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The Age of Chocolate: a Diversification History of Theobroma and Malvaceae
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00120 The age of chocolate: a diversification history of Theobroma and Malvaceae James E. Richardson 1, 2*, Barbara A. Whitlock 3, Alan W. Meerow 4 and Santiago Madriñán 5 1 Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia, 2 Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 3 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA, 4 United States Department of Agriculture—ARS—SHRS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL, USA, 5 Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Dated molecular phylogenies of broadly distributed lineages can help to compare patterns of diversification in different parts of the world. An explanation for greater Neotropical diversity compared to other parts of the tropics is that it was an accident of the Andean orogeny. Using dated phylogenies, of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear DNA WRKY sequence datasets, generated using BEAST we demonstrate that the diversification of the genera Theobroma and Herrania occurred from 12.7 (11.6–14.9 [95% HPD]) million years ago (Ma) and thus coincided with Andean uplift from the mid-Miocene and that this lineage had a faster diversification rate than other major clades in Malvaceae. We also demonstrate that Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, diverged from its most recent common ancestor 9.9 (7.7–12.9 [95% HPD]) Ma, in the Edited by: Federico Luebert, mid-to late-Miocene, suggesting that this economically important species has had ample Universität Bonn, Germany time to generate significant within-species genetic diversity that is useful information Reviewed by: for a developing chocolate industry. -
Taxonomic Update and Habitat Status to Byttneria Herbacea from Peninsular India
Advances in Zoology and Botany 8(4): 326-333, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/azb.2020.080404 Taxonomic Update and Habitat Status to Byttneria herbacea from Peninsular India Subhash R. Somkuwar Department of Botany, Dr. Ambedkar College, Deekshabhoomi Nagpur (M.S.), India Received March 31, 2020; Revised April 29, 2020; Accepted May 27, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Byttneria herbacea is a threatened and Byttner (1724-1768), a physician and botanist at the endemic species to Indian Peninsular region. It was earlier University of Gottingen, Germany [1]. Byttneria Roxb. placed in Sterculiaceae and then a separate family was first placed in Sterculiaceae, then a separate family Byttneriaceae. As per APG classification, it is now treated Byttneriaceae. As per Angiosperm Phylogeny in family Malvaceae. Endemic taxa are usually more Group-APG-IV [2] classification Byttneria is now vulnerable to anthropogenic threats, natural and climate included in the family Malvaceae of Malvales clade. The changes, and therefore hold a higher extinction risk. Malvales clade also includes Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Taxonomic study on endemic taxa improves a basic Bombacaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Cochlospermaceae, understanding for correct identification and description. Diegodendraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Mutingiaceae, Habitat and distribution study are essential to get specific Neuradaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Thymelaeaceae [2-4]. information and interpretation on current status and Finding of Judd and Manchester [5], Alverson, et al., [6] population dynamics of the taxon including niche and Bayer, et al., [4] has led to the proposal to combine requirements. -
Ruksan Bose to Cite This Version
Influence of past and present environment onthe ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot Ruksan Bose To cite this version: Ruksan Bose. Influence of past and present environment on the ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy. AgroParisTech, 2017. English. tel-02492736 HAL Id: tel-02492736 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02492736 Submitted on 27 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°: 2017AGPT0007 Doctorat AgroParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (AgroParisTech) Spécialité : Ecosystèmes et Sciences Agronomiques présentée et soutenue publiquement par Ruksan BOSE le 26 Avril 2017 Influence of past and present environment on the ecology and biogeography of tree species in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot Directeur de thèse : Raphaël Pélissier Co-diréction de la thèse : François MUNOZ Jury M. Andréas PRINZING, Professeur, Université de Rennes 1, UMR ECOBIO, Rennes Président M. Dario DE FRANCESCHI, Maître de Conférences, MNHN, UMR PACE, Paris Rapporteur Mme. Priya DAVIDAR, Professeur, Dept.of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Examinatrice Pondicherry University, India M. -
General View of Malvaceae Juss. S.L. and Taxonomic Revision of Genus Abutilon Mill
