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1 the Politics of the Arena
THE POLITICS OF THE ARENA 1 1 The Politics of the Arena Origin and Growth of Games The great games of the ancient Mediterranean grew out of religious holidays to become spectacular celebrations of the divine pantheon, events that not only called upon divine support to ensure continued prosperity for the state, but also offered an elaborate, formalized series of actions that encouraged, even required, the participation of an expanded human audience. These spectacles tended to follow a standard format of procession, sacrifice, and games. The procession, the first part of the festival, was, practically speaking, a means of conveying the worshipers, the officiants, and their implements of worship to the sacred space of the altar or temple. To enhance the ritual quality of the movement, the procession followed a specific, religiously significant pathway; the personnel were arranged in a specific order; the participants wore particular kinds of clothing, spoke or sang ritual words. These guidelines could involve sacrificial animals in the procession as well, who not only would be draped in wreaths or ribbons, to set them apart from “common” animals, to make them “sacred”, but also were meant to conform to certain kinds of behavior: they had to seem willing to approach the altar, and cult officials who accompanied them made sure of this. The procession was followed by the sacrifice. Sacrifice was the basic act of Graeco-Roman religion, establishing a positive relationship between deity and worshiper through the offering of a gift; this could mean the immolation of an animal, the pouring of a wine or oil libation, or setting cakes or flowers on the god’s altar for his enjoyment. -
© in This Web Service Cambridge University
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02240-9 - Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity Roger D. Woodard Index More information Index Greek language entries are at the end of the index. Abazas, 154, 167, 204 Apollo, 6, 109, 118, 136, 225 Abkhazians, 157, 167 Apollo Atepomarus, 6 Actaeon, 136, 137 aporia, 105, 109, 208 Adonis, 136, 271 apotheosis, 37, 42, 50, 52, 75, 79, 80, 88, 105, 107, 199, Aegeum, 152 219, 222, 233 Aegis, 134, 163 Appius Claudius Caecus, 137, 138 Aequians, 4, 106, 113, 191 Apsara¯s, 141, 165, 166, 253 Aeschylus, 6, 48, 153 Āptyas, 179, 241 aestus, 92, 103, 133, 173, 207, 219, 231, 255, 256, 258 Apuleius, 113 aetiology 3, 4, 6, 25, 32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, Aquilonia, 73 51, 52, 55, 78, 85, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, Ara Maxima, 82, 93, 138, 189, 194, 231, 232, 236 111, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 128, 129, 137, 160, 161, 176, Aramazd, 149 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 208, arbor infelix, 189 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 219, 220, 223, 228, 234, 236, Ardea, 47, 108, 110, 111 249, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267 Ares, 154, 155 Afghanistan, 102 Aricia, 225, 235 Agamemnon, 6, 48 Aristeides, 211 Agastya, 164 Aristobulus, 51, 52, 55, 87 Ager Romanus, 127, 128, 181, 188 Aristotle, 28 Agni, 15, 91, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 162, Armilustrium, 193, 224 165, 168, 169, 170, 174, 176, 188, 203, 210, 211, 217, Arnobius, 9 229, 249, 250, 256 Arthur, 154, 269, 273 Ahalya, 141 Aruna¯, 254, 255 Ahuramazda, 15 astrology, 144 Ailill, 138 Āśvala¯yana -
Liberalia Tu Accusas ! Restituting the Ancient Date of Caesar’S Funus*
LIBERALIA TU ACCUSAS ! RESTITUTING THE ANCIENT DATE OF CAESAR’S FUNUS* Francesco CAROTTA**, Arne EICKENBERG*** Résumé. – Du récit unanime des anciens historiographes il ressort que le funus de Jules César eut lieu le 17 mars 44 av. J.-C. Or la communauté académique moderne prétend presque aussi unanimement que cette date est erronée, sans s’accorder cependant sur une alternative. Dans la littérature scientifique on donne des dates entre le 18 et le 23, et plus précisément le 20 mars, en s’appuyant sur la chronologie avancée par Drumann et Groebe. L’analyse des sources historiques et des évènements qui suivirent l’assassinat de César jusqu’à ses funérailles, prouve que les auteurs anciens ne s’étaient pas trompés, et que Groebe avait reconnu la méprise de Drumann mais avait évité de l’amender. La correction de cette erreur invétérée va permettre de mieux examiner le contexte politique et religieux des funérailles de César. Abstract. – 17 March 44 BCE results from the reports by the ancient historiographers as to the date of Julius Caesar’s funus. However, today’s academic community has consistetly claimed that they were all mistaken, however, an alternative has not been agreed on. Dates between 18 and 23 March have been suggested in scientific literature—mostly 20 March, which is the date based on the chronology supplied by Drumann and Groebe. The analysis of the historical sources and of the events following Caesar’s murder until his funeral proves that the ancient writers were right, and that Groebe had recognized Drumann’s false dating, but avoided to adjust it. -
