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An Exploratory Study of the Social Organization of Killing by Military Police Officers and Combat Soldiers, 1976-1987

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An Exploratory Study of the Social Organization of Killing by Military Police Officers and Combat Soldiers, 1976-1987 ‘I was there’ and ‘It happened to me’: An Exploratory Study of the Social Organization of Killing by Military Police Officers and Combat Soldiers, 1976-1987 by Katherine Baggaley A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts in The Faculty of Social Science and Humanities Criminology University of Ontario Institute of Technology March 2016 ©Katherine Baggaley, 2016 Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ iii Abstract............................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5 Background and Previous Research.................................................................................. 10 Killing in a Social Context............................................................................................ 10 Justified and non-justified killing.................................................................................. 11 Legal Perspective of Combat ........................................................................................ 14 Justification ................................................................................................................... 17 Culture........................................................................................................................... 19 Fight or Flight................................................................................................................ 22 Preparation and Training............................................................................................... 23 Accountability/Responsibility....................................................................................... 24 A Process-Based Socio-Psychological Model of Killing as an Exploratory Framework. 37 Data and Methods ............................................................................................................. 39 Research Question......................................................................................................... 39 Unitizing........................................................................................................................ 39 Sampling........................................................................................................................ 40 Coding Process.............................................................................................................. 42 Reducing the Data ......................................................................................................... 42 Results............................................................................................................................... 45 Preparation to Shoot: Pre-Killing Behaviour ................................................................ 45 Physical Preparations of Combat............................................................................... 45 Identifying the Enemy ............................................................................................... 49 Initiating Contact ....................................................................................................... 54 Under Fire.................................................................................................................. 59 Contact: During-Kill Behaviour.................................................................................... 61 Taking Aim................................................................................................................ 61 Securing a Kill........................................................................................................... 63 Counting and Reloading Ammunition....................................................................... 74 Slow Motion .............................................................................................................. 75 Visions of Death ........................................................................................................ 78 i AN ARCHIVAL EXLORATION OF KILLING Refrained from Killing .............................................................................................. 79 Post-Kill Behaviour....................................................................................................... 82 Damage Assessment of other and self-injuries.......................................................... 82 Body Count/Search.................................................................................................... 85 Discussion and Conclusion............................................................................................... 90 References......................................................................................................................... 99 Footnotes......................................................................................................................... 112 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 113 Primary Source............................................................................................................ 113 1976 ......................................................................................................................... 113 1977 ......................................................................................................................... 113 1979 ......................................................................................................................... 113 1980 ......................................................................................................................... 113 1981 ......................................................................................................................... 114 1982 ......................................................................................................................... 115 1983 ......................................................................................................................... 117 1984 ......................................................................................................................... 118 1987 ......................................................................................................................... 119 ii AN ARCHIVAL EXLORATION OF KILLING Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to a number of people who inspired, encouraged and supported me throughout the writing of this thesis. First, I would like to point out that I would not be in the position I am in if it were not for Dr. Shon, who had the patience to show me how to write, argue, and structure a paper during my Bachelor’s degree. Following my Bachelors, he encouraged me to pursue a Master’s degree, to which I did not believe I could achieve but figured it wouldn’t kill me to try applying myself. At that point, I learned that applying myself to anything and everything became worth it even if I did not think I would make it. Second, there are many people in my life who deserve a huge hug and thank you for the unwavering support they gave me! First, to my mother and grandparents who always helped me through the rough patches; second, to my argumentative friend Philip McCristall who would never back down from any discussion or argument made in the context of research, resulting in inspiring many ideas, approaches, and perspectives; third, to my best friend Nefellee Hannibal who was always there to listen to me vent at the late hours at Starbucks; and finally to Mr. Nathaniel Chalmers who stood by me regardless of how moody, emotional, or frustrating I probably was during my coursework and thesis writing. I am very grateful to all the people in my life who have helped me grow and accomplish this thesis. The experience at UOIT was nothing short of amazing and but one milestone in what I am hoping to be a long and fruitful future. iii Abstract Various theoretical frameworks have been applied in an attempt to understand the phenomenon of killing. However, while previous studies have examined killing as an outcome-oriented measure, few have explored killing as a socially organized process. Using letters written by soldiers, police officers, and security professionals found in the magazine Soldier of Fortune, this study examines the actual behaviours that occur during the killing process. The present study demonstrates how subjects psychologically adapt to killing through a cognitive mobilization process, experiencing a dissociative state that deactivates one’s emotional reaction. Applicability of findings to other homicides is discussed. Keywords: soldiers; combatants; pleasure; killing; shooting behaviour; dissociation 4 AN ARCHIVAL EXLORATION OF KILLING Introduction Homicide offenders are viewed as “evil monsters” (Haybron, 2002) while those who kill during the course of their state-mandated duties are viewed as being justified and/or “heroic” (Klinger, 2004; Bourke, 2000; Nadelson, 2005). It is also argued that the act of killing is executed in defense of what the killer believes is a universalisable ‘good’, a logical justification for one’s own actions (Katz, 1998; Haybron, 2002). A great amount of attention has been directed towards illegal
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