SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly JAN 2012 23 December 2011 This report is available online and can be FORECASTviewed together with research studies and Update Reports at www.securitycouncilreport.org. For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please visit or subscribe to our recently launched “What’s In Blue” series at www.whatsinblue.org
Overview Contents of This Issue South Africa will preside over the Security Affairs, and on compliance with making UN-AU Strategic Partnership 1 Council in January. President Jacob Zuma required deposits to the compensation In Hindsight: The Working is expected to preside over a high-level fund established under resolution 687 Methods Open Debate 2 debate on the strategic partnership (1991) and the post-Development Fund Sudan/Darfur 5 between the UN and the AU in the area of for Iraq mechanism, most likely by the the maintenance of peace and security. The UN Controller, Maria Eugenia Casar, to South Sudan 7 Secretary-General is likely to brief on his be followed by consultations; Libya 9 report on this matter expected to be pub- n the AU-UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur Côte d’Ivoire 12 lished in early January. (UNAMID), probably by the Joint Special UNOWA (West Africa) 14 Representative Ibrahim Gambari, to be An open debate is planned on justice and followed by consultations; Iraq 15 the rule of law, with a possible Arria for- n the UN Office in West Africa UNOWA( ), Yemen 18 mula meeting preceding it. by Special Representative Said Djinnit, to Rule of Law 19 An open debate on the Middle East is be followed by consultations; Status Update since our also expected. n the UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire December 2011 Forecast 21 (UNOCI), by Special Representative Several other briefings are planned on: Bert Koenders, to be followed by Notable Dates 24 n the Middle East, most likely by Special consultations; Coordinator Robert Serry; n children and armed conflict, by Special Consultations may also be scheduled to n Libya, by Special Representative Ian Representative Radhika Coomaraswami review the force level of the UN Mission in Martin, to be followed by consultations; (in consultations); South Sudan (UNMISS). n Yemen, by Special Adviser Jamal n justice and the rule of law, possibly by Benomar (in consultations); the Secretary-General; and In January, the Council will select two of its n Iraq and progress towards ratification elected members to be part of the Organi- n issues of current concern, as part of the of the Additional Protocol to the Compre- monthly horizon scanning practice (in sational Committee of the Peacebuilding hensive Safeguards Agreement and consultations), by the head of the Depart- Commission for a one-year term and is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban ment of Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe. expected to announce the bureaux of its Treaty, by the Office for Disarmament subsidiary bodies for the year 2012.
UN-AU Strategic Partnership to brief on the UN’s strategic vision for mandated 25 operations in Africa; in 2011 UN-AU cooperation. A likely outcome will alone the Council authorised two complex Expected Council Action be a resolution underlining the importance military actions in Africa—in Côte d’Ivoire In January, the Council is expected to hold of the relationship and stressing the need to by resolution 1975 of 30 March and in Libya an open debate on the strategic partnership create mechanisms for a more effective by resolution 1973 of 17 March. between the UN and the AU with respect to strategic partnership. maintenance of peace and security in Despite some divergences, the UN and the Africa. South African President Jacob Zuma Background and Key Recent AU have made important strides over the is expected to preside and the President of Developments years in building a functioning partnership. the AU Peace and Security Council (PSC) in Since 1990, about 44 percent of Council The Council has long recognised that the January 2012 (Kenya) is likely to address meetings have dealt with situations in various forms of conflict prevention and the Council. The Secretary General is likely Africa. From 1990 to 2011, the Council management needs in Africa, including >>page 3
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 1 In Hindsight: The Working Methods Open Debate
On 30 November 2011, the Council held “a difference in the day-to-day business” outcomes were often predetermined, an open debate on its working methods, of the Council. Five featured prominently: whereas Colombia said a reasonable the fourth such debate on the issue with break should be allowed between (1) The P5’s designation of chairs and 35 delegations participating, including 20 debates and the adoption of outcomes. leading on country-specific resolutions members at large. As president, Ambas- Portugal concluded that the goal of open Several speakers called for review of the sador José Filipe Moraes Cabral debates was to “reflect the relevant practice by which P5 members alone dic- (Portugal) volunteered to speak last, inputs…not speaking first, deciding on tate the chairs of subsidiary bodies. allowing him to sum up the debate. the outcome and then listening to the Switzerland described this as an “anach- wider membership.” Developments since 2006 ronism,” while Mexico said that the Many speakers referred to developments “opacity” was unacceptable. (5) The use of the veto since the Council undertook a more sys- Even though note 507 contains no provi- Several members also questioned the tematic approach to its working methods sions on the veto, three specific measures P5’s lead on country-specific resolutions. in 2006. One of the initial steps was were proposed. deciding that the chair of the Informal India stated that it was difficult to under- Working Group on Documentation and stand why pen-holding should “basically First, P5 members should provide an Other Procedural Questions should be a monopoly of permanent members.” explanation of vote when casting a veto serve on an annual—as opposed to New Zealand said both practices lacked (suggested by Jordan, New Zealand and monthly—basis. Japan chaired the “any obvious justification and should be Spain). The latter described this as an group in 2006, 2009 and 2010, culminat- discontinued.” “obligation of conduct.” ing in two presidential notes (S/2006/507 (2) Sharing of draft resolutions Second, P5 members should refrain from and S/2010/507), cataloguing and updat- Australia echoed many in calling for draft resorting to the veto when there are alle- ing practices and understandings. resolutions and presidential statements to gations of genocide, crimes against Some progress be made available to non-members at an humanity and grave breaches of interna- During November’s debate, Bosnia and early stage. Spain directly linked this to tional law. Jordan related this to the Herzegovina, outgoing chair of the infor- paragraph 44 of note 507, which calls on the obligation to maintain peace and security mal working group, highlighted some of Council to do so “as appropriate” and “as “in conformity with the principles of justice the issues that the group had discussed: soon as such documents are introduced.” and international law.” It said that in such cases, a veto-wielding member voting n streamlining the issues under the Coun- (3) Monthly presidency assessments against measures agreed on by a majority cil’s active consideration; and and the annual report of the Council should “at least explain how n distributing mandate renewals more