JKAU: Sci., Vol. 21 No. 2, pp: 349-363 (2009 A.D. / 1430 A.H.); DOI: 10.4197 / Sci. 21-2.12 General View of Malvaceae Juss. S.L. and Taxonomic Revision of Genus Abutilon Mill. in Saudi Arabia Wafaa Kamal Taia Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Alexandria, Egypt [email protected] Abstract. This works deals with the recent opinions about the new classification of the core Malvales with special reference to the family Malvaceae s.l. and the morphological description and variations in the species of the genus Abutilon Mill. Taxonomical features of the family as shown in the recent classification systems, with full description of the main divisions of the family. Position of Malvaceae s.l. in the different modern taxonomical systems is clarified. General features of the genus Abutilon stated according to the careful examination of the specimens. Taxonomic position of Abutilon in the Malvaceae is given. Artificial key based on vegetative morphological characters is provided. Keywords: Abutilon, Core Malvales, Eumalvaceae, Morpholog, Systematic Position, Taxonomy. General Features of Family Malvaceae According to Heywood[1] and Watson and Dallwitz[2] the plants of the family Malvaceae s.s. are herbs, shrubs or trees with stipulate, simple, non-sheathing alternate or spiral, petiolate leaves usually with palmate vennation (often three principal veins arising from the base of the leaf blade). Plants are hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious or poly-gamo- monoecious with floral nectarines and entomophilous pollination. Flowers are solitary or aggregating in compound cymes, varying in size from small to large, regular or somewhat irregular, cyclic with distinct calyx and corolla. -
The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ an Improved Taxonomic Reference List for All Known Vascular Plants
Freiberg et al: The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ An improved taxonomic reference list for all known vascular plants Supplementary file 3: Literature used to compile LCVP ordered by plant families 1 Acanthaceae AROLLA, RAJENDER GOUD; CHERUKUPALLI, NEERAJA; KHAREEDU, VENKATESWARA RAO; VUDEM, DASHAVANTHA REDDY (2015): DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different Species of Andrographis. In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 62, p. 91–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.001. BORG, AGNETA JULIA; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; SCHÖNENBERGER, JÜRGEN (2008): Molecular Phylogenetics and morphological Evolution of Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). In: Taxon 57 (3), p. 811–822. DOI: 10.1002/tax.573012. CARINE, MARK A.; SCOTLAND, ROBERT W. (2002): Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): Trying to Classify the Unclassifiable? In: Taxon 51 (2), p. 259–279. DOI: 10.2307/1554926. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; DANIEL, THOMAS F.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO (2016): Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (7), p. 819–851. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-016-1301-y. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO; DANIEL, THOMAS F. (2015): The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) does not support the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis for South American seasonally dry Forests. In: American Journal of Botany 102 (6), p. 992–1007. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400558. DANIEL, THOMAS F.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A. (2014): Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of Genera and Catalog of Species. In: Aliso 32 (1), p. 1–45. DOI: 10.5642/aliso.20143201.02. EZCURRA, CECILIA (2002): El Género Justicia (Acanthaceae) en Sudamérica Austral. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, p. 225–280. FISHER, AMANDA E.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; KIEL, CARRIE A.; KHOSHRAVESH, ROXANNE; JOHNSON, MELISSA A.; STATA, MATT ET AL. -
TAXON:Dombeya ×Cayeuxii André SCORE
TAXON: Dombeya ×cayeuxii André SCORE: -7.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Dombeya ×cayeuxii André Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): Mexican rosetree Synonym(s): pink snowball pink-ball dombeya pompomtree Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 6 Dec 2017 WRA Score: -7.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Large Shrub, Tropical, Ornamental, Hybrid, Infertile Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Low 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to -
Palynomorphological Diversity Among the Species Belong to 12 Genera of Malvaceae Sensulato
Reddy A. Vijayabhasker et al., IJSRR 2018, 7(4),1042-1049 Research article Available online www.ijsrr.org ISSN: 2279–0543 International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews Palynomorphological Diversity Among The Species Belong To 12 Genera of Malvaceae Sensu lato Devarinti Srihari Reddy 1 and Reddy A. Vijayabhasker *2 1Dept.of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Patancheru, Sanga Reddy Dist., Telangana, India. Emil: [email protected] 2Dept. of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Malvaceae sensu lato (s.l.) is a heterogeneous family rich in highly diversified characters among its taxa, since phylogenetic studies on Malvaceae sensu lato lead to merger of core families of Malvales, i.e. Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae and Malvaceae s.s. into its fold and distribution of their genera among nine subfamilies: Bombacoideae, Brownlowioideae, Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Grewioideae, Helicteroideae, Malvoideae, Sterculioideae, and Tilioideae1,2. While understanding its taxonomical relationships and affinities, it is important to identify palynomorphology to delimit the taxa. In this study, pollen morphology of common species of this family belong to Chityal Reserve Forest area, Nalgonda district, Telangana is discussed. Pollen morphological characters of these species range from spheroidal to prolate, echinate and reticulate to scabrate to granulate, pantoporate to colporate to trizonoporate etc., which reflect the diversity among the taxa. This study is based on pollen morphological variations among the common species, each belong to 12 different genera with a key for their simple identification. KEY WORDS: Malvaceae s .l, Palynomorphology, Chityal RF. *Corresponding author A.Vijayabhasker Reddy Dept. of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Email: [email protected] IJSRR, 7(4) Oct. -
The Systematics of Dombeya Cav. and Its Near Relatives (Dombeyaceae)
The systematics of Dombeya Cav. and its near relatives (Dombeyaceae) by Cynthia Karen Skema This thesis/dissertation document has been electronically approved by the following individuals: Luckow,Melissa A (Chairperson) Doyle,Jeffrey J (Minor Member) Nixon,Kevin C (Minor Member) THE SYSTEMATICS OF DOMBEYA CAV. AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES (DOMBEYACEAE) A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Cynthia Karen Skema August 2010 © 2010 Cynthia Karen Skema THE SYSTEMATICS OF DOMBEYA CAV. AND ITS NEAR RELATIVES (DOMBEYACEAE) Cynthia Karen Skema, Ph. D. Cornell University 2010 The species-rich and morphologically diverse genus Dombeya Cav. (Dombeyaceae) is a spectacular example of the remarkable diversity of the biota of Madagascar where evolution has followed a unique trajectory. Like other large genera, Dombeya remains a taxonomic hurdle in understanding the Malagasy flora. Over 5000 base pairs of sequence data from five noncoding plastid markers and ITS of Dombeya and relatives, including 87 accessions from 68 species and 10 genera, are used to investigate patterns of molecular evolution in Dombeya and hypothesize a phylogeny using parsimony and Bayesian methods. These results are synthesized with morphological observations and used as a means for evaluating the generic delimitation and infrageneric taxonomy of Dombeya. Plastid introgression is invoked to explain incongruence between closely related taxa in plastid versus ITS phylogenies. The topology of the combined analysis of all molecular regions generally corresponds with morphology and includes four major groups. The majority of the Malagasy species and all African species of Dombeya sampled form a monophyletic clade and are defined as Dombeya sensu stricto. -
Coloured Nectar: Distribution, Ecology, and Evolution of an Enigmatic Floral Trait
Biol. Rev. (2007), 82, pp. 83–111. 83 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2006.00005.x Coloured nectar: distribution, ecology, and evolution of an enigmatic floral trait Dennis M. Hansen1*, Jens M. Olesen2, Thomas Mione3, Steven D. Johnson4 and Christine B. Mu¨ller1 1 Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland 2 Department of Ecology & Genetics, University of Aarhus, Block 540, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark 3 Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT 06050-4010, USA 4 School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa (Received 17 March 2006; revised 25 October 2006; accepted 6 November 2006) ABSTRACT While coloured nectar has been known to science at least since 1785, it has only recently received focused scientific attention. However, information about this rare floral trait is scattered and hard to find. Here, we document coloured nectar in 67 taxa worldwide, with a wide taxonomical and geographical distribution. We summarise what is currently known about coloured nectar in each of the lineages where it occurs. The most common nectar colours are in the spectrum from yellow to red, but also brown, black, green, and blue colours are found. Colour intensity of the nectar varies, sometimes even within one taxa, as does the level of contrast between flower petals and nectar. Coloured nectar has evolved independently throughout the angiosperms at least 15 times at the level of family, and is in many cases correlated with one or more of three parameters: (1) vertebrate pollination, known or hypothesised, (2) insularity – many species are from islands or insular mainland habitats, and (3) altitude – many species are found at relatively high altitudes. -
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eISSN: 2357-044X Taeckholmia 36 (2016):115-135 Phenetic relationship between Malvaceae s.s. and its related families Eman M. Shamso* and Adel A. Khattab Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. *Corresponding author:[email protected] Abstract Systematic relationships in the Malvaceae s.s. and allied families were studied on the basis of numerical analysis. 103 macro- and micro morphological attributes including vegetative parts, pollen grains and seeds of 64 taxa belonging to 32 genera of Malvaceae s.s. and allied families (Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae) were scored and the UPGMA clustering analysis was applied to investigate the phenetic relationships and to clarify the circumscription. Four main clusters are recognized viz. Sterculiaceae s.s. cluster, Tiliaceae- Exemplars of Strerculiaceae cluster, Malvaceae s.s. cluster and Bombacaceae s.s. – Exemplars of Sterculiaceae and Malvaceae cluster. The results delimited Sterculiaceae s.s. and Tiliaceae s.s. to containing the genera previously included in tribes Sterculieae and Tilieae respectively; also confirmed and verified the segregation of Byttnerioideae of Sterculiaceae s.l. and Grewioideae of Tiliaceae s.l. to be treated as distinct families Byttneriaceae and Spermanniaceae respectively. Our analysis recommended the treatment of subfamilies Dombeyoideae, Bombacoideae and Malvoideae of Malvaceae s.l. as distinct families: Dombeyaceae, Bombacaceae s.s. and Malvaceae s.s. and the final placement of Gossypium and Hibiscus in either Malvaceae or Bombacaceae is uncertain, as well as the circumscription of Pterospermum is obscure thus further study is necessary for these genera. Key words: Byttneriaceae, Dombeyaceae, Phenetic relationship Spermanniaceae, Sterculiaceae s.s., Tiliaceae s.s. -
Status of Plant Conservation in Oceanic Islands of the Western Indian Ocean Baider Et Al
Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean Baider et al. _________________________________________________________________________________ Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean Claudia Baider1, F. B. Vincent Florens2, Stéphane Baret3, Katy Beaver4, Denis Matatiken5, Dominique Strasberg6, Christoph Kueffer7 1Mauritius Herbarium, MSIRI, Mauritius 2Department of Biosciences, University of Mauritius 3Parc National de La Réunion, La Réunion, France 4Plant Conservation Action group (PCA), Seychelles 5Seychelles Ministry of Environment, Seychelles 6Université La Réunion, La Réunion, France 7Institute of Integrative Biology - Plant Ecology, Universitätsstrasse 16, ETH Zentrum, CHN, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Abstract We review plant conservation in the Mascarenes (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) and the granitic Seychelles islands. Sizes of angiosperm floras are: Seychelles (200 species, c. 70 endemics of which c. 70% are threatened), Mauritius (691 species of which 273 are single island endemics [SIE] and another 150 are Mascarene endemics [ME]), Rodrigues (150 species, 47 SIE, 72 ME), Réunion (550 species, c. 165 SIE, c. 140 ME). The main threats affecting plant diversity are small population sizes and fragmentation, and invasive alien species. While in Mauritius, Rodrigues and Seychelles <5% of intact habitat is left, this proportion is still 30% in Réunion. Consequently habitat restoration is a priority in Mauritius, Rodrigues and Seychelles. All islands have recently greatly advanced some aspects of plant conservation, while gaps are also apparent. Advances include conservation strategies (all), ex situ conservation (all), extent of protected areas (Réunion, Seychelles), new NGOs (Réunion, Seychelles) and outreach (Réunion, Seychelles). Weaknesses include lack of government support (Mauritius, Rodrigues), local scientific expertise (Mauritius, Rodrigues, Seychelles). -
Early Oligocene Fruits and Leaves of Burretiodendron (Malvaceae S.L.) from South China
Journal of Systematics JSE and Evolution doi: 10.1111/jse.12577 Research Article Early Oligocene fruits and leaves of Burretiodendron (Malvaceae s.l.) from South China Sheng‐Lan Xu1, Tatiana M. Kodrul2, Yan Wu1, Natalia P. Maslova3, and Jian‐Hua Jin1* 1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119017, Russia 3Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia *Author for correspondence. E‐mail: [email protected]; Tel.: 86‐20‐84113348; Fax: 86‐20‐84036215. Received 23 September 2019; Accepted 18 February 2020; Article first published online 21 February 2020 Abstract The genus Burretiodendron Rehder is currently endemic to an area near the China–Vietnam border and the limestone mountains of Thailand and Myanmar. The fossil records of this genus were previously found only from the Miocene of Yunnan, Southwest China, and the Oligocene of Guangxi, South China. Here, we describe fossil fruits and associated leaves of Burretiodendron, which were discovered in the lower Oligocene Shangcun Formation of the Maoming Basin, Guangdong, South China. Morphological comparison with extant and fossil Burretiodendron taxa indicates that fruit fossils belong to the species Burretiodendron parvifructum J. Lebreton Anberrée & Z. K. Zhou. This is one of the earliest fossil records of the genus, providing additional evidence for the early biogeographic history of this genus and supporting the inference that the genus originated in South China. According to the habitat conditions of modern species, we speculate that there were limestone mountains around the Maoming Basin in the early Oligocene.