On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................ -
Origins of Valentine's Day
Origins of Valentine's Day Various Authors CHURCH OF GOD ARCHIVES Origins of Valentine's Day Valentine's Day - Christian Custom or Pagan Pageantry? by Herman L Hoeh "Will you be my valentine?" That question is asked by millions about this time of year. Why? Is there any religious significance to February 14? Where did St. Valentine's Day come from? You might suppose schoolteachers and educators would know. But do they? How many of you were ever taught the real origin of Valentine's Day — were ever told in school exactly why you should observe the custom of exchanging valentines? Teachers are all too often silent about the origin of the customs they are forced to teach in today's schools. If they were to speak out, many would lose their jobs! Today, candy makers unload tons of heart-shaped red boxes for February 14 — St. Valentine's Day — while millions of the younger set exchange valentines. Florists consider February 14 as one of their best business days. And young lovers pair off – at least for a dance or two — at St. Valentine's balls. Why? Where did these customs originate? How did we come to inherit these customs? Isn't it time we examined why we encourage our children to celebrate St. Valentine's Day? A Christian custom? Many have assumed that the traditional Valentine's Day celebrations are all in connection with an early Christian martyr by the name of Valentine. Nothing could be further from the truth! Notice what one encyclopedia says about this idea: "St. -
Geologic Mapping of Vesta
Planetary and Space Science 103 (2014) 2–23 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Planetary and Space Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pss Geologic mapping of Vesta R.A. Yingst a,n, S.C. Mest a, D.C. Berman a, W.B. Garry a, D.A. Williams b, D. Buczkowski c, R. Jaumann d, C.M. Pieters e, M.C. De Sanctis f, A. Frigeri f, L. Le Corre g, F. Preusker d, C.A. Raymond h, V. Reddy g, C.T. Russell i, T. Roatsch d, P.M. Schenk j a Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Ft. Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States b Arizona State University, AZ, United States c JHU-APL, MD, United States d DLR, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany e Brown University, RI, United States f National Institute of Astrophysics, Italy g Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Germany h NASA JPL, California Institute of Technology, CA, United States i UCLA, CA, United States j LPI, TX, United States article info abstract Article history: We report on a preliminary global geologic map of Vesta, based on data from the Dawn spacecraft’s High- Received 14 February 2013 Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) and informed by Low-Altitude Mapping Orbit (LAMO) data. This map is Received in revised form part of an iterative mapping effort; the geologic map has been refined with each improvement in 25 November 2013 resolution. Vesta has a heavily-cratered surface, with large craters evident in numerous locations. The Accepted 21 December 2013 south pole is dominated by an impact structure identified before Dawn’s arrival. -
Newsletter Nov 2011
imperi nuntivs The newsletter of Legion Ireland --- The Roman Military Society of Ireland In This Issue • New Group Logo • Festival of Saturnalia • Roman Festivals • The Emperors - AD69 - AD138 • Beautifying Your Hamata • Group Events and Projects • Roman Coins AD69 - AD81 • Roundup of 2011 Events November 2011 IMPERI NUNTIUS The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland November 2011 From the editor... Another month another newsletter! This month’s newsletter kind grew out of control so please bring a pillow as you’ll probably fall asleep while reading. Anyway I hope you enjoy this months eclectic mix of articles and info. Change Of Logo... We have changed our logo! Our previous logo was based on an eagle from the back of an Italian Mus- solini era coin. The new logo is based on the leaping boar image depicted on the antefix found at Chester. Two versions exist. The first is for a white back- ground and the second for black or a dark back- ground. For our logo we have framed the boar in a victory wreath with a purple ribbon. We tried various colour ribbons but purple worked out best - red made it look like a Christmas wreath! I have sent these logo’s to a garment manufacturer in the UK and should have prices back shortly for group jackets, sweat shirts and polo shirts. Roof antefix with leaping boar The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland. Page 2 Imperi Nuntius - Winter 2011 The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Truth Behind Christian Commemorations