Speaking for the Non-Aligned Movement, its position is consistent with the Charter.” evenly throughout the year. Egypt welcomed the initiative of some Council members and members at large presidents in preparing an analytical Third, Liechtenstein suggested that when recognised some improvements , including: assessment of the work of the Council an absolute majority had been obtained in under their presidency. This trend should the Council, P5 members be allowed to n increased interaction with troop-con- tributing countries; be institutionalised, it said, and be comple- cast a negative vote without giving it the mented by informal wrap-up sessions at effect of a veto, thereby enabling them to n briefings for non-Council members by presidents after the monthly adoption of the end of each presidency. Others, such take a position on the substance, without the programme of work; and as Japan and Nigeria, linked the improve- blocking adoption of a proposal. ment of monthly assessments to a more n “horizon-scanning” briefings by the substantive and analytical annual report. Next Steps Department of Political Affairs. In concluding the debate, Portugal said “Always room for improvement” (4) Open debates and informal meetings that the Council must intensify its commit- Many delegations called for further imple- Several speakers called on the Council to ment to monitoring implementation of mentation of note 507, describing it as further increase the number of open agreed practices on methods of work and “inconsistent”. Some, including China, debates and public meetings, as well as assess their impact. “There is always said that there was “room for improve- more frequent “Arria-formula” meetings room for improvement”, it noted. (informal, procedurally-flexible gatherings ment” while others underscored the The informal working group is likely to dis- with relevant parties). importance of the Council’s “continuing to cuss the proposed suggestions in the innovate” [France] and being prepared to Mexico called for the speakers list during coming year, and it is expected that prog- “evolve continually” [UK]. The Small Five open debates to be reversed so that Coun- ress will continue to be made on “internal” (S5 – Costa Rica, Jordan, Liechtenstein, cil members would deliver their statements aspects of Council reform, such as distrib- Singapore and Switzerland), called for an at the end, encouraging them to “truly uting mandates more evenly. Progress on action plan for implementation, suggest- listen” to the membership. It expressed “external” issues—such as making the ing that the informal working group could regret that Portugal was not allowed to do annual report more analytical, improving be mandated with this task. so during the 30 November debate. monthly assessments and encouraging Portugal, in a concept note circulated presidents to be more forthcoming Singapore questioned how the Council regarding outside communication—will before the open debate (S/2011/726), could benefit from others’ views when encouraged suggestions that could make also be sought.
2 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org UN-AU Strategic Partnership mend ways to strengthen and make the UN more efficient for preventive diplomacy, (continued) peacemaking and peacekeeping. The SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT most prominently peacekeeping, surpass result was that in June 1992, the Secretary- Monthly the UN’s capacity. While UN peacekeep- General issued his report, An Agenda for JAN 2012 ing has registered some marked Peace, in which he highlighted the role that FORECAST successes, there is general recognition regional organisations could play in pre- within the Council that its conflict preven- ventive diplomacy, early-warning systems Key Issues tion and mediation efforts in Africa have for crisis prevention, peacekeeping and A key issue is how to ensure that the rela- been less effective. post-conflict peacebuilding. tionship is effective on a strategic, as well as operational level. This recognition is shared by the AU, which, To date, the Council and the PSC have on its creation in 2002, crafted plans for an cooperated on several initiatives, including Another key issue for the Council is to “African Peace and Security Architecture” the AU-led AU Mission in Somalia devise an effective working method on Afri- and two years later established the PSC. (AMISOM) and the AU-UN Hybrid Mission can issues that would benefit from the Following these developments, the Coun- in Darfur (UNAMID). Since 2007, members partnership with the PSC. of the two councils have held annual meet- cil, meeting in Nairobi in 2004, adopted a Underlying Issues ings, alternating between their respective presidential statement that among other A key area of unease in the relationship headquarters, Addis Ababa and New York. things welcomed the establishment of the between the Council and the PSC con- PSC and called on the international com- Following an open debate on 22 October cerns the putative issue of equality of munity to support the efforts of the AU to 2010 which discussed the Secretary- status. The UN’s Charter mandates the strengthen its peacekeeping capacity. This General’s report on assistance to AU Council as having the primary responsibil- was followed by several other presidential peacekeeping operations, the Council ity for international peace and security. statements and Council documents on the adopted a presidential statement request- Chapter VIII, though recognising the role of evolving relationship. ing a report from the Secretary-General regional organisations, merely underlines An important development in this respect defining the UN Secretariat’s strategic this mandate. vision for UN-AU cooperation in peace and was the Council’s 2007 open debate, Consequently, there is anxiety, especially security and taking into account the lessons organised by South Africa during its debut among the P5 members, about diluting this learnt from the various experiences of joint membership on the Council as an elected mandate by appearing to defer to the PSC cooperation between the two bodies. The member, on the UN’s relationship with on African peace and security issues. This report was expected to be made available regional organisations, in particular the AU. is the reason why, though the two organs in 2011 but has been delayed and is now That led to a presidential statement which, have held several annual consultations to likely to be issued in early 2012. among other issues, asked the Secretary- date, the Council has presented these General to provide a report on specific At the 16th Ordinary Session of the AU meetings as between individual members proposals for how the UN could better sup- Assembly in January 2011, the chairperson of the Security Council—not the Council port arrangements for further cooperation of the AU was asked to submit to the PSC a itself—and the PSC. and coordination with regional organisa- report on the AU’s “strategic vision of the tions. (For more detail, please see our The PSC, on the other hand, has held that cooperation between the African Union Special Research Report of 10 May 2011, its understanding of and interest in peace and the UN on peace and security matters.” Working Together for Peace and Security in and security issues in Africa far surpasses The report would be a “contribution to the Africa: The Security Council and the AU that of the Council and should therefore consideration by the Security Council of Peace and Security Council.) enable it to take the lead on such issues the next report of the UN