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The Age of Chocolate: a Diversification History of Theobroma and Malvaceae
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00120 The age of chocolate: a diversification history of Theobroma and Malvaceae James E. Richardson 1, 2*, Barbara A. Whitlock 3, Alan W. Meerow 4 and Santiago Madriñán 5 1 Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia, 2 Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 3 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA, 4 United States Department of Agriculture—ARS—SHRS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL, USA, 5 Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Dated molecular phylogenies of broadly distributed lineages can help to compare patterns of diversification in different parts of the world. An explanation for greater Neotropical diversity compared to other parts of the tropics is that it was an accident of the Andean orogeny. Using dated phylogenies, of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear DNA WRKY sequence datasets, generated using BEAST we demonstrate that the diversification of the genera Theobroma and Herrania occurred from 12.7 (11.6–14.9 [95% HPD]) million years ago (Ma) and thus coincided with Andean uplift from the mid-Miocene and that this lineage had a faster diversification rate than other major clades in Malvaceae. We also demonstrate that Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, diverged from its most recent common ancestor 9.9 (7.7–12.9 [95% HPD]) Ma, in the Edited by: Federico Luebert, mid-to late-Miocene, suggesting that this economically important species has had ample Universität Bonn, Germany time to generate significant within-species genetic diversity that is useful information Reviewed by: for a developing chocolate industry. -
Pourquoi Les Mahots ?
II. BACOMAR : Pourquoi les Mahots ? Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae Un questionnement permanent pour les botanistes Un support et un modèle exemplaires PROJET BACOMAR SOMMAIRE 1.Contexte général 3 2.L’archipel des Mascareignes : une biodiversité exceptionnelle 3 3.Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae (Mahots) dans les écosystèmes réunionnais 3 3.1.Une richesse exceptionnelle ......................................................................................... 4 3.2.Une importance écologique indéniable ......................................................................... 4 3.3.Un groupe utile dans le cadre de la restauration écologique......................................... 5 4.Les Mahots : un questionnement permanent pour les botanistes et les naturalistes 6 5.Les Mahots : un support et un modèle exemplaire pour retracer l’histoire évolutive de la flore des Mascareignes 6 6.Une approche innovante alliant « Identification Assistée par Ordinateur » (IAO) et techniques moléculaires 7 6.1.IKBS : Un outil bien adapté au projet MAHOTS ............................................................ 7 6.2.L’approche moléculaire ou comment statuer sur les affinités entre espèces de Mahots8 7.Un projet aux objectifs précis et explicites 9 8.Des retombées attendues pour les communautés locale, nationale et internationale 9 8.1.Développement des connaissances et des outils de gestion sur les écosystèmes de La Réunion.............................................................................................................................. -
St Helena the Peaks National Park Conservation Management Plan
St Helena The Peaks National Park Conservation Management Plan [2019-2024] 1 Contents of the Management Plan 1. THE VISION FOR THE NATIONAL PARK . .. 4 National Park location map . .. 5 2. NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT 2a.1 Rational for management . 6 2a.2 Identification of Features Influencing Management . 8 2a.3 Condition of the Features Influencing Management and the Main Factors affecting them . 13 3. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES 3a. Conservation of biodiversity objectives . 25 3b. Water security and climate change resilience objectives . 27 3c. Socio-economic objectives . 29 4. WORK PROGRAMME 4a. Conservation work programme . 31 4b. Water security and climate change resilience work programme . 36 4c. Socio-economic work programme . 42 5. RISK ASSESSMENT . 48 6. REQUIREMENTS FOR MONITORING, REPORTING, AND ASSESSMENT . 51 Appendix 1: SITE LOCATION AND DESIGNATION A1.1. Site location and relevant authorities . 52 A1.2 .Statutory, planning and other designations . 53 A1.3. Public access . 53 A1.4. Current issues and constraints . 54 Appendix 2: ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION A2.1. Climate . 55 A2.2. Geology, hydrogeology and soils . 56 St Helena soil quality map (2018) . 59 A2.3. Hydrology . 60 A2.4. Projected changes in climate . 61 A2.5. History of recent management a. Brief history of the area . 61 b. Management in the last 5 years . 62 A2.6. Current issues and constraints . 63 Appendix 3: BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION A3.1. Habitats and Vegetation communities . 64 A3.2. Important native plant species species . 66 A3.3. Trends of important native plant species . 68 A3.4. Predicted impacts of climate change on existing and potential important Features . 68 A3.5. -
