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GEOLOGY of the KENT WINDOW AREA WYTHE COUNTY. VIRGINIA by Frederick Charles Marshall

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GEOLOGY of the KENT WINDOW AREA WYTHE COUNTY. VIRGINIA by Frederick Charles Marshall GEOLOGY OF THE KENT WINDOW AREA WYTHE COUNTY. VIRGINIA by Frederick Charles Marshall Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in candidacy for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GEOLOGY May 18. 1959 Blacksburg. Virginia 2 Table ot Content• Page ·Intro4uet1on an4 Aeknowl.edgementa...................... 4 Summary ot the Stratigraphio Unite Elcpoa•d 1n the Kent Wind.ow Area•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• S General •tatem.ent................................. S ROI:le totmation.................................... 6 Elbrook formation •• ~··•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Conoeo•~ .formation........................... 7 DolomitM and JJ.mutonu ot .S.ekma.ntCJWD. a.&•••••••• 9 Moaheim limestone................................. 10 IAtnoir and Fet•er limeaton•••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 IJ."rty Hall Umeaton••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ll Stru.etural 0.01•17••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 General wtat*2'>.ent................................. 12 The Pulaald. ta\llt •one•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Stn&eture ot roeka within the Kent Window......... 13 Ewl•tion ol th• geolo&te •trueture• in the Kent Wtn.Warea................................... 16 Reteren••• Cit-94....................................... 19 Vita••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 3 Illustrot1ons Following Page Fig. l. Xndex maps of Virg:lnia. and liYthe county showing the location of \~the county and the Kent Windo·w a.rev.• ................... •• •• • •• ••. l+ Fig,. 2. Colmr:nar sc~ctic-,n showing rocks exposed in the Kent Window area•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Fig. 3. Diagrar,s showing stages in the· evolution o! the geologic stn.::ctur€s in the 1:ent Window ar•a•••••••••••••••••••••••··············•••••16 Geologic map and structure sections of the Kent Window area, wYthe county, Virginia •••••• envelope 4 Geology of the Kent Window Area Wythe County, Virginia Introduction and Acknowledgements The purpose of this report is to s1unmarise and interpret . the evidence pertaining to the structural geology of the Kent Window area, whio4 ia located along u. s. Highway ll, between Max Meadows and. Fort Chiswell on the east, and Wytheville on the west (Fig. 1). The window ia situated in the Appalachian Valley w.t.thin the broad strike belt 0£ Cambro-Ordovician shales, dolomites, and limeetones, between Lick Mountain on the south and'Cove and Brushy mountains on the north. The area is drained by Reed Creek, which enters from the west and leaves at the ea.st just south of Max Meadows, and Cove Creek, which enters from the north and empties into, Reed Creek in the middle of the area. Except for the Pendleton Construction Company's cruahed &tone quarry in the southeastern corner ot the window just •outh of Highway ll, which quarries the Conoeocheague formation £or use as road. metal, the economic activities of the area are cont'ined to cattle-grazing, dairying, and chicken ·raising. The window was discovered by Butts (Butts, 1932; 1933, 1940). He (Butta, 1940) described it as follows: WYTHE COUNTY a1° KENT WINDOW AREA ' ' \. I I " W Y T H E Meo~s / Chiswe)i Wyfhevill~ \ ' \ ' ' \ \ \ / \ G 0 U N T Y ' \ \ , ... \.. ... ____ ___/ FIGURE I. Index maps of Virofnia and Wythe County showin~ the bcotlon of Wythe County and the Kent Window areo. "Another example is the f'enater between Wytheville and Max. Meadows, Wythe County, were the younger rocks are com- pletely surrounded by the much older Rome .formation which was .thrust over than along the Pulaaki f'ault and subaequen'tly eroded t"rom the small area of the t"enster." The structural relations among the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician rocks exposed within the window are somewhat canplex and a detailed outcrop investigation was carried out by the writer ciuring the summer of' 1958 and the f'irst weeks of' the spring of 1959. The writer wishes to acknowledge the much. appreciated encouragement, advice, and assistance in the .field rendered by Dr. Byron N. Cooper, who suggested the thesis ·~opic. Field assistance rendered by Pro.teaaor c. G. Tillman and ad.vice and helpful comments on the thesis by Pro.tessora w. D. Lowry, R. v. Dietrich, J. A. Redden, and c. E. Sears, Jr. are also greatly appreciated. Summary of' the Stratigraphic Units Exposed in the Kent Wind.ow Area Gtmert,l •if.t'remgp.1(.-The f'ormationa mapped in the Kent ·window area range in age .from Lower Gam.brian to Middle Ordo- vician and attain an aggregate thickneaa of nearly .5,.500 feet. The Lower cambrian and part ot the Middle Cambrian rocks are marine aha.lea and impure 111.rtestones and dolomites. Above ..- a: z .,cu <( 0 - ~ .... z ....- Cl) 2 -(/) (.) ...."' :::> T en FORMATION ..J (/) ~ CHARACTER OF THE ROCKS 0 "' ~ (.) ~ t ::r:: .... .. -. --- i -;?· ·Z 1 i.!."rtv Hall . Black, shaly limestone <( Fetzer 5 ltlin, irregular beds of coorse-groir:i ed colcorenite u ......