Secretary-General with financial and diplomatic support from on this issue, bearing in mind relevant AU The UN has long recognised that produc- the UN Security Council. tive burden-sharing between the UN and decisions and the need for flexible and cre- regional and subregional organisations ative interpretation of Chapter VIII of the UN Council Dynamics could be the key to addressing many of the Charter.” The report is expected to be This is one of the more contentious the- problems. (Chapter VIII of the UN Charter issued later this month and is likely to stress matic issues on the Council’s agenda, for it acknowledges the scope for contributions the development of the relationship to the goes to the core of the Council’s mandate: by regional organisations to the settlement level of a strategic partnership that empha- primacy on matters relating to maintenance of disputes.) The proliferation of crises in sises mutual respect, African ownership of international peace and security. Almost Africa requiring outside intervention gave and priority-setting on issues involving all the P5 members appear largely inflexible focused attention to this. In January 1992, peace and security on the continent; high- on this point, though they recognise the the Council, meeting for the first time at the level dialogue between the PSC and the important role that the AU plays, and can level of Heads of State and Government, Council; and clarification of the principle potentially play, in Africa. asked the Secretary-General to recom- of subsidiarity.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 3 On the other hand, some of the elected cooperation in peace and security contingency peacekeeping plans. Council members, including South Africa • S/PRST/2009/26 (26 October 2009) • S/2008/18 (14 January 2008) was and India, and exiting members Gabon and reiterated the importance of a more on the implementation of Security Nigeria, appear to prefer deference to the effective strategic relationship Council resolution 1625 on conflict greater knowledge and interest of the PSC between the UN and the AU, underlin- prevention, particularly in Africa. concerning emerging issues relating to ing the importance of expediting the • S/1998/318 (13 April 1998) was on the peace and security in Africa that are not implementation of the UN-AU Ten- causes of conflict in Africa. already on the Council’s agenda. Year Capacity-Building Programme. • S/1995/1 (25 January 1995) was the UN Documents • S/PRST/2009/3 (18 March 2009) supplement to An Agenda for Peace. requested the Secretary-General to • S/24111 (17 June 1992) was the Security Council Resolutions submit a report on practical ways to report An Agenda for Peace. • S/RES/1809 (16 April 2008) encour- provide effective support for the AU Meeting Records aged increased engagement between when it undertakes UN-authorised • S/PV.6409 (22 October 2010) was an the AU and the UN and called on the peacekeeping operations. open debate at which the Secretary- UN Secretariat to develop a list of • S/PRST/2007/31 (28 August 2007) General’s report on assistance needed capacities and recommenda- requested the Secretary-General to AU peacekeeping operations tions on ways that the AU could further to submit a report on the options was discussed. develop its military, technical, logistic for further implementation of • S/PV.6257 (13 January 2010) was a and administrative capabilities. resolution 1625. thematic debate on cooperation with • S/RES/1631 (17 October 2005) • S/PRST/2007/7 (28 March 2007) regional and subregional organisa- addressed the issue of cooperation was on relations between the UN and tions, presided over by China. between the UN and regional regional organisations, particularly • S/PV.6206 (26 October 2009) was a organisations. the AU. debate on the report of the AU-UN • S/RES/1625 (14 September 2005) was • S/PRST/2007/1 (8 January 2007) panel which covered modalities a summit declaration on the effective- requested the Secretary-General to for support to AU peacekeeping ness of the Security Council’s role in provide the Council with more regular operations. conflict prevention, calling for the analytical reporting on regions of • S/PV 6092 and Res. 1(18 March 2009) strengthening of cooperation and potential armed conflict and stressed was the debate on the AU-UN Panel’s communication between the UN and the importance of establishing com- report on modalities for support to regional and subregional organisa- prehensive strategies on conflict AU operations. tions in accordance with Chapter VIII. prevention. • S/PV.5837 (15 February 2008) was an • S/RES/1318 (7 September 2000) • S/PRST/2004/44 (19 November 2004) AU briefing to the Council. focused on peacekeeping and peace- recognised the importance of • S/PV.5749 (25 September 2007) was building as a means of addressing strengthening cooperation with a meeting on peace and security in challenges to peace and security the AU in order to help build its Africa chaired by the French President in Africa. capacity to deal with collective Nicolas Sarkozy. • S/RES/1197 (18 September 1998) security challenges. • S/PV.5735 and Res. 1 (28 August was on the need for the UN to provide • S/PRST/2002/2 (31 January 2002) 2007) was the discussion on the role support to regional and subregional indicated that the Council would con- of the Security Council in conflict pre- organisations and to strengthen sider establishing the ad hoc Working vention and resolution, in particular coordination between the UN and Group on Conflict Prevention in Africa. in Africa. those organisations. Secretary-General’s Reports • S/PV.5649 (28 March 2007) was a • S/RES/1170 (28 May 1998) estab- • S/2011/54 (2 February 2011) was the Council debate under the South Afri- lished the Working Group on Conflict review of the Ten-Year Capacity-Build- can presidency on relations between Prevention and Resolution in Africa. ing program for the AU. the UN and regional organisations, Presidential Statements • S/2010/514 (14 October 2010) was on particularly the AU. • S/PRST/2010/21 (22 October 2010) support for AU peacekeeping. Other reaffirmed Council commitment to • S/2009/470 (18 September 2009) • S/2011/350 (8 June 2011) contained strengthening its partnership with the was on support to AU peacekeeping the communiqué adopted at the 21 PSC and said members looked for- operations authorised by the UN. May 2011 the consultative meeting ward to receiving within six months • S/2008/186 (7 April 2008) was on the between the members of the Security a report from the Secretary-General relationship between the UN and Council and the AU Peace and Secu- which would define the UN Secretari- regional organisations. rity Council. at’s strategic vision for UN-AU • S/2008/178 (14 March 2008) included • S/2010/392 (20 July 2010) contained
