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Chapter Preview LANDSLIDE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT IN HIMALAYA Dr. Ravinder Singh ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED (i) © Author No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First Edition : 2018 (a) The publication was financially supported by the ICSSR; (b) The responsibility for the facts stated, opinions expressed, or conclusions reached, is entirely that of the author and that the ICSSR accepts no responsibility for them; and (c) The work was evaluated by Prof. H. S. Sharma (Retd.), Jaipur on behalf of the ICSSR. Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., “Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004. Phone: 022-23860170, 23863863; Fax: 022-23877178 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.himpub.com Branch Offices : New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002. Phone: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286 Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018. Phone: 0712-2738731, 3296733; Telefax: 0712-2721216 Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre, Bengaluru - 560 020. Phone: 080-41138821; Mobile: 09379847017, 09379847005 Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027. Phone: 040-27560041, 27550139 Chennai : New No. 48/2, Old No. 28/2, Ground Floor, Sarangapani Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 012. Mobile: 09380460419 Pune : First Floor, “Laksha” Apartment, No. 527, Mehunpura, Shaniwar Peth (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030. Phone: 020-24496323, 24496333; Mobile: 09370579333 Lucknow : House No. 731, Shekhupura Colony, Near B.D. Convent School, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 022. Phone: 0522-4012353; Mobile: 09307501549 Ahmedabad : 114, “SHAIL”, 1st Floor, Opp. Madhu Sudan House, C.G. Road, Navrang Pura, Ahmedabad - 380 009. Phone: 079-26560126; Mobile: 09377088847 Ernakulam : 39/176 (New No. 60/251), 1st Floor, Karikkamuri Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682011. Phone: 0484-2378012, 2378016; Mobile: 09387122121 Bhubaneswar : Plot No. 214/1342, Budheswari Colony, Behind Durga Mandap, Bhubaneswar - 751 006. Phone: 0674-2575129; Mobile: 09338746007 Kolkata : 108/4, Beliaghata Main Road, Near ID Hospital, Opp. SBI Bank, Kolkata - 700 010. Phone: 033-32449649; Mobile:07439040301 DTP by : Nilima and Sunanda Printed at : Infinity Imaging System, New Delhi. On behalf of HPH. (ii) DEDICATED TO My Immortal Father & in the Memory of those People Who Lost their Lives in Landslides (iii) (iv) PREFACE It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, It was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, It was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. Excerpt from “A Tale of Two Cities” (Charles Dickens) In 1859, Charles Dickens wrote this phrase in his famous novel “A Tale of Two Cities” which also truly describe disaster scenario of today’s world. Every year, landslides are the common story in the Himalaya. During the monsoon season, the life of a common man is threatened and affected by it. The socio-economic losses are very high due to the frequent occurrences of landslides. Studies have shown that on an average, one landslide occurs at almost every 2 km along the highways in Himalayan terrain. Although individual landslides in these areas do not result in mass casualty and damages yet the cumulative losses over a particular period of time are comparable to other disasters like earthquakes, floods, etc. Average annual losses are estimated to approximately 3-4 billion rupees (INR) besides loss of hundreds of lives and other intangible damages. Landslide is the disaster that knows no geographical boundaries and affects irrespective of race, religion, caste, creed or color all over the world. However, it is not the landslide which kills people but the unplanned development and ill-conceived strategies are responsible for the damages. This book is an attempt to develop landslide zonation with the application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) and suggest the proper management techniques for the affected areas. This volume will be indispensable to scholars and researchers of landslide disaster management, environment and development studies as well as policymakers and those in administrative, governmental and development sectors. This book is divided into the six chapters and their subdivisions. