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Volume XV, Issue 3 June 2021 PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 ISSN 2334-3745 Volume XV, Issue 3 June 2021 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 The Long-Term Impacts of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway – Ten Years After Special Issue of Perspectives on Terrorism (June 2021) prepared by Guest Editors Tore Bjørgo and Anders Ravik Jupskås Table of Contents Words of Welcome from the Editors...............................................................................................................1 Articles Introduction by the Guest Editors of the Special Issue: The Long-Term Impacts of Attacks - The Case of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway................................2 by Tore Bjørgo and Anders Ravik Jupskås Breivik’s Long Shadow? The Impact of the July 22, 2011 Attacks on the Modus Operandi of Extreme-right Lone Actor Terrorists.....................................................................................................................................14 by Graham Macklin and Tore Bjørgo Monster or Hero? Far-right Responses to Anders Behring Breivik and the July 22, 2011 Terrorist Attacks...........................................................................................................................................................37 by Lars Erik Berntzen and Jacob Aasland Ravndal The Terrorist Attack on Utøya Island: Long-Term Impact on Survivors’ Health and Implications for Policy..............................................................................................................................................................60 by Kristin A. Glad, Synne Stensland, Grete Dyb Norwegian Memorial Work after July 22, 2011............................................................................................75 by Jone Salomonsen Drawing the Boundaries of Legitimate Debate: Right-Wing Extremism in Norwegian News Media in the Decade After the July 22, 2011 Attacks..........................................................................................................96 by Anna Grøndahl Larsen Consensus or Conflict? A Survey Analysis of how Norwegians Interpret the July 22, 2011 Attacks a Decade Later................................................................................................................................................109 by Anders Ravik Jupskås and Øyvind Solheim Research Notes The Term ‘Lone Wolf’ and its Alternatives: Patterns in Public and Academic Use from 2000 to 2020....132 by Lars Erik Berntzen and Tore Bjørgo ISSN 2334-3745 I June 2021 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 Terrorism Studies: A Glimpse at the Current State of Research (2020/21)...............................................142 by Alex P. Schmid, James J.F. Forest, and Timothy Lowe Resources Counterterrorism Bookshelf: 21 Books on Terrorism & Counter- Terrorism-Related Subjects..............153 by Joshua Sinai Ronald Crelinsten. Terrorism, Democracy, and Human Rights. A Communication Model (Abingdon: Routledge, 2021).........................................................................................................................................163 Reviewed by Alex P. Schmid Bibliography: Economic Causes of Terrorism............................................................................................164 by Judith Tinnes Recent Web-Based Resources on Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism........................................................207 by Berto Jongman Announcements Conference Calendar...................................................................................................................................245 by Olivia Kearney Free Online Publication: Handbook of Terrorism Prevention and Preparedness.......................................250 by Alex P. Schmid About Perspectives on Terrorism.................................................................................................................251 ISSN 2334-3745 II June 2021 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 Words of Welcome from the Editors Dear Reader, We are pleased to announce the release of Volume XV, Issue 3 (June 2021) of Perspectives on Terrorism (ISSN 2334-3745). Our independent online journal is an Open Access publication of the Terrorism Research Initia- tive (TRI), Vienna, and the Institute of Security and Global Affairs (ISGA) of Leiden University’s Campus in The Hague. All past and recent issues are freely available online at URL: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ perspectives-on-terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism (PoT) is indexed by JSTOR, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar where it ranks No. 3 of journals in the field of Terrorism Studies. Now in its 15th year, it has over 9,400 registered subscribers and many more occasional readers and website visitors in academia, government and civil society. The Articles of its six annual issues are fully peer-reviewed by external referees while its Research Notes and other content are subject to internal editorial quality control. The current issue is aSpecial Issue, published on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the July 22, 2011 ter- rorist attacks in Oslo and Utøya. It is guest-edited by Tore Bjørgo and Anders Ravik Jupskås from the Center for Research on Extremism (C-REX), University of Oslo. In their Introduction, they explain the rationale behind this Special Issue – why it is relevant to explore the long-term impacts of major terrorist attacks – and introduce both topics and authors. In addition to the seven Articles and one Research Note that form this Special Issue, the reader will find anoth- er Research Note – not directly related to the July 22, 2011 attacks in Norway - by the editors of this journal and TRI Associate Tim Lowe, focusing on the current state of research in the field of Terrorism Studies. Our Resources section contains book reviews by Joshua Sinai und Alex Schmid, followed by a bibliography by Judith Tinnes and an overview of new web-based resources on terrorism by Berto Jongman. The Announcements section features, next to the regular Conference Calendar by Olivia Kearney, the publi- cation of a Handbook of Terrorism Prevention and Preparedness, edited by Alex P. Schmid which can be down- loaded for free. All the texts of the current issue of Perspectives on Terrorism have been co-edited by James Forest and Alex Schmid, the journal’s principal editors, in collaboration with guest editors Tore Bjørgo and Anders Ravik Ju- pskås, while the technical online launch of the June 2021 issue of our journal has been in the hands of Associate Editor for IT, Christine Boelema Robertus. ISSN 2334-3745 1 June 2021 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 15, Issue 3 Introduction by the Guest Editors of the Special Issue The Long-Term Impacts of Attacks: The Case of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway by Tore Bjørgo and Andres Ravik Jupskås Abstract This special issue explores the long-term impacts of the July 22 attacks in Norway in 2011, carried out by an extreme right terrorist lone actor. The Introduction article will first describe the car bomb attack on the Government District in Oslo and the subsequent mass shooting of young participants at the Labour Party’ youth organisation at the Utøya Island. Next, it will discuss dimensions of impact at three levels: the individual, the national/societal, and the global levels. Finally, the article asks why some terrorist attacks have stronger and more lasting impacts than others, comparing the July 22 attacks with some other large-scale terrorist atrocities (like the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks in the US and UK) but also some small-scale but nevertheless significant attacks. Three factors stand out: Severity (in terms of casualties and other harm), innovation (the terrorists did something different that became extra shocking and newsworthy), and responses (from governments, the public or potential supporters). Keywords: Breivik, lone actor, right-wing extremism, Norway, Oslo, Utøya Introduction One of the defining criteria of terrorism is that the violence is intended by the perpetrators to have effects beyond the immediate targets of physical violence. The Global Terrorism Database (University of Maryland) has recorded more than 190,000 terrorist attacks worldwide since 1970, killing more than 140,000 people. Beyond the pain, grief and tragedy suffered by those directly affected, most of these attacks had limited or no lasting consequences at a higher societal or global level. However, some of these terrorist attacks did have long- lasting impacts, nationally and even globally, although many of the lasting consequences were not quite what the perpetrators had intended.[1] In this Special Issue we focus on the long-term impacts of the July 22, 2011 attacks in Norway. First, we provide a chronological summary of the attacks, as well as the subsequent trial of the perpetrator. Second, we assess the long-term impacts of the attacks, distinguishing between individual, national and global dimensions. In this part, we mainly draw upon the contributions to this Special Issue, but we also refer to other publications on the July 22 attacks, and compare the attacks to other large-scale terrorist attacks, most notably 9/11. Third, and finally, we briefly discuss why some terrorist attacks are more likely to have a long-term impact. Background: The July 22 Attacks in Oslo and Utøya Shortly after 3 p.m. (CET) on July 22, 2011, a Friday afternoon, a white van was driven up in front of the main government building in Oslo, housing the Prime Minister’s office and the Ministry of Justice.[2] A man, dressed as a police officer, left the van and walked away. A
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