4 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org information about the DDPD. He also indi- the joint communiqué issued after a cated that while internally displaced consultative meeting at UN headquar- persons, civil society groups, local author- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT ters with the AU PSC and top AU ities and opposition political parties had Commission officials. Monthly expressed support for the DDPD, they • S/2009/303 (11 June 2009) was the JAN 2012 deplored the fact that it was not supported FORECAST report of the Council mission to the by several key rebel groups, including the AU, Rwanda, the DRC and Liberia, Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), the DDPD, the government of Sudan and the which contained the communiqué of Sudanese Liberation Army-Abdul Wahid LJM, to implement ceasefire and security 16 May 2009 from the consultative (SLA-AW) and the Sudanese Liberation arrangements. Participants at the meeting meeting between the members of the Army-Minni Minawi (SLA-MM). also considered a report submitted by Lt. Security Council and the AU. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba, UNAMID’s Force • S/2007/421 (11 July 2007) was the Ladsous also noted that the success of Commander, which indicated that incidents report of the Security Council visit to the DDPD will be largely dependent on of violence between the Sudanese Armed Addis Ababa, Accra, Abidjan, Khar- Khartoum’s willingness to carry out its pro- Forces and the rebel movements that have toum and Kinshasa containing the visions. He added that the UN and the AU not agreed to the DDPD have decreased joint communiqué from the 16 June were, in consultation with Sudanese stake- since the signing of the DDPD. 2007 meeting. holders, developing a “road map for peace • S/Agenda/5084 (18 November 2004) in Darfur” that should be completed by the The International Criminal Court (ICC) has was the provisional agenda for the end of 2011. (The road map, which was been actively engaged on Sudan issues 5084th meeting of the Security Coun- referred to in the Secretary-General’s Octo- in recent weeks. On 2 December 2011, cil featuring the item “Institutional ber 2011 report on UNAMID and is expected ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo Relationship with the African Union.” to be a major focus of his January 2012 requested Pre-Trial Chamber I to issue an UNAMID report, concentrates on imple- arrest warrant for Sudan’s Defence Minis- mentation of the DDPD, engagement with ter, Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, for crimes against humanity and war crimes Sudan/Darfur rebel groups that have not signed the DDPD, internal consultations and dialogue allegedly committed between August Expected Council Action with the people of Darfur on the peace pro- 2003 and March 2004 in Darfur. (Hussein In January, the Council will likely receive a cess, and enhanced means of coordination served during that time as Interior Minister briefing and discuss in consultations the among international partners assisting and Special Representative of the Presi- Secretary-General’s quarterly report on the efforts toward peace.) dent in Darfur.) AU-UN Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID). On 11 November 2011, Ladsous briefed the On 12 December 2011, the ICC announced The Sudan sanctions committee is Council on Sudan and South Sudan. With that Malawi, a party to the Rome Statute, expected to receive the final report of its respect to the situation in Darfur, he said had been referred to the Security Council panel of experts in January. At press time, that the DDPD provides a framework for and the ICC’s Assembly of States Parties for no formal outcome was anticipated in Janu- progress toward a settlement. However, he its failure to apprehend and surrender ary from the Council on Darfur. expressed concern with a number of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir when The mandate of UNAMID expires on 31 July issues, including, inter-alia, lack of human- he visited Malawi in October 2011. (The ICC 2012, while the mandate of the panel of itarian access, the number of armed has indicted Bashir for war crimes, crimes experts expires on 19 February 2012. groups outside the peace process, recent against humanity and genocide.) attacks on UN peacekeepers and the Key Recent Developments On 13 December 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I potential for renewed violence with the end The Council was briefed on the Secretary- decided that Chad had also not met its of the rainy season. General’s most recent report on UNAMID obligation to fully cooperate with the ICC on 25 October 2011. During the briefing, On 28 November 2011, a special court for by failing to arrest and surrender Bashir Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeep- Darfur based in El Fasher sentenced seven when he visited Chad in August. It likewise ing Operations Hervé Ladsous said that members of JEM to death for their role in referred the case to the Council and the progress had been made with the signing an ambush of a troop convoy in Darfur in Assembly of State Parties, saying that it is of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur January 2010, which led to the deaths of up to those two bodies to “take any mea- (DDPD). In particular, he mentioned the more than 50 Sudanese soldiers. sure they may deem appropriate to ensure fact that Eltigani Seisi, the leader of the Lib- the full cooperation with the ICC.” (It is the The Joint Commission, tasked with imple- eration and Justice Movement (LJM), a second time the ICC has referred Chad’s menting the DDPD, held its first meeting on signatory of the DDPD, had been appointed non-compliance to the Council, following 18 December 2011 in Khartoum. At the chair of the Darfur Regional Authority. He Bashir’s visit to Chad in July 2010 for a meeting, Ibrahim Gambari, Joint AU-UN added that UNAMID was helping civil soci- summit of the Community of Sahel-Saha- Special Representative for Darfur, noted the ety groups and community leaders in ran States. In light of the obligations responsibility of the signatories of the Darfur to create a strategy for circulating emanating from the Chapter VII resolution
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 5 referring the situation in Darfur to the ICC, AW, and the SLA-MM have not acceded to in an effort to compel their participation in and as a signatory of the Rome Statute, the document. the peace process; and Chad—like Malawi—had a legal obligation n signalling the need for the government of Another important issue is how the Council to detain Bashir.) Sudan to respect the human rights of the chooses to approach the “road map for people of Darfur as a necessary condi- The Council received a briefing on 15 peace in Darfur”, whose elements are tion for the successful implementation of December 2011 from Moreno-Ocampo on expected to be elaborated in the Secre- the DDPD. the ICC’s work in Darfur. Moreno-Ocampo tary-General’s January report. In this described the ICC’s evidence supporting its respect, issues that the Council could Another option would be for the Council to indictments of Bashir, Ahmad Harun, Ali consider include: hold an Arria-formula meeting with Kushayb and Hussein. He also added that n what instruments, including incentives experts on the situation in Darfur to two rebel leaders, Abdallah Banda and and disincentives, are at its disposal explore the particular positions of the vari- Saleh Jerbo, who have been charged with to facilitate the engagement of non- ous Darfur factions that have not signed war crimes after leading an assault on an compliant rebel groups in the peace the DDPD. (Such a session could provide AU facility on 29 September 2007 that process and how these instruments Council members with additional informa- resulted in the deaths of 12 peacekeepers, should be employed; tion to help the Council craft strategies to had voluntarily appeared before the Court n how to support the implementation of the promote a more inclusive peace process in June 2010 to answer questions in a DDPD and facilitate enhanced under- in Darfur.) response to a summons. He said that their standing of and support for the DDPD Although less likely, on the referral of the trial should begin in 2012 and that, while among the inhabitants of Darfur; Darfur situation to the ICC