 94 5.2 THE ROLE OF THE HOUSEHOLD ...................................................................................................... 103 5.2.1 Division of Labor Within and Between Households .............................................................. 104 5.2.2 The Impact of Religion on Economic Segregation................................................................. 108 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMICS AND RELIGION IN CODFJORD........................................................................... 120 CHAPTER SIX: ECONOMIC STRATEGIES IN THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM .................. 124 6.1 ECONOMIC STRATEGIES AND TRADITIONS ..................................................................................... 124 6.1.1 The Informal Economy of Codfjord ....................................................................................... 130 6.2 ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES .................................................................................... 133 6.3 THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM IN CODFJORD............................................. 139 CHAPTER SEVEN: KNOWLEDGE IN SMALL-SCALE FISHING ............................................. 143 7.1 TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: DEFINITIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ................................ 143 7.2 FISHING COD .................................................................................................................................. 146 7.2.1 Behavior at Sea ...................................................................................................................... 146 7.2.2 Predicting Fishing Times ....................................................................................................... 148 7.2.3 Finding Fish ........................................................................................................................... 149 7.3 KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE AND TERRITORIALITY ......................................................................... 150 CHAPTER EIGHT: DIRECT AND TRANSITIVE AUTHORITY................................................. 155 8.1 SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTS IN NETWORK ANALYSIS .................................... 156 8.2 ECONOMICS AND RELIGION ............................................................................................................ 161 8.2.1 Getting a Job: Opportunities in the Network ......................................................................... 165 8.2.2 Losing a Job: Conflicts in the Network.................................................................................. 169 8.3 TRADITIONAL AND LEGAL AUTHORITY.......................................................................................... 173 CHAPTER NINE: SMALL-SCALE POLITICS AND SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES.................. 178 9.1 AUTHORITY AND AUTHORITIES IN CODFJORD POLITICS................................................................. 179 9.1.1 The Case of the Fisheries Committee..................................................................................... 179 9.1.2 The Case of the Fish House.................................................................................................... 184 9.1.3 The Case of the Choice as to Where to Sell the Fish ............................................................. 188 9.2 AUTHORITY IN ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS .................................................................................... 190 9.2.1 Colliding Traditions? ............................................................................................................. 192 CHAPTER TEN: ECONOMIC ACTIONS OF FISHERMEN IN CODFJORD ............................ 198 10.1 ECONOMIC ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES......................................................................................... 198 10.1.1 Traditional Fishermen.......................................................................................................... 199 10.1.2 Modern Fishermen ............................................................................................................... 202 10.2 LOCAL DIFFERENTIATION............................................................................................................. 207 10.2.1 Dissolving Traditions ........................................................................................................... 207 10.2.2 Gaining Employment and Emancipation ............................................................................. 212 10.2.3 Local versus Universal Rights.............................................................................................. 215 CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM AS STATE INTERVENTION............ 218 11.1 THE INTENTIONS OF THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM........................................................................ 218 11.2 MANIFEST FUNCTIONS OF THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM .............................................................. 221 11.3 LATENT FUNCTIONS OF THE VESSEL QUOTA SYSTEM .................................................................. 223 11.3.1 Synergetic Effects of State Intervention................................................................................ 227 11.4 TOWARDS A RATIONALIZED FISHING COMMUNITY? .................................................................... 229 CHAPTER TWELVE: OPEN ACCESS, STATE PROPERTY AND THE COMMONS ............. 232 12.1 THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF OPEN ACCESS................................................................................... 233 12.1.1 The Significance of Formal Economic Rationality in the Codfjord Fisheries....................
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