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Pourquoi Les Mahots ? II. BACOMAR : Pourquoi les Mahots ? Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae Un questionnement permanent pour les botanistes Un support et un modèle exemplaires PROJET BACOMAR SOMMAIRE 1.Contexte général 3 2.L’archipel des Mascareignes : une biodiversité exceptionnelle 3 3.Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae (Mahots) dans les écosystèmes réunionnais 3 3.1.Une richesse exceptionnelle ......................................................................................... 4 3.2.Une importance écologique indéniable ......................................................................... 4 3.3.Un groupe utile dans le cadre de la restauration écologique......................................... 5 4.Les Mahots : un questionnement permanent pour les botanistes et les naturalistes 6 5.Les Mahots : un support et un modèle exemplaire pour retracer l’histoire évolutive de la flore des Mascareignes 6 6.Une approche innovante alliant « Identification Assistée par Ordinateur » (IAO) et techniques moléculaires 7 6.1.IKBS : Un outil bien adapté au projet MAHOTS ............................................................ 7 6.2.L’approche moléculaire ou comment statuer sur les affinités entre espèces de Mahots8 7.Un projet aux objectifs précis et explicites 9 8.Des retombées attendues pour les communautés locale, nationale et internationale 9 8.1.Développement des connaissances et des outils de gestion sur les écosystèmes de La Réunion............................................................................................................................... 9 8.2.Développement et valorisation des compétences et résultats des laboratoires de recherche de la Réunion ..................................................................................................... 9 8.3.Développement de synergies entre les divers organismes intervenant dans le domaine de la biodiversité ............................................................................................................... 10 8.4.Caution scientifique des connaissances dans une perspective d’utilisation accrue de la flore indigène..................................................................................................................... 10 8.5.Ouverture en terme de collaboration régionale ........................................................... 10 8.6.Développement et pratique de la collaboration internationale pluridisciplinaire .......... 10 8.7.Positionnement de La Réunion comme pôle de référence en écologie évolutive ....... 11 lg14/10/07 Page 2/12 PROJET BACOMAR PROJET BASE DE CONNAISSANCES SUR LES MAHOTS DE LA RÉUNION ET DES MASCAREIGNES (BACOMAR) Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae Un questionnement permanent pour les botanistes Un support et un modèle exemplaires (Luc Gigord-UNIL, Timothée Le Péchon-LPP) 1. Contexte général Dans un contexte international où tous les acteurs s’accordent à reconnaître l’importance de la biodiversité dans l’équilibre écologique de notre planète, il paraît fondamental d’intensifier un soutien aux programmes de recherche visant à décrypter et mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels et des espèces qui les constituent. Si les autorités officielles sont conscientes de ce fait et agissent progressivement en ce sens depuis quelques décennies, il est récemment apparu un engouement des mouvements associatifs1 pour la protection des patrimoines naturels. Cette prise de conscience d’une identité culturelle liée à l’originalité d’une biodiversité représente une opportunité unique dans un cadre de progression des connaissances, d’éducation et de formation. Dans ce contexte, il semble pertinent de proposer un programme de recherche fédérateur, réunissant différents acteurs de l’île de La Réunion autour d’une problématique accessible à tous, et présentant moult facettes en termes de bénéfices à court, moyen et long terme. Ce programme devrait faire cas d’étude pilote démontrant que la mise en synergies des compétences et énergies peut non seulement aboutir à une augmentation significative des connaissances de notre patrimoine naturel, mais au delà, à la mise en application de mesures de gestion et de protection se faisant sur des bases scientifiques en accord et avec l’engagement des acteurs de terrain. Nous sommes convaincus de l’impact d’un tel programme dans la vie de l’île de La Réunion, dont le futur repose de manière significative sur son attrait touristique, et de fait, principalement éco-touristique. La création du Parc National de La Réunion contribuera à valoriser au niveau international ce que La Réunion et plus largement l’archipel des Mascareignes ont de remarquable. 