as per resolution accepting responsibility for the attack, n how to calibrate a response to the Suda- 1593 (2005), the Council could continue to Banda and Jerbo questioned the illegality nese government that facilitates an remain silent, or it could adopt a more coer- of their actions as well as the legitimacy of improvement in the government’s human cive approach expanding the travel ban the AU mission under the UN Charter. rights policies; and/or asset freeze imposed by resolution Moreno-Ocampo closed his presentation n how to strengthen coordination and 1591 (2005) to those individuals that have by saying that the ICC’s arrest warrants coherence among international actors in already been indicted by the ICC. needed to be executed and that the AU and supporting the DDPD; and the Arab League should respect the author- n whether, and how, to incorporate its Council Dynamics ity of the Council and the ICC. approach to Darfur into efforts to develop There is widespread support in principle a more cohesive and integrated strategy among Council members for the DDPD. Ambassador Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali-Osman toward Sudan and South Sudan. Some members, however, appear to (Sudan) addressed the Council after remain concerned that conditions on the Moreno-Ocampo. He prefaced his Another key issue is whether the newly con- ground, given the government of Sudan’s remarks by saying that Sudan is not a state stituted panel of experts will have the time to record of violating human rights and party to the ICC and that his participation gain a solid understanding of the situation repressing dissent, may hinder the peace in the meeting did not constitute coopera- on the ground and produce a substantive process. There is also concern among tion with the work of the court. Ali-Osman final report. (New appointments have been some Council members about the DDPD’s denied Moreno-Ocampo’s accusations, made to all five positions of the panel since potential negative implications for the stating that they contradicted the findings the beginning of October 2011, and the peace process due to the fact that many of of the Secretary-General’s UNAMID report experts received their work permits to travel the major rebel groups have not supported in October, which described an improve- to Darfur only in late November.) it. There seem to be differences of opinion ment in the security situation in Darfur. He Options on the Council about how to calibrate a also questioned the impartiality of In considering the UNAMID report, one response, both toward the government of Moreno-Ocampo. option is simply to receive the briefing and Sudan and the rebel groups, that is most The chair of the Sudan sanctions commit- take no action at the current time. constructive in advancing the peace pro- tee briefed the Council in consultations on cess. While some Council members remain Another option would be to adopt a state- 16 December 2011. The discussion seems wary of the government of Sudan’s inten- ment that could contain any of the following to have focused on the recent arrival in Dar- tions, others believe that it has made a elements: fur of the newly constituted panel of experts, credible effort to support peace in Darfur n welcoming the “road map for peace in who received their visas and work permits and that these efforts should be recognised Darfur”; in the second half of November. and encouraged. Regarding the rebel n include language that encourages rebel groups, it seems that there are different per- Key Issues groups that have not acceded to the spectives on the Council regarding the A key issue (and challenge to the peace DDPD to join the peace process; appropriate level of pressure that should be process in Darfur) is the fact that the LJM is n adopting a more coercive approach applied to either encourage or compel the only major rebel group in Darfur to toward the rebels, signalling the possibil- them to pursue peace. agree to the DDPD, as the JEM, the SLA- ity of imposing sanctions in certain cases,
6 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org It appears that some Council members are Other Relevant Facts concerned that the newly formed panel of experts will not have the requisite time on UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special Represen- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT tative for Darfur the ground in Darfur to produce a quality Monthly report for the Sudan sanctions committee, Ibrahim Gambari (Nigeria) JAN 2012 given that they will have less than two UNAMID: Force Commander FORECAST months to conduct their investigations in Lt. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba (Rwanda) the region. One perspective on the Council Key Recent Developments UNAMID: Size, Composition, Cost and is that, rather than starting from scratch, the Duration The Secretary-General’s most recent report panel should strive to build as much as on UNMISS was released on 2 November Maximum authorised strength: up to possible on the findings of the previous 2011. The report noted political progress 19,555 military personnel, 3,772 police panel in formulating its upcoming report. that had been made by the government of and 19 formed police units (total police South Sudan with the appointment of a new 6,432) The UK is the lead country in the Council on cabinet in early September that is more Main troop contributors: Nigeria, Darfur, while Colombia chairs the Sudan regionally and ethnically diverse than the Rwanda, Egypt, Ethiopia and Senegal sanctions committee. former caretaker government. Military strength as of 30 November 2011: UN Documents 17,626 troops and 247 military observers However, it also discussed the lack of prog- Security Council Resolutions Police Strength as of 30 November 2011: ress by Sudan and South Sudan in resolving 4,977 police personnel residual Comprehensive Peace Agreement • S/RES/2003 (29 July 2011) extended Annual Budget: $1.69 billion issues, outlined the continuing inter-com- UNAMID’s mandate until 31 July 2012. Duration: 31 July 2007 to present; man- munal violence in South Sudan and warned • S/RES/1982 (17 May 2011) extended date expires 31 July 2012 of significant food insecurity in several the mandate of the Sudan sanctions states in the new country. The report further panel of experts until 19 February Sanctions Committee Chairman indicated the importance of developing 2012. Néstor Osorio (Colombia) government institutions. Given insecurity in • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred South Sudan and limited projection of state the situation in Darfur to the ICC. authority, the report recommended that the • S/RES/1591 (29 March 2005) and South Sudan troop strength of UNMISS be maintained at S/RES/1556 (30 July 2004) imposed 7,000 military personnel for the time being. sanctions. Expected Council Action (The Council was scheduled to receive a Secretary-General’s Reports In January, the Council may review the briefing from DPKO on the force level of force level of the UN Mission in South • S/2011/643 (12 October 2011) UNMISS in October 2011. This briefing was Sudan (UNMISS). (On 8 July 2011, in reso- was the most recent quarterly report cancelled, although it seems discussion of lution 1996, the Council expressed its on UNAMID. UNMISS’s force level did take place during intention to review the force level of UNMISS • S/2011/252 (15 April 2011) was on the Council’s deliberations on South Sudan after three months and six months to deter- implementation of the Darfur Political in November.) Process. mine whether conditions on the ground could