This E-book is dedicated to the Real Jesus and his True teachings … in this E-book the truth behind few Christian commemorations based on Christian documents are being presented and then the Islamic view is stated …Seconds are coming and going … finally shall come the ever-anticipated moment when the concealed Truth shall be divulged and humankind will at last experience True Monotheism and True Justice… Truth Behind Christian Commemorations Mojganeh Saffarnia www.kindfather.com Table of contents Chapter 1 – Christmas Part 1: Truth behind Christmas Part 2: Merry Christmas … Part 3 : And she was taken to Karbala … Chapter 2 – Easter Part 1: Truth behind Easter Part 2: Ascension of Jesus (SBUH) Part 3: Ascension of Mohammad (SAWA) Part 4: Second Coming of Jesus (SBUH) Chapter 3 – Crucifixion Part 1: Zebh ‘Azim (Grand Slaughter) Chapter 4 – Valentine Part 1: Truth behind other so-called Christian occasions1 Part 2: Truth behind other so-called Christian occasions2 www.kindfather.com | Truth Behind Christian Commemorations 1 Chapter 5 – Lady of Fatima Part 1: Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 1 Part 2 Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 2 Part 3 Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 3 Part 4 Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 4 Part 5 Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 5 Part 6 Truth behind ‘Lady of Fatima’ 6 Chapter 6 – The Real Jesus Part 1: The real ‘Eesa -Jesus- (PBUH), or a figment of imagination called jesus?! Part 2: Glad Tidings regarding the AhlulBayt in the True Enjil of 'Eesa (True Gospel of Jesus) www.kindfather.com | Truth Behind Christian Commemorations 2 Chapter 1 – Christmas www.kindfather.com | Truth Behind Christian Commemorations 3 Part 1 Truth behind Christmas Does Christmas really celebrate the birthday of Prophet Jesus (PBUH)? Was He really born on December 25th? The plain truth is, Christmas- as it has been defined- is NOT Jesus' (PBUH) birthday at all! And this festival, important as it seems to so many, is of pagan-origin! Let us examine the Catholic Encyclopedia, published by that Church. -
Christmas, Easter, and Halloween
Christmas, Easter, and Halloween – Where Did They Come From? Vance Ferrell Harvestime Books HB–1332 Christmas, Easter, and Halloween Where Did They Come From? by Vance Ferrell Published by Harvestime Books Altamont, TN 37301 USA Printed in the United States of America Cover and Text Copyright © 2003 How thankful we can be for Jesus Christ, what He has done for us—and is doing right now. This book does not question the reality of our Lord and Saviour, the great work of redemption, or His soon coming in the clouds of heaven to redeem His people. We do not question the truth of Christ’s birth, but we would like to know where “Christmas” came from? And why is it celebrated on Decem- ber 25? Who is “Santa Claus” and how did he get into Christmas? We value the resurrection of Christ from the grave, but we would like to know the origin of “Easter,” and why it is celebrated with bunny rabbits and colored eggs. Then there is Halloween. Where did it come from? Why is it connected with witches, misshappen creatures, fires, and skeletons? Additional copies: For additional copies of this book at remarkably low prices in boxful quantities, write to Harvestime Books, Altamont, TN 37301. When you write, ask for a copy of our “Missionary Book Order Sheet”; this contains low-cost boxful prices of this book and others, such as Great Controversy, Ministry of Healing, Bible Readings, etc. 3 Contents Where Did Christmas Come From? 4 Historians Tell Us More about Christmas 17 Where Did Easter Come From? 44 Additional Historical Facts about Easter 51 Where Did Halloween Come From? 64 Additional Facts about Halloween 74 How to Come to Christ and Stay Close to Him 87 Entering a Deeper Walk with God 101 Source Index 124 4 Where Did Christmas Come From? Yes, where did Christmas come from? It did not begin at the birth of Christ; it began earlier! The De- cember 25 celebration had nothing to do with His birth. -
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee. -
Dizionario Delle Festività Dell'antica Roma
Roberto Franconi Dizionario delle festività dell’Antica Roma estoteparati.it Dizionario delle festività dell’Antica Roma i Roberto Franconi Dizionario delle festività dell’Antica Roma estoteparati.it INDICE A ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 AEDES IUVENTATIS IN CIRCO MAXIMO .................................................................................................................... 6 AEDES LARIUM IN VIA SACRA ................................................................................................................................. 6 AEDES MINERVAE IN AVENTINO .............................................................................................................................. 6 AEDES VORTUMNI IN AVENTINO .............................................................................................................................. 6 AEDICULA IUVENTATIS IN TEMPLO IOVIS OPTIMI MAXIMI ......................................................................................... 6 AESCULAPIUS ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 AGONALIA IANI ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 AGONALIA MARTIS ................................................................................................................................................