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16191894.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/107446 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-06 and may be subject to change. G.A.M. JANSSENS THE AMERICAN LITERARY REVIEW A CRITICAL HISTORY 1920-1950 MOUTON ι SAMENVATTING De auteur geeft een kritische en vergelijkende beschrijving van een aantal Amerikaanse literaire tijdschriften van deze eeuw, die in velerlei opzicht een sterke onderlinge verwantschap vertonen. Zij hebben werk gepubliceerd van vrijwel alle belangrijke Ameri­ kaanse en Engelse dichters en prozaschrijvers van deze eeuw, maar hun grootste verdienste ligt misschien in hun literaire en culturele kritiek. Zij hebben alle zeer kritische maatstaven aan­ gelegd en commerciële invloeden geweerd. Hoewel hun oplaag zeer klein was, hebben zij een beslissende invloed uitgeoefend, zowel in Engeland als in de Verenigde Staten, met name op de ontwikkeling van de literaire kritiek, op het literatuur-onderwijs aan scholen en universiteiten, en, in bredere zin, op het esthetisch onderscheidingsvermogen van geïnteresseerde uitgevers en lezers. Zij hebben gestreefd naar een zo objectief mogelijke evaluatie van zowel de conventionele als de avant-gardistische literaire vormen, maar zij hebben afwijzend gestaan tegenover eigentijdse pogingen om van de letterkundige kritiek een exacte wetenschap te maken door literaire werken aan extra-literaire evaluatie­ methoden te onderwerpen. Door een aantal critici zijn reeds afzonderlijke studies gewijd aan enkele van deze tijdschriften, maar als groep zijn zij nooit aan een vergelijkend onderzoek onderworpen. Dit proefschrift beoogt zowel een zo volledig mogelijke beschrijving en inter­ pretatie van de afzonderlijke tijdschriften te geven als van hun specifieke onderlinge banden en van de bijdrage die zij gemeen­ schappelijk geleverd hebben tot het letterkundige en culturele leven in de Verenigde Staten. Het is ten dele gebaseerd op een aantal verzamelingen van ongepubliceerde brieven in verschil­ lende Amerikaanse bibliotheken. Hoofdstuk I geeft een beknopte beschrijving van deze tijd­ schriften, welke wordt voorafgegaan door een overzicht van hun (voornamelijk Europese) voorgeschiedenis. Hoofdstuk II behelst een geschiedenis van het eerste tijdschrift van de groep, The Dial (1920-1929), en benadrukt de aspecten, die de grootste vormende invloed zouden uitoefenen op latere tijdschriften. De hoofdstuk­ ken III, IV en V benaderen op eenzelfde manier respectievelijk The Hound & Horn (1927-1934), The Symposium (1930-1933) en The Southern Review (1935-1942). Deze tijdschriften waren de voorlopers van The Kenyan Review (1939- ), The Sewanee Review (1892 [1942]- ), en, in bepaalde opzichten, Partisan Review (1934- ). Het laatste hoofdstuk gaat na in hoeverre elk van de laatstgenoemde tijdschriften in de veertiger jaren de reeds door hun voorgangers gevestigde traditie hebben voortgezet of gemodificeerd. Het besluit met een korte evaluatie van de positie van deze en andere tijdschriften gedurende de vijftiger en zestiger jaren. G. A. M. Janssens, The American Literary Review, Nijmegen, 1968. THE AMERICAN LITERARY REVIEW Promotor: Professor T. Α. BIRRELL THE AMERICAN LITERARY REVIEW A CRITICAL HISTORY 1920-1950 PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LETTEREN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. A. TH. L. M. MERTENS, HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER GENEESKUNDE, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 29 MAART 1968, DES NAMIDDAGS TE TWEE UUR DOOR GERARDUS ANTONIUS MARIA JANSSENS geboren Ie Eindhoven 1968 MOUTON THE HAGUE · PARIS This book was printed with financial support of The Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.). for Uta ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is to a considerable extent based upon unpublished manuscript materials: the Dial, the Hound & Horn, the Southern Review, and the Alfred Stiegütz collections at Yale University; the Allen Tate and the Samuel Putnam collections at Princeton University; the Richard Aldington, the Louis Zukofsky, and the Ronald Bottrall collections at the University of Texas at Austin; the Poetry and the Ronald Latimer collections at the University of Chicago; the Sherwood Anderson and the Malcolm Cowley collections in the Newberry Library at Chicago; and the Merrill Moore collection in the Library of Congress at Washington D.C. These collections are described more fully in the bibüography. For granting or procuring permission to use them my thanks are due to Donald Gallup, Alexander Clark, Mary Hirth, Robert Rosenthal, Lawrence Towner, and John Broderick. I am grateful also to Andrew Lytic who gave me access to the editorial cor­ respondence of The Sewanee Review, and to Felix Pollak who made available to me the magnificent Marvin Sukov collection of little magazines at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. James Burnham, Marjory Clary, Franklin Gary, Andrew Lytle, Hildegard Nagel, John Palmer, Ellen Thayer, Philip Wheelwright, and Yvor Winters all talked to me about the