A New Species and Hybrid in the St Helen a Endemic Genus Trochetiopsis
EDINB. 1. BOT. 52 (2): 205-213 (1995) 205 A NEW SPECIES AND HYBRID IN THE ST HELEN A ENDEMIC GENUS TROCHETIOPSIS Q. C. B. CRONK * The discovery in historic herbaria of an overlooked extinct endemic from the island of St Helena is reported. The first descriptions of St Helena Ebony, Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (Sterculiaceae), and the specimens associated with them in the herbaria of Oxford University (OXF) and the Natural History Museum, London (BM), do not match living and later-collected material, and instead represent an extinct plant. A new name is therefore needed for living St Helena Ebony: Trochetiopsis ebenus Cronk sp. nov. The hybrid between this species and the related T erythroxylon is also described here: Trochetiopsis x benjamini Cronk hybr. nov. (Sterculiaceae), and chromosome counts of 2n =40 are reported for the hybrid and both parents for the first time. The re-assessment of the extinct ebony emphasizes the importance of historic herbarium collections for the study of species extinction. INTRODUCTION In 1601 and 1610, at the beginning and end of his voyage to the East Indies, Franvois Pyrard de Laval touched at St Helena, an isolated island in the South Atlantic Ocean. He wrote: 'Sur Ie haut de la montagne il y a force arbre d'Ebene, et de bois de Rose' (Pyrard, 1679; Gray, 1890) - the first mention in print of species of Trochetiopsis (i.e. St Helena Redwood and St Helena Ebony). The island was settled in 1659, and the settlers of the English East India Company immediately put these ecologically important species to use. -
Taxonomic Update and Habitat Status to Byttneria Herbacea from Peninsular India
Advances in Zoology and Botany 8(4): 326-333, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/azb.2020.080404 Taxonomic Update and Habitat Status to Byttneria herbacea from Peninsular India Subhash R. Somkuwar Department of Botany, Dr. Ambedkar College, Deekshabhoomi Nagpur (M.S.), India Received March 31, 2020; Revised April 29, 2020; Accepted May 27, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Byttneria herbacea is a threatened and Byttner (1724-1768), a physician and botanist at the endemic species to Indian Peninsular region. It was earlier University of Gottingen, Germany [1]. Byttneria Roxb. placed in Sterculiaceae and then a separate family was first placed in Sterculiaceae, then a separate family Byttneriaceae. As per APG classification, it is now treated Byttneriaceae. As per Angiosperm Phylogeny in family Malvaceae. Endemic taxa are usually more Group-APG-IV [2] classification Byttneria is now vulnerable to anthropogenic threats, natural and climate included in the family Malvaceae of Malvales clade. The changes, and therefore hold a higher extinction risk. Malvales clade also includes Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Taxonomic study on endemic taxa improves a basic Bombacaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Cochlospermaceae, understanding for correct identification and description. Diegodendraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Mutingiaceae, Habitat and distribution study are essential to get specific Neuradaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Thymelaeaceae [2-4]. information and interpretation on current status and Finding of Judd and Manchester [5], Alverson, et al., [6] population dynamics of the taxon including niche and Bayer, et al., [4] has led to the proposal to combine requirements. -
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Rubus Pinnatus Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Rubus Pinnatus. Available From: H
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Rubus pinnatus Rubus pinnatus System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Common name bramble (English), blackberry (English) Synonym Rubus kingaensis , Engl. Rubus madagascarius , Gust. Rubus madagascarius , fo. umbrosus Gust. Rubus pappei , Eckl. & Zeyh. Rubus pinnatus , subsp. afrotropicus Engl. Rubus pinnatus , var. afrotropicus Gust. Rubus pinnatus , var. defensus Gust. Rubus pinnatus , var. mutatus Gust. Rubus pinnatus , var. subglandulosus R. A. Grah. Rubus roridus , Lindl. Rubus rosifolius , Sm. Similar species Summary Rubus pinnatus is reported as being exceedingly common on the island of St Helena everywhere above an elevation of 1500 feet. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Rubus pinnatus a shrubby plant is described as follows: \"Leaves pinnate, leaflets five or seven, rarely three ovate-cordate lucid, strongly veined, doubly serrate. Panicles terminate. Stems, branches, petioles and peduncles armed ; tender shoots villous and hoary. Stem scarce, and what there is grows to be as thick as a man's leg sometimes. Branches numerous, very long and scandent, when their apices rest on the ground they strike root and produce other plants as in the other species of this genus. The young shoots glaucous and downy, the bark of the old dark brown ; all are well armed with numerous recurved prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnate 6-12 inches long, leaflets ovate and ovate-cordate, smooth doubly serrate. Petioles and ribs armed. Stipules petiolary, ensiform. Panicles term- inal, with their peduncles and sub-divisions armed and downy. Brackes like the stipules. Calycine segments lanceloate, nearly twice the length of the ovate, pink petals, and they are rather longer than the stamina and styles. -