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the research problem, understanding of problem with the help of slope instability mechanisms, review of (v) previous work done, formulation of hypothesis and objectives, source of data and methodology for solving these problems. Chapter 2 emphasizes upon the vital role played by the geological and structural setting in triggering the mass movement. Most of the landslides are found in the vicinity of the weak shear zone, faults, lineaments and fractured lithology in the study area. Chapter 3 deals with the importance of the drainage control over the area and landforms formed by different geomorphologic processes with their distribution. It also provides extensive coverage to mass wasting and weathering, and describes the elements of slope (slope aspect and slope morphology) in the study region. Analysis of soil depth, soil texture and in situ examination of soil samples with the help of laboratory testing is the subject matter of Chapter 4. The distribution of soil is uneven; therefore the contribution of soil in the occurrence of landslide is very important. Chapter 5 gives detail description of land use types and their distribution in the investigation area. Land use is also affected by the anthropogenic activities which plays a significant role in the occurrence of mass movements in this region. Chapter 6, the last chapter, highlights the factors responsible for the triggering of landslides, importance of the parameters (geology, drainage, weathering, slope, soil, land use, etc.) in the Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) and Management (LHM). It also focuses on the level of awareness amongst the local community and the miserable situation faced by them due to landslides. The socio-economic impact assessment and assessing the awareness level towards landslides in investigation area is done with the help of questionnaire. The study will be summarized in conclusion and suggestions, in which the future strategy for making the region safe will attempted to be chalked out. Author (vi) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my privilege to acknowledge all those persons who helped me enormously in completing this work successfully. During the past years, I have been helped by many people and this manuscript is the result of their help. I would like to express my gratitude towards them. I am extremely grateful to my mentor and Ph.D. supervisor Prof. R.K. Pande, (Head, Geography Department, Kumaun University) for his precious and remarkable supervision during research work. My interest in Disaster Management was kindled at the postgraduate level by his interesting lectures and it ultimately made me pursue a doctoral thesis in the subject to delve deeper into the enigmatic world of disaster management. His constructive criticism and critical reviewing have greatly helped me to complete this book. I want to sincerely appreciate the guidance and motivation provided by Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Shri N.C. Marwah, Member, NDMA in official work and to transform my research work into book. During the course of my doctoral thesis, I have been to Department of Chemistry, Pant Nagar University. I am profoundly grateful to Prof. A.K. Pant (Chemistry Department, Pant Nagar University) for providing me the laboratory facilities for the analysis of soil samples. I am especially thankful to my friends and colleagues during research and official work who offered me valuable advice and suggestions. I am heartily thankful to my parents and wife for being supportive to accomplish this task and for being a pillar of strength in moments of despair, and all my family members for encouraging me that made all the difference. Their optimism and enthusiasm have always helped me to think positively. Last but not the least, I record my sincere thanks to Shri Ajay K. Gupta and Dr. G.S. Saun, ICSSR because this book is a result of the financial support provided by ICSSR, New Delhi. Author (vii) (viii) CONTENTS Preface (v) – (vi) Acknowledgement (vii) List of Tables (xii) List of Table in Conclusion and Recommendation (xii) List of Figures (xiii) – (xiv) List of Figures in Conclusion and Recommendation (xiv) List of Plates (xv) – (xvi) List of Plates in Conclusion and Recommendation (xvi) Acronyms and Abbreviations (xvii) – (xviii) Landslide Glossary (xix) – (xx) 1. INTRODUCTION 1 – 44 1.1 Objectives 1.2 The Study Area 1.3 Data Used 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 Procurement of Satellite Data 1.4.2 Visual Interpretation of Satellite Data 1.4.3 Ground Truth Data Collection 1.4.4 Cartographic Work 1.4.5 GIS Analysis 1.4.5.1 Base Map 1.4.5.2 Lithological Map 1.4.5.3 Rock Weathering 1.4.5.4 Soil Map 1.4.5.5 Geomorphological Map 1.4.5.6 Slope Map 1.4.5.7 Slope Aspect Map 1.4.5.8 Slope Morphology Map 1.4.5.9 Lineament Maps 1.4.5.10 Fault Map 1.4.5.11 Land Use Map (ix) 1.4.5.12 Anthropogenic Factor Map 1.4.5.13 Landslide (Active and Old Landslide) Map 1.4.6 Questionnaire Survey Data Analysis 1.4.7 Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Modeller 1.4.7.1 Developing the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) Hierarchy 1.4.7.2 Comparing the Decision Elements on a Pair Wise Base 1.4.7.3 Constructing an Overall Priority Rating 1.4.8 Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) and Landslide Hazard Management (LHM) Modelling Procedure 2.
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