permit a reduction of military person- Clashes between Sudanese armed forces Meeting Records nel from a maximum of 7,000 to 6,000.) At and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army • S/PV.6688 (15 December 2011) press time, whether and in what format the (SPLA) occurred in the disputed border was the latest briefing by the ICC Council would discuss this issue in January town of Jau on 3 December 2011. These prosecutor. remained unclear. A resolution would be clashes appear to have ensued for a num- • S/PV.6638 (25 October 2011) was the required if the Council were to reduce the ber of days. According to the SPLA, Council’s discussion of the Secretary- force level to 6,000 military personnel. Sudanese armed forces employed tanks, General’s latest report on UNAMID. long-range artillery fire and aerial bom- The fluid situation along the Sudan and Other bardments during the fighting. South South Sudan border could prompt the Sudanese officials have said that Jau, • SC/10439 (8 November 2011) and Council to hold additional meetings during which is just north of the Yide refugee SC/10407 (11 October 2011) were the course of the month. press statements condemning fatal camp in Unity state, which was bombed in attacks on UNAMID peacekeepers. The mandate of UNMISS expires on 8 November 2011, is part of South Sudan. • S/2011/466 (27 July 2011) contained July 2012. Sudanese officials have said that Jau is in the communiqué of the AU Peace and South Kordofan state in Sudan and that the Security Council on UNAMID’s man- town is used as a supply route for SPLA date renewal. rebels in South Kordofan. • SC/10291 (23 June 2011) was the Council press statement on the Doha Peace Process.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 7 Briefing reporters in Geneva on 9 Decem- Sudan would demonstrate “restraint and Key Issues ber, Melissa Fleming, a spokesperson resolve…pending issues through dialogue A key issue for the Council is whether to from the UN High Commission for Refu- and negotiations.” maintain the mandated force level of gees (UNHCR), expressed concern that UNMISS at up to 7,000 troops or to On 14-15 December 2011, the US and the violence in Jau could spread to the reduce the number of military personnel South Sudanese governments hosted the Yide refugee camp. She said that some to 6,000 troops. high-level International Engagement Con- refugees had fled the camp because of ference on South Sudan in Washington, fear that the nearby fighting could reach Another key issue for the Council is to DC, which focused on strategies to pro- Yide, while between 60 and 110 people explore ways in which UNMISS and the UN mote the socioeconomic development of continued to arrive at the camp on a daily Interim Security Force in Abyei (UNISFA) South Sudan. Senior officials from both basis. She also noted that the violence had can complement each other most effec- countries—as well as from the UK, Norway, disrupted efforts by UNHCR and other tively. (For example, air assets and facilities Turkey, the EU, the AU, the UN, the World organisations to provide aid to the camp’s from UNMISS may be used to provide Bank, the International Finance Corpora- inhabitants. Fleming added that more than support for UNISFA’s newly mandated tion, the Corporate Council on Africa, and 50,000 refugees had entered South Sudan border-monitoring support role.) InterAction—participated in the conference. in recent months from Blue Nile and South The conference, inter-alia, explored ways to A related issue for the Council is how to Kordofan states in Sudan. help South Sudan: address the recent violence between Sudan and South Sudan along their mutual Violence in Jonglei state in South Sudan n manage natural resources effectively; border and the potential for this fighting to continued in recent weeks. On 5 December n strengthen the agricultural, educational 2011, over 35 people were killed and 22 and health care sectors; escalate into a larger-scale conflict. injured in Bor county during an apparent n promote international trade with and Another important and ongoing issue is the cattle-raiding incident. (In May, the Council investment in the country; and inter-communal and rebel violence in South visited the county to familiarise itself with n enhance the participation of women and Sudan, particularly in Unity and Jonglei the assistance the UN was providing in the youth in society. states. A related issue is the security prob- resolution of cattle-related disputes.) During the conference, US Secretary of lem created by land mines laid by rebels in UNMISS personnel investigating the inci- State Hillary Clinton said that the US would Unity state in recent months. dent evacuated four of the wounded to continue supporting UNMISS’s “important Juba. Forces affiliated with rebel leader Another issue that persists in parts of South work to preserve peace, safeguard human George Athor reportedly attacked villages Sudan is food scarcity sparked by irregular rights, and protect civilians.” in Pigi county on 11 December, resulting in rainfall, violent conflict and Sudanese the deaths of five SPLA troops, five civilians Human Rights-Related border closures. (The UN World Food Pro- and 24 rebels. Developments gramme indicated on 15 December 2011 that South Sudan confronted a “severe Athor was killed in a clash with South Suda- In a message issued by South Sudan’s hunger crisis,” with up to one-third of its nese forces in Morobo County in Central president on International Human Rights people plagued by hunger.) Equatoria state on 19 December 2011. Day (10 December 2011), the govern- South Sudanese officials have said that ment acknowledged the urgent need to Underlying Problems Athor was in the region recruiting troops to revise existing laws and enact new ones The legacy of more than two decades of support his rebellion. to ensure they met international human civil war has presented South Sudan with rights standards. Priorities included the enormous challenges. Socioeconomic China dispatched Liu Guijin, its special Convention on the Elimination of All development is at a minimal level, as representative for African affairs, to Khar- Forms of Discrimination against Women reflected by low literacy rates and the toum and Juba in early December in an and the Maputo Protocol to the African poor quality of health services available effort to mediate the dispute between Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights to the population. The weakness of gov- Sudan and South Sudan regarding transit on the Rights of Women in Africa. Com- erning institutions, the dearth of trained fees for oil from South Sudan that runs menting separately, UNMISS Head of civil servants and corruption are also through pipelines in Sudan before leaving Mission Hilde F. Johnson said, “South among the significant challenges facing Port Sudan on the Red Sea. (The two Sudan has to sign up to the critical the new country. countries have been unable to agree on an human rights conventions, so that as a appropriate transit fee, with Sudan request- Options new and independent country, it is ing fees between $US32 and $US36 per Options for the Council with regard to the anchored in a firm foundation of human barrel, a range that South Sudan has force level of UNMISS include: rights.” Johnson added that UNMISS rejected.) A statement on the website of the n maintaining the mandated force level at had a strong human rights mandate to Chinese embassy in South Sudan up to 7,000 military personnel; monitor, investigate, verify and report expressed the hope that Sudan and South human rights violations.