past. Their remi­ niscences clarified a number of episodes in the histories of the magazines with which they had been associated. Nicholas Joost and Felix Pollak read part of the manuscript and suggested im­ provements. I am under a great obligation to the Commonwealth Fund vhich awarded me a Harkness Fellowship starting in September 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1963. A grant-in-aid of the Newberry Library of Chicago enabled me to continue my research in the United States in the summer of 1965. I wish to thank the staffs of both the Fund and the Library for their invariable kindness. I am indebted to the Uni­ versity of Nijmegen for a two-year leave of absence. The Nether­ lands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) has generously contributed towards the costs of publica­ tion. My wife actively participated in my research from the very beginning. Her assistance and encouragement have been invalu­ able. CONTENTS Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations . 10 I. The Tradition of the Literary Review .... 11 II. The Dial (1920-1929) . 32 III. The Hound & Horn (1927-1934) 90 IV. The Symposium (1930-1933) 147 V. The Southern Review (1935-1942) 192 VI. The Forties and After 248 List of Works Cited 315 Index . 325 ABBIŒVIATIONS H & H The Hound & Horn KR The Kenyan Review PR Partisan Review SR The Sewanee Review SoR The Southern Review 1 THE TRADITION OF THE LITERARY REVIEW I The publication of the refurbished Dial in New York in 1920 inaugurated a new chapter in the history of American literary periodicals. It was the first of an interrelated group of magazines which will be the subject of this book. Although the circulation of the individual magazines of this group was exceedingly small, their aggregate influence on the formation of literary taste in the twentieth century has been profound. This discrepancy between circulation and influence must be explained in terms of the high literary standards of these magazines. They were virtually im­ pervious to the pressure exerted by the vested interests of the publishing world, whose standards are largely dictated by com­ mercial interests; on the other hand, they did not succumb to an uncritical admiration for the literary products of the avant-garde. Their intelligent critical detachment resulted in an authoritative evaluation of the literature of both the present and the past which was rivalled by no other comparable group of American maga­ zines in the twentieth century. They provided a common meeting- ground for a great many poets, novelists, and men of letters whom they numbered among their readers and contributors. Their crucial importance for literary history has been recognized in recent specialized studies of three of them — two books on The Dial (1963 and 1964), a book on The Hound & Horn (1966, first presented as a doctoral dissertation in 1963), and a doctoral dissertation on The Southern Review (1955) - but no­ body has as yet attempted a serious integrated study of the 12 THE TRADITION OF THE LITERARY REVIEW tradition which these magazines constitute. There can be little doubt that this tradition has been more influential than any other highbrow magazine tradition of this century in the United States, and that it reached its peak some twenty years ago and has been declining since. A study of its definitive achievement would seem a worthwhile undertaking. Although the magazines under discussion are differentiated from other literary periodicals by a number of special traits, they obviously did not appear out of nowhere. Their roots must be sought in Europe as well as in America. This chapter will in­ vestigate their European parentage and offer a short introduction to the American tradition. Chapter II will examine the achieve­ ment of The Dial (1920-1929) and will emphasize those interests and characteristics which would decisively influence the careers of its successors. Chapters III, IV, and V will, in a similar fash­ ion, deal with The Hound & Horn (1927-1934), The Symposium (1930-1933), and The Southern Review (1935-1942). The final chapter will examine the early careers of The Kenyan Review (1939-), The Sewanee Review (1892 [1942]-), and Partisan Re­ view (1934 [1937]-) in the light of the tradition established in the preceding two decades; it will close with a short discussion of the trend of literary magazines in the 'Fifties and 'Sixties. A literary magazine is a highly complex organism. It does not offer us the opinions and imaginative writings of one man: it confronts us with different interests, different sensibilities, and, sometimes, with contrasting opinions. But a good magazine is more than a miscellany; it is also a form of criticism. Editors and contributors share a point of view, a conglomerate of basic principles and interests, which sets the tone of the magazine but does not limit the intellectual freedom of any one contributor. Our task will be to catch this tone, to separate the representative from the idiosyncratic, the shared principles from the personal opinions.
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