-- Lenoir I 25 Medium bedded calcorenite '\ .-...... \ g - Mosheim / --- '\ '\ ~ 50 Dove-gray calcilutite with calcite "eyes" 0 1~1 I a: Rocks of Beek- I I 500 Light-gray dolomite and gray calcilutite. Mass- 0 mantown age \ c::::=:r '\ ive chert. \ \ I-<. I .; ·. \~,.-.\ .: ·V-. 01 .. ;j. I . \.;. \ \ I I·:·:, 1 \ .\ :··.--\ Laminated and straticulate limestones and dol- C onococheague .-..dot I 1200 o'mites. Local lenticular sandstones. Oolitic '\ \. \. '\ le>I .. ,.J.- limestone and chert. Calcllutites. \ \ \ c::>' .1 ....... ,J.. I \ \ \ \ '::·1 ... 1-,:,, ~ I\ \ \ I I I \ \ - 1 I I ~ \ \. L...-i. l I \ --- Laminated and straticulate limestones and dot- Elbrook- I 1800 _L: omites. \. \ I I ·- z \ \ . <( I I I a:- \ \ \ m I I ::E 41' <( u l l I I \. \ \. Red, green, yelk>w shales and silt stones. Inter- Rome 2000 caloted impure limestones and dolomites. \ \ \ .. \ \ I FIGURE 2. Columnar section showing rocks, e~osed In the Kent Window area. 6 these shales the rest ot the section is composed entirely of marine limestones and dolomites. Rome formation.·-The Rome formation, named .from Rome • . Floyd County, Georgia (Hayes. 1891), occupies most of the mapped area southeast of the window. It is exposed in a bluff' along the ?forfolk and Western railroad tracks three miles east of Wytheville. This exposure is pictured by Butts ( 1940, page 48, Plate 15-A). The Rome typically contains a number of different lithologies: (l} red ,finely laminated sericitic and chlorltie sandy shales; (2) green sericitic muscovite-bearing shales; (.3) ocherous yellow muscovite- and quartz-bearing shale; (4) buf'f siltstones; and (5) silty ferruginous thin-bedded limestones and dolomites. The shales are the predominant lithologic constituent. These shales yield almost no soil, and the surface under- lain by them is characteristically littered by red and green chips of weathered, leached shale. They are intricat•ly .f>lded and measurements ot" thickness are not poasibJ.e. B. N. Cooper (1939) estimates the thickness of the Rome in the Draper Mountain area to be about 2,000 feet. The Rome £orm- ation supports low strike ridges north or u. s. Highway 11 west o:f Fort Chiswell which can be readily recognized on air photograptis. El.wook tormation.--The Elbrook formation, named from Elbrook. Franklin County, Pennsylvania., (Stose, 1906), is pre- sent in the area northwest o:r the window and is the)Oungest rock mapped outside of the window. It consists of a variety 7 of' limestones and dolomites, including thin-bedded, straticulate and laminated impure dolomites and limeatonea, minor intercalations of' thick-bedded ealcilutite beds about ·five feet thick. and a few crumpled clay-shale partings. Tlle moR charaeteriat1c typea of rock in thia formation are the stratieulate dolomites and limeetones in which alter- nating strata from one to three inchea thick consist of medium-grained limestone and calcareows dolomite. Upon weathering. these strata show up prominently as alternating stripes of blue-gray limestone and but.t dolomite. Laminated, silty. light-gray dolomite. which appears medium-bedded on fresh outcrop, also constitutes a prominent part of the formation. It weathers to platy and shaly chips which ocoaaionally can be tound littering the aurtace. and rarely crops out. Laminated limestone, composed of' alter- nating laminae. one-eighth of' an inch thick. of' dark gray limestone and lighter-gray dolomitic limestone, constitute a minor part of the formation. One of the beat sections of the Elbrook is expoeed along U. s. Highway 21 in the south environs of Wytheville, where the thickness approxl:matea 1800 f'eet. CMocochef!&ue fomtYon•-Th• Conococheague formation. named from Conoeocheague Creek. Scotland,. Franklin County, Pennsylvania (Stoae. 1906),. is the oldest stratigraphic unit mapped within the window. It is upoaed along Reed Creek on tie northwest border of' the window,. along U. s. Higbwa:y 11 in the core o.f' the small anticline in the eouthwat corner of the winciow,. and u a .fault eliver overlying the Liberty Hall along the eoutheaat margin of the window. The tormation ia composed of laminated and atraticul.ate · 11.mtetonee and ailt:y dolomit• resembling tho•• of the Elbrook formation. Edgewiae eonglomerate i• preaent in aome of the limutonea and ia apparent only on weathered 1urtacea. The limeatone fragment• in the conglomerate range in size from one-eighth of an inch to tbne inohea in the gn&teat dimeneion and. are elongate and tabular in shape. One major lithologic eha.r&cteriatic which diatinguiahe.a the Conocooheagu.e i• tha pre•ence of lenticular eoneentrat1ona ot roundtd. froat.S aand grains which occur in varioWll parta ot the formation. Then graina may be ao abundant in aome beds aa to conatitute a carb.c:mate-cem.ented aandatone lenae, which upon weathering crops out a.a a low ridge. These sandy becla are light-gray on t~ah eurfaeee and weather either to a •lightly darker-gray or to a reddiah-brown. depending on th• amount of ailt present in the matri.)t. Another oharaeteriatte lithology whioh diatinguiahea the Conooooheaau• is the presence of oolitic lim.e•tone and blaok and white oolitic chert. The ool1tea are abou-t one-sixteenth ot an inch in diameter and are enclosed in a matrix of dolomitic limeatone.
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