8 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n reducing the mandated force level to countries. Different perspectives among 6,000 military personnel; and Council members on issues, such as how n requesting a further analysis of the to apportion responsibility for the violence SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT UNMISS force level at a later date, once and the reliability of information being pro- Monthly benchmarks for the mission and a plan vided, have hampered the Council’s efforts JAN 2012 for UN-system support for peacebuilding to address the recent fighting. FORECAST tasks in South Sudan have been estab- The US is the lead country on UNMISS. lished. (UNMISS benchmarks and the Libya UN plan to support peacebuilding in UN Documents South Sudan are expected to be dis- Expected Council Action Security Council Resolutions cussed in the next Secretary-General’s The Council is likely to remain focused on report on UNMISS in March 2012.) • S/RES/2024 (14 December) added a post-conflict Libya in January, as the UN border-monitoring support role to Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) The Council could also request a briefing UNISFA’s mandate. deploys to full capacity. Ian Martin, the from the UN Department of Peacekeeping • S/RES/1997 (11 July 2011) liquidated Special Representative of the Secretary- Operations that explores complementari- UNMIS. General and head of UNSMIL, is expected ties between UNMISS and UNISFA. • S/RES/1996 (8 July 2011) established to brief the Council. UNMISS. Another option would be for the ad-hoc UNSMIL’s mandate expires on 16 • S/RES/1990 (27 June 2011) estab- Working Group on Conflict Prevention and March 2012. Resolution in Africa to develop strategies lished UNISFA. to address the security challenges faced Latest Secretary-General’s Report Key Recent Developments On 2 December 2011, the Council unani- by South Sudan and report back to the • S/2011/678 (2 November 2011) mously adopted resolution 2022, extending Council proper. Letters the mandate of UNSMIL until 16 March and Council Dynamics • S/2011/763 (8 December 2011) was tasked the mission to assist the Libyan There is general consensus on the Council from South Sudan to the Security authorities in addressing the threats of that UNMISS’s presence is an important Council accusing Sudan of cross- proliferation of all arms and related material, factor in addressing the tenuous security border incursions and urging the in particular Man-Portable Air Defence situation in South Sudan. Council members international community to apply more Systems (MANPADS). are concerned about the many challenges pressure on Sudan to respect South facing South Sudan—including inter-com- Sudan’s national sovereignty and On 11 December 2011, Andrew Shapiro, munal violence, rebel activity and the territorial integrity. the US Assistant Secretary of State for Polit- government’s limited institutional capacity. • S/2011/511 (9 August 2011) and ical-Military Affairs, said that approximately S/2011/510 (5 August 2011) were 5,000 MANPADS had been secured by One perspective on the Council is that the between the president of the Council bomb disposal experts in Libya. many security challenges in South Sudan and the Secretary-General on the require that the force level of the mission On 16 December, B. Lynn Pascoe, head of UNISFA reconnaissance mission remain at its current level. Another perspec- the Department of Political Affairs, briefed regarding border arrangements tive is that it might be possible to adjust the the Council on the UN inter-agency assess- in Abyei. force level downward. Several Council ment mission despatched in early members seem to be open-minded about a December to assess the impact of the Lib- Other Relevant Facts critical assessment by DPKO in helping yan crisis on Mali, Niger, Chad and them to determine the appropriate force UNMISS: Special Representative of the Mauritania. (The Secretary-General’s 20 Secretary-General and Head of Mission level for UNMISS moving forward. There is June report on the UN Office for West Africa a sense among some Council members Hilde Frafjord Johnson (Norway) and resolution 2017 of 31 October both that such an assessment would be particu- UNMISS: Size and Duration underlined the risk of destabilisation due to the dissemination of weapons from Libya to larly useful at the current time, given the Maximum authorised strength: up to the Sahel region.) potential implications that UNISFA’s added 7,000 military and 900 police border-monitoring role may have on the Deployment as of 30 November: 5,528 Libya has continued to experience some activities of UNMISS. total uniformed personnel violent incidents. On 6 December 2011, Duration: 9 July to present; mandate Strong concerns remain among many Abdul Aziz Al-Hassadi, Libya’s Attorney expires 9 July 2012 Council members about the fighting along General, was attacked by gunmen demand- the Sudan and South Sudan border and the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General ing the release of one of their associates. on Sudan and South Sudan potential for this violence to escalate into Residents of Tripoli protested against the larger-scale violence between the two Haile Menkerios (South Africa) lawlessness of the armed militia on 7