Environmental Statement Volume 4 –A10.3 Past and Present Vegetation Communities Table of Contents
St Helena Airport Environmental Statement – Volume 4: Appendix 10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT VOLUME 4 –A10.3 PAST AND PRESENT VEGETATION COMMUNITIES TABLE OF CONTENTS A10.3 PAST AND PRESENT VEGETATION COMMUNITIES 10.3-1 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.3-1 10.2 PAST VEGETATION 10.3-1 10.3 PRESENT VEGETATION 10.3-2 Table of Contents St Helena Airport Environmental Statement – Volume 4: Appendix 10.3 A10.3 PAST AND PRESENT VEGETATION COMMUNITIES 10.1 Introduction A current assessment of the vegetation is necessary in order to fully assess the potential impact of the scheme on the vegetation and its associated fauna. However, this assessment cannot be done in isolation without an understanding of previously described vegetation structure, past and present. This is needed in order to understand the changes that are taking place (dynamic process of re-vegetation) and have taken place historically (what species are still present and what has been lost) and help to develop mitigation strategies in favour of the indigenous species. The vegetation of St Helena is almost entirely anthropogenic. It bares little correspondence with the past and as such for most people it is easier to accept that the current vegetation is natural (and most appropriate for the landscape) than it is to imagine what the Island once looked like prior to human activity. “The past vegetation has been replaced by browsing, grazing, erosion, cutting for timber and fuel, the introduction of non- native plants and clearance for cultivation, plantation forestry and pasture” (Cronk, 1984). With the result that St Helena has one of the rarest floras in the world (of 59 species), lost 9 out of 10 of its endemic birds and likely many invertebrates. -
Trees and Shrubs
MOLETADIKGWA: COMMON TREES AND SHRUBS Acacia (Senegalia) ataxacantha 160 - flame thorn; vlamdoring Acacia (Senegalia) caffra 162 - common hook-thorn; gewone haakdoring Acacia (Vachellia) karroo 172- sweet-thorn; soetdoring Acacia (Vachellia) robusta 183 – broad-pod robust thorn; enkeldoring Albizia tanganyicensis 157- paperbark false-thorn; papierbasvalsdoring Aloe marlothii 29.5 - flat flowered aloe; mountain aloe; bergaalwyn Berchemia zeyheri 450 – red ivory, rooi-ivoor Brachylaena huillensis 727 – lowveld silver oak; laeveldvaalbos Brachylaena rotundata 730 - mountain silver-oak; bergvaalbos Burkea africana 197- red syringa; wild seringa; rooisering Calpurnia aurea 219 – wild laburnum; geelkeur Canthium suberosum 709.1 – corky turkey-berry; kurkbokdrol Carissa edulis 640.4 – climbing num-num; ranknoemnoem Cassinopsis ilicifolia 420 – lemonthorn; lemoentjiedoring Celtis africana 39 - white stinkwood; witstinkhout Clerodendrum glabrum (Volkameria glabra) 667 – tinderwood; tontelhout Combretum apiculatum 532 - red bushwillow; rooiboswilg Combretum hereroense 538 - russet bushwillow; kierieklapper Combretum moggii 542 - rock bushwillow; rotsboswilg Combretum molle 537- velvet bushwillow; fluweelboswilg Combretum nelsonii 540.2 - Waterberg bushwillow; Waterbergboswilg Combretum zeyheri 546 – large-fruited bushwillow; raasblaar Commiphora marlothii 278 - paperbark corkwood; papierbaskanniedood Croton gratissimus 328- lavender croton; laventelkoorsbessie Cussonia transvaalensis 564.3 – Waterberg cabbage tree; Waterbergkiepersol Dichrostachys -
Changing to Apg Ii – THEORY PUT Into Practice for Over 100
SIBBALDIA: 133 The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, No. 6 CHANGING TO APG II – THEORY PUT INTO PRACTICE Janette Latta1 ABstrAct In the summer of 2006, the Science Division at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh made the decision to change the classification system used in their collections of pressed and preserved plants from the modified Bentham and Hooker system to that published by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). As a result of that decision the Horticulture Division also decided to change its records and plant labels to the APG system. This paper describes the effect this had on the work of staff in both the Science and Horticulture Divisions as their collections had to be reorganized and relabelled to show the new family orders. IntroDuctIon For over 100 years the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) had been organized according to the classification system of George Bentham and Joseph Hooker, with some modifications made over time. In summer 2006, staff in the Science Division held a full day seminar to discuss proposals to reclassify the Herbarium Collections according to the APG II system (wikipedia.org accessed 2 April 2008). It was felt that, as the institution was in the process of having an extension added to the Herbarium to add extra storage space, this was an opportune time, and possibly the only practical time, to effect the change. After the seminar a vote was held and the proposal was adopted. Work began to put this large, time-consuming and historically significant process in place in autumn 2006, with the database work being commenced from January 2007. -