2. L’archipel des Mascareignes : une biodiversité exceptionnelle L'archipel des Mascareignes, et plus particulièrement l'Île de La Réunion, du fait de sa topologie montagneuse, abrite une exceptionnelle diversité de formations naturelles végétales, et il a d’ailleurs été récemment placé sur la liste officielle des « points chauds » de la Biodiversité mondiale ([15] Myers et al. 2000). Le caractère insulaire de ces territoires a profondément modifié la faune et la flore ancestrales entraînant l'apparition d'espèces, voire de genres endémiques, c’est à dire se trouvant exclusivement dans cet archipel. Le taux d'endémisme chez les plantes à fleurs est estimé à La Réunion à 35% de la flore totale, et chez certains groupes, celui-ci est largement dépassé atteignant les 100%. Au-delà de ce taux remarquable d’endémisme, les espèces ont acquis des caractéristiques uniques dont l’originalité constitue une richesse sans comparaison avec la plupart des flores des différentes régions de la planète. Le groupe des Dombeyoideae, encore appelé Mahots à La Réunion, en est un exemple frappant. 3. Richesse et importance écologique des Dombeyoideae (Mahots) dans les écosystèmes réunionnais 1 À la Réunion, on peut citer la SREPEN (Société Réunionnaise pour l’Etude et la Protection de l’Environnement), l’APN (Association des amis des Plantes et de la Nature), l’IUCN (World Conservation Union), Palmeraie-Union… lg14/10/07 Page 3/12 PROJET BACOMAR 3.1. Une richesse exceptionnelle Parmi les groupes de plantes les plus diversifiés aux Mascareignes, les Mahots présentent 95% d’espèces endémiques. Les Mahots correspondent à la sous-famille des Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae, ex-Sterculiaceae) avec les genres endémiques Ruizia (1 espèce), Trochetia (6 espèces) et Astyria (1 espèce), ainsi que le genre indigène Dombeya (14 espèces dont 13 endémiques et une indigène) (Figure 1). Figure 1 : Exemples de Mahots réunionnais : Dombeya pilosa (détail d’inflorescence à gauche et ensemble d’inflorescences à droîte), Dombeya elegans (au centre), Trochetia granulata (à droite). Toutefois, de récentes observations, réalisées en particulier par le Docteur Bernard Pausé (APN), suggèrent que ce nombre ait pu être sous-estimé. Ainsi plusieurs naturalistes s’accordent à reconnaître qu’au moins une nouvelle espèce, Dombeya scabrida, inféodée aux habitats de haute altitude est sur le point d’être décrite. Une constatation similaire semble prévaloir au sein du genre Trochetia qui pourrait lui aussi pouvoir s’enrichir à La Réunion d’une nouvelle espèce. Le groupe n’a donc pas encore dévoilé toute sa richesse. Ce constat est d’autant plus vrai que de nombreux environnements indigènes n’ont jamais été explorés aux Mascareignes, et plus particulièrement à La Réunion. Ces écosystèmes pourraient révéler des espèces de Dombeyoideae encore inconnues, mais aussi permettre la redécouverte de certains taxons considérés comme disparus. Ainsi, à l’île Maurice, l’espèce Trochetia parviflora, considérée comme éteinte pendant plus de 150 ans, a été redécouverte en 2001. Au-delà de cette exceptionnelle diversité spécifique, les Mahots ont aussi, comme nous allons le voir, une importance écologique primordiale au sein des écosystèmes de l’île de La Réunion. 3.2. Une importance écologique indéniable À La Réunion, ce groupe a un intérêt écologique fondamental. Ces arbres et arbustes sont les principaux structurants de la Forêt de Bois de Couleur des Hauts qui abrite sept espèces de Mahots (Figure 2). Ce milieu naturel, hautement symbolique de notre Île, est le milieu le plus étendu de la surface protégée au sein du futur Parc National de La Réunion. Le groupe occupe les strates supérieures de cette forêt structurant ainsi sa canopée et constituant des supports préférentiels pour un grand nombre d'épiphytes (orchidées, fougères, mousses…). De plus, une étude récente menée par l’Insectarium dans la Réserve Biologique des Makes a montré que les Mahots servaient de plantes hôtes à une entomofaune particulièrement riche et diversifiée (richesse spécifique et indice alpha de Fisher ; [3] Gasnier S. 2005). Bien que l'habitat préférentiel des Mahots soit la Forêt de Bois de Couleur des Hauts, ils se répartissent en réalité dans tous les environnements de l'archipel des Mascareignes. Ainsi, le Bois de Senteur Blanc et le Bois de senteur Bleu (respectivement Ruizia cordata et Dombeya populnea) sont des espèces emblématiques des forêts séches et semi-sèches de La Réunion et de Maurice dont la sauvegarde ex situ s’est faite in extremis. Ces deux espèces font aujourd’hui l'objet à La Réunion d'un programme de conservation géré par le Conservatoire National Botanique de Mascarin. De même, les Mahots sont présents dans l’unique reliquat de forêts mégathermes au sein de la Réserve Naturelle de Mare Longue (Saint Philippe) avec Dombeya ciliata et Dombeya ficulnea, ainsi que dans les formations oligothermes
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