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 9 December, before security forces were could meet Saif Al-Islam Qaddafi and NATO’s military operation strictly deployed to clamp down on rogue militia. whether the Libyan authorities had any adhered to the mandate of resolution The National Transitional Council (NTC) plans for surrendering him to the ICC. Fred 1973 “and there should be no misunder- gave militias until 20 December 2011 to dis- Abrahams, a special adviser with Human standing on that.” (China, Russia, Brazil, arm and come under state control. Rights Watch, visited Qaddafi on 18 Decem- India and South Africa had accused ber and reported that although he was NATO of going beyond its mandate in On 10 December, two incidents of armed being adequately treated, he did not have Libya, whereas, the US, the UK, France clashes were reported between forces access to legal counsel. and other NATO members have defended associated with Gen. Khalifa Haftar and NATO saying it operated within the man- fighters from Zintan, who control the check- On 15 December 2011, ICC Prosecutor Luis date of resolution 1973.) points surrounding Tripoli’s international Moreno-Ocampo said the circumstances airport. On 13 December, deadly clashes surrounding Col. Muammar Qaddafi’s Human Rights-Related between armed groups from Zintan and death in October 2011 raised suspicions Developments neighbouring Al-Mashasha that led to at that it amounted to a war crime and the ICC The Secretary-General’s 22 November least four reported deaths ended after tribal was planning to investigate it. 2011 report on UNSMIL assessing the elders brokered a ceasefire. On 28 November 2011, Yussef Al-Aseifr, the challenges facing Libya noted the coun- On 19 December, Osama Al-Juwali, the NTC chief military prosecutor, named Ali try’s heavy legacy of human rights interim Defence Minister, said that the gov- Abdelaziz Saad Al-Essawi, a former NTC violations from the Qaddafi regime, ernment was working on a plan to deal with deputy prime minister, as the main suspect including decades of arbitrary deten- the armed militia but it will take weeks to dis- in the killing of Gen. Abdel Fatah Younes. tion, torture, extrajudicial executions band the armed groups. (Al-Juwali is also Al-Essawi denied he was involved in the kill- and still-unresolved disappearances. the head of the military council in Zintan, ing in a phone call to Awalen, a local The NTC had already taken some steps whose forces apprehended Saif Al-Islam television station. (Younes was the com- towards transferring responsibility for Qaddafi on 19 November 2011.) mander-in-chief of the rebel forces, and detainees from brigades to proper state circumstances surrounding his death on 28 authorities, but much remained to be On December 21, responding to calls for July 2011 remain obscure.) done. UNSMIL was pressing these con- greater inclusiveness, NTC Chairperson cerns with the authorities. The report On 12 December 2011, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Mustafa Abdul Jalil asked former rebelsto recalled the Secretary-General’s assur- the NTC’s chairperson, denied rumours of come up with a list of candidates for poten- ance made during his recent visit to an amnesty for the followers of Col. Qad- tial inclusion in the NTC during a conference Libya of assistance in the holding of dafi. Also on that day, the NTC decided that in Tripoli. elections, in the promotion of transi- Benghazi will be the economic capital of On 22 December, Martin briefed the Coun- tional justice and national reconciliation Libya. The decision came after protestors in cil via videoconference and highlighted the and in ensuring public security, respect Benghazi accused Jalil and the NTC of not NTC’s ability to meet the immediate needs for human rights and the rule of law. being transparent and criticised statements and high expectations of the Libyan people by Jalil at the first post-Qaddafi national On 20 December, Philippe Kirsch, as one of two key challenges. He noted reconciliation conference held on 10 Chairperson of the Commission of that the second challenge encompassed December, when he said that Libyans were Inquiry on Libya, said that team mem- the establishment of accountable govern- able to forgive and tolerate. bers were pleased with the Libyan ment institutions. Martin raised concerns interim authorities’ assurances of con- regarding the potential of localised clashes In an interview with the BBC on 19 Decem- tinued commitment to human rights and that could undermine the authority of the ber, Abdul Hakim Belhaj, head of the Tripoli the initial steps taken by them to address central government. Military Council, said that he was taking the human rights violations. (The Com- legal action against the UK government. Several key recent developments involved mission of Inquiry set up by the Human Belhaj, who was detained in Bangkok in the issue of accountability. Rights Council (HRC) in February to 2004, has accused the British government investigate serious violations commit- On 1 December 2011, a team from the Inter- of being complicit in his illegal rendition and ted by all parties, visited Tripoli for over national Criminal Court (ICC) arrived in torture and subsequent transfer to Col. two weeks earlier in December 2011 as Tripoli to conduct a preliminary investiga- Qaddafi’s security services. part of its investigative work. It is tion of alleged sexual violence against On 22 December, Martin briefed the Coun- expected to present its final report to the women committed by Qaddafi supporters. cil via videoconferencing. HRC in March.) On 6 December, the ICC’s Pre-Trial Cham- ber I submitted an urgent request to the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told NTC, asking when and where ICC officials reporters on 14 December 2011 that
10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org and delivering humanitarian assistance Developments in the Libya are two further closely related issues for Sanctions Committee the Council. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Deputy Permanent Representative João Monthly Another issue is the need for the continued Maria Cabral (Portugal), briefed the coordination of efforts of various stakehold- JAN 2012 Council on 22 December 2011 on the FORECAST ers and other international bodies in de-listing of the Central Bank of Libya supporting the interim government. and the Libyan Foreign Bank on 16 pendent investigation into claims made by December. Cabral also informed the Options investigative journalists noting civilian Council that members of the committee With regard to the ICC, the Council could deaths due to NATO’s bombings. The US, had met in informal consultations on 12 request an up-to-date briefing from Moreno- the UK and France hold the view that a sep- December. On the same day, following Ocampo