Ruksan Bose to Cite This Version
Influence of past and present environment onthe ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot Ruksan Bose To cite this version: Ruksan Bose. Influence of past and present environment on the ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy. AgroParisTech, 2017. English. tel-02492736 HAL Id: tel-02492736 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02492736 Submitted on 27 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°: 2017AGPT0007 Doctorat AgroParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (AgroParisTech) Spécialité : Ecosystèmes et Sciences Agronomiques présentée et soutenue publiquement par Ruksan BOSE le 26 Avril 2017 Influence of past and present environment on the ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot Directeur de thèse : Raphaël Pélissier Co-diréction de la thèse : François MUNOZ Jury M. Andréas PRINZING, Professeur, Université de Rennes 1, UMR ECOBIO, Rennes Président M. Dario DE FRANCESCHI, Maître de Conférences, MNHN, UMR PACE, Paris Rapporteur Mme. Priya DAVIDAR, Professeur, Dept.of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Examinatrice Pondicherry University, India M. -
General View of Malvaceae Juss. S.L. and Taxonomic Revision of Genus Abutilon Mill
JKAU: Sci., Vol. 21 No. 2, pp: 349-363 (2009 A.D. / 1430 A.H.); DOI: 10.4197 / Sci. 21-2.12 General View of Malvaceae Juss. S.L. and Taxonomic Revision of Genus Abutilon Mill. in Saudi Arabia Wafaa Kamal Taia Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Alexandria, Egypt [email protected] Abstract. This works deals with the recent opinions about the new classification of the core Malvales with special reference to the family Malvaceae s.l. and the morphological description and variations in the species of the genus Abutilon Mill. Taxonomical features of the family as shown in the recent classification systems, with full description of the main divisions of the family. Position of Malvaceae s.l. in the different modern taxonomical systems is clarified. General features of the genus Abutilon stated according to the careful examination of the specimens. Taxonomic position of Abutilon in the Malvaceae is given. Artificial key based on vegetative morphological characters is provided. Keywords: Abutilon, Core Malvales, Eumalvaceae, Morpholog, Systematic Position, Taxonomy. General Features of Family Malvaceae According to Heywood[1] and Watson and Dallwitz[2] the plants of the family Malvaceae s.s. are herbs, shrubs or trees with stipulate, simple, non-sheathing alternate or spiral, petiolate leaves usually with palmate vennation (often three principal veins arising from the base of the leaf blade). Plants are hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious or poly-gamo- monoecious with floral nectarines and entomophilous pollination. Flowers are solitary or aggregating in compound cymes, varying in size from small to large, regular or somewhat irregular, cyclic with distinct calyx and corolla. -
Endangered Species Protection Ordinance
LAWS OF 6 Endangered Species ST. HELENA ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTION ORDER – SECTION 3 (Legal Notice 8 of 1996 made under Ord. 7 of 1996) Short title 1. This order may be cited as the Endangered Species Protection Order. Protection of certain animals and plants 2. The taking, damaging or killing of the plants and animals specified in the Schedule is forbidden. ___________ SCHEDULE Item no. Common name Scientific name Animals 1 Sea turtle and turtle eggs Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata 2 Spiney lobster when in berry Panulirus echinatus 3 Dolphins Stenalla attenuata Stenalla longirostris Tursiops truncatus 4 Wirebird Charadrius sanctae-helenae 5 Pickering or Maderian storm Oceanodroma castro castro petrel 6 Trophy bird or red-billed Phaethon aethereus tropicbird 7 Wideawake, sooty tern or eggbird Sterna fuscata 8 Blackbird or brown noddy Anous stolidus 9 Blackbird or noddy bird Anous minutus atlantious 10 White bird or fairy tern Gygis alba 11 Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 12 Little shearwater Puffinus lherminieri 13 Storm petrel spp. Pelagodroma marina Fregata ariel Fregata minor 14 Masked (blue-faced) booby Sula dactylatra 15 Brown booby Sula leucogaster 16 Red-footed booby Sula sula 17 Gull Larus sp. This e-version of the text is not authoritative for use in court. LAWS OF ST. HELENA Endangered Species 7 Plants 18 Baby’s toes Hrdrodea cryptantha 19 Bastard gumwood Commidendrum rotundifolium 20 Bone seed Osteospermum sanctae- helena 21 Dogwood Nesohedyotis arborea 22 Dwarf jelico Sium burchelli 23 Ebony Trochetiopsis ebenus 24 He cabbage tree Pladaroxylon leucadendron 25 Redwood Trochetiopsis erythroxylon 26 St. Helena rosemary Phylica polifolia 27 St.