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Kamal's Translation of the Selected Poems of Faiz: Application of Baker's KAMAL’S TRANSLATION OF THE SELECTED POEMS OF FAIZ: APPLICATION OF BAKER’S THEORY OF EQUIVALENCE By IBAD ULLAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD February, 2019 Kamal’s Translation of The Selected Poems of Faiz: Application of Baker’s Theory of Equivalence By IBAD ULLAH BS English, Islamia College Peshawar, 2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY In English To FACULTY OF ENGLISH STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES, ISLAMABAD © Ibad Ullah, 2019 ii NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF ENGLISH STUDIES THESIS AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defense, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of English Studies for acceptance: Thesis Title: Kamal’s Translation of the Selected Poems of Faiz: Application of Baker’s Theory of Equivalence Submitted By: Ibad Ullah Registration #: 1158 MPhil/Eng/S16 Master of Philosophy Degree name in full English Linguistics Name of Discipline Dr. Jamil Asghar Jami_______ Name of Research Supervisor Signature of Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan _______________________ Name of Dean (FES) Signature of Dean(FES) Brig. Muhammad Ibrahim __________________ Name of DG Signature of DG Date iii CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I Ibad Ullah Son of Nasrullah Khan Registration # 1158 MPhil/Eng/S16 Discipline English Linguistics Candidate of Master of Philosophy at the National University of Modern Languages do hereby declare that the thesis Kamal’s Translation of the Selected Poems of Faiz: Application of Baker’s Theory of Equivalence submitted by me in partial fulfillment of MPhil degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. ___________________________ Signature of Candidate ___________________________ Name of Candidate Date iv ABSTRACT Title: Kamal’s Translation of the Selected Poems of Faiz: Application of Baker’s Theory of Equivalence This qualitative study aims to find out various types of non-equivalence across the selected poems in Urdu by Faiz and their translation in English by Kamal. It identifies non- equivalence at word level, above word, grammatical, textual and pragmatic level across the selected source text in Urdu and its target text in English. Furthermore, it also analyzes the types of strategies used by the translator while rendering the selected poems from one language to another language. Keeping in view the objectives of this research study, the selected poems and their translations were analyzed qualitatively by applying Baker’s theory of equivalence as a theoretical framework. The results of the study revealed that the non-equivalence in translation in relation to its source text at various levels has been recurrently given priority over the exact translation to preserve the meaning of the source text as much as possible. The researcher concludes that to carry across the meaning of source text in the translation, Kamal, at several occasion, has used non-equivalence at various levels to preserve and communicate the vastness of the source text. To do so he has used various strategies in his translation as proposed by Baker in her theory of equivalence. So, as a professional translator, Kamal takes great care to recreate the poems in English translation. This care, at several places, led to the selection of non-equivalence at the various levels to maintain as much as possible the equivalence in the English translation of the selected Urdu-poems of Faiz. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page THESIS AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM ............................................................ ii CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION ................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v DEDICATION .........................................................................................................xii 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Delimitation of the Study .......................................................................................... 4 1.6 Chapter Breakdown................................................................................................... 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 6 2.1 Translation with Some Definitional Considerations.................................................. 6 2.2 Translation Studies .................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Theories of Translation ........................................................................................... 10 2.4 Literary translation .................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Translatability of Poetry .......................................................................................... 13 2.6 The Skopos of Poetic Translation ............................................................................ 14 2.7 About Faiz Ahmed Faiz(1911-1984) ........................................................................ 14 2.8 Daud Kamal (1935-1987) ......................................................................................... 15 2.9 Contemporary Works in Field of Translation in Pakistan ....................................... 16 2.10 Translation and the Nature of Poetry ................................................................... 17 2.11 How to Translate Poetry: Theory and Process ...................................................... 18 2.12 Translation as text ................................................................................................. 19 vi 2.13 Theoretical Models................................................................................................ 21 2.14 Translation of Poetry: Pros and Cons .................................................................... 22 2.15 The Four Important Aspects of Verse by Holmes ................................................. 23 2.16 The complexity of Translating Urdu Poetry .......................................................... 24 2.17 Function of Native Language - Native Translator vs Non-Native Translator ........ 25 2.18 Poet-Translator and Translator-Poet .................................................................... 26 2.19 Role of Pragmatics in Translation .......................................................................... 28 2.20 The Notion of Equivalence .................................................................................... 29 2.21 Textual and Communicative Equivalence ............................................................. 29 2.22 Nida: Formal and Dynamic Equivalence ................................................................ 31 2.23 Catford’s Equivalence and Shifts ........................................................................... 32 2.24 Koller: Pragmatic Explanation of Equivalence....................................................... 33 2.25 Halliday’s Functional Grammar and Discourse Model .......................................... 33 2.26 M.A.K. Halliday and Translation ............................................................................ 34 2.27 Text Linguistics Approach in Translation ............................................................... 36 2.27.1 Cohesion ......................................................................................................... 37 2.27.2 Coherence ....................................................................................................... 37 2.27.3 Intentionality .................................................................................................. 38 2.27.4 Acceptability ................................................................................................... 38 2.27.5 Informativity ................................................................................................... 39 2.27.6 Situationality ................................................................................................... 39 2.27.7 Intertextuality ................................................................................................. 40 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 42 3.1 Research Design
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