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KGAA 147 Pp 001-465.Book Myten om Ragnarök berättades bland vikingatidens skandinaver och kom att 146 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CXLVI bevaras i skrivna texter på Island och i Norge under tidig medeltid. Myten ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CXXXVIII handlar om världens och gudarnas undergång men också om den nya värld HULTGÅRD ANDERS som kommer att återuppstå efter den väldiga brand som ödelägger jorden. Frågan om ragnaröksmytens ursprung har varit mycket omdiskuterad och åtskilliga teorier har lagts fram. I denna bok söker sig religionshistorikern Anders Hultgård nya vägar att förstå myten och att förklara dess bakgrund. Perspektivet vidgar sig mot andra religioners föreställningar om världens slut och här spelar jämförelsen med det forna Irans traditioner en nyckelroll. Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur är en riksakademi med säte i Uppsala. Sin uppgift att främja forskning rörande svensk folklig kultur, begreppet taget i vid mening, skall Akademien enligt sina stadgar bland annat fullgöra genom att i sina skriftserier offentliggöra forskningsrön inom ämnes-områden som den har till uppgift att vårda sig om. Huvudserien är Acta • Midgård Aca-demiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi, vars första nummer utkom 1933. Bland övriga serier kan nämnas Folklivsskildringar och bygdestudier, Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademiens småskrifter och Svenska sagor och sägner. Redaktör för skriftserierna är docent Maj Reinhammar, brinner [email protected]. ANDERS HULTGÅRD ANDERSMidgå HULTGÅRDrd brinner Ragnarök i religionshistorisk belysning Midgård brinner Ragnarök i religionshistorisk belysning Distribution: eddy.se ab e-post: [email protected] Box 1310, SE-621 24 Visby. Tfn 0498-253900 ISSN 0065-0897 http://kgaa.bokorder.se ISBN 978-91-87403-23-1 UPPSALA 2017 1 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI 146 2 sid2 3 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CXLVI ANDERS HULTGÅRD Midgård brinner Ragnarök i religionshistorisk belysning UPPSALA 2017 Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur 4 Abstract Anders Hultgård, Midgård brinner. Ragnarök i religionshistorisk belysning. (Midgard burns: Ragnarök in the light of the history of religions.) Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 146. Uppsala, 2017. 465 pp. ISSN 0065-0897, ISBN 978-91-87403-23-1. Ragnarök, the fate or twilight of the gods, is a concept most people are familiar with . It derives from a myth, told among the Scandinavians of the Viking Age, concerning the end of the world, but also its renewal. The origins of the Ragnarök myth have been much discussed, and many the- ories put forward. In this book, the author seeks new ways of understanding the myth and ex- plaining its background. The Old Norse texts that have preserved the myth are presented in the author’s translation and commented on in detail. Particular attention is paid to the Eddic poem Vǫluspá, which is the most important source. Motifs from the Ragnarök myth presumably found visual expression on rune stones and other objects, but interpreting the iconographic material from the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages poses many problems. The author considers the various visual representations that are assumed to be of Ragnarök motifs and critically examines the interpretations given to them. A good deal of space is devoted to a comparison with other religions’ conceptions of the end of the world, and the religious-historical contexts most relevant to interpreting the Ragnarök myth are identified. These include medieval Scandinavian Christianity, within the framework of which the myth would be transmitted for almost two hundred years. The author draws attention to an often-overlooked source on the Christianity of this region and period, namely religious texts in the vernacular from 12th-century Norway and Iceland. In content, these texts reflect the preaching of the missionaries. The ideas of Iranian religion about the mythical history of the world provide another important body of material for comparison. In general, the Iranian texts in question are not readily accessible to non-specialists. The author therefore offers his own interpretations of a broad selection of such writings that tell of the end of the world. A comparison between the Ragnarök myth and Iranian mythology reveals several striking points of agreement, such as the notion of a world tree and its symbolism. The work concludes with a discussion of the specific character of the Ragnarök myth, the degree of Christian influence, and the Indo-European heri- tage. Keywords: Apocalypse, cosmic eschatology, end of the world, homily books, Iranian mythology, medieval apocalypses, messianic beliefs, Pahlavi texts, Scandinavian mythology, Vǫluspá, world ages, Yggdrasill. Omslagsbild: Fideli Sundqvist. © Författaren och Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur 2017 ISSN 0065-0897 ISBN 978-91-87403-23-1 Printed in Sweden 2017 Textgruppen i Uppsala AB 5 Till Ulla-Maj 6 7 Innehåll Förord . 13 I. Inledning . 15 Traditionen om Ragnarök . 15 Ragnaröksmyten i senare historia . 16 Ragnarök och andra beteckningar för världens slut . 18 Vad betyder Ragnarök? . 18 Ordet røk i de äldsta handskrifterna . 19 Begreppet røk i den poetiska traditionen . 21 Tidens slut . 22 Forskningshistorisk skiss . 22 Ragnarökstraditionen ‒ en sammansmältning av skilda mytmotiv . 23 Axel Olriks arbete om Ragnarök . 23 Nathan Söderblom och ragnaröksmyten . 24 I Olriks efterföljd . 25 Manikeiska och fornkristna myter på vandring . 26 Ragnarök och årstidsriter . 28 Ragnarök och indoeuropeisk mytologi . 29 Viktor Rydberg . 29 Stig Wikander och Georges Dumézil . 29 I spåren av Dumézil . 32 Ragnarök ‒ en myt under kristet inflytande . 34 Ragnarök och den gamla religionens undergång . 34 Vǫluspá och ragnaröksmyten . 35 Vǫluspá och de Sibyllinska Oraklen . 37 Vǫluspá ‒ gammal tradition i en ny tid . 38 Ragnarök i en större mytisk kontext . 39 Andra tolkningslinjer . 40 Kommer Ragnarök att upprepa sig? . 40 Ragnarök ‒ en reflex av naturkatastrofer? . 40 Problemställningar och syfte . 41 II. Ragnaröksmytens historiska och sociala sammanhang . 43 Natur, levnadssätt och samhälle . 43 Centrala platser och deras betydelse . 44 Skandinaviska härskarsäten och kultplatser . 46 Tendenser till urbanisering . 47 Samhällsgrupper . 47 Den historiska bakgrunden . 48 Kristendomens genombrott ‒ följder och orsaker . 49 Ragnaröksmytens sociala sammanhang . 50 Elitära miljöer och Valhallstron . 50 Hövdingen, hirden och hallen . 51 Garnisonen i Birka . 52 Knut den stores elitkrigare . 52 Krigarföljen i österled och väringagardet i Konstantinopel . 53 8 Skalderna och deras hyllningsdikter . 55 Sierskor och deras förutsägelser . 58 Beteckningar för sierskor . 59 Sierskor i myten . 60 Sierskan i Vǫluspá . 60 Sierskan i Baldrs draumar . 61 Omtalanden av sierskor i andra sammanhang . 62 De isländska sagorna . 62 Kungasagor och fornaldarsagor . 63 Sierskor i det arkeologiska materialet . 64 Sierskornas roll och anseende . 65 Germanska sierskor i antika och medeltida källor . 66 Folklig förankring . 69 Eddadikternas miljöer . 70 III. Ragnarökstraditionen: källor och tolkningsproblem . 72 Eddadiktning . 72 Vǫluspá . 73 Text, miljö och datering . 73 Särdrag . 75 En dikt om världsförloppet . 76 Vǫluspá, stroferna 38‒66 i översättning . 77 Kommentar till stroferna . 83 Övrig eddadiktning . 122 Vafþrúðnismál . 122 Kommentar till stroferna 17‒18, 38‒39, 44‒55 . 123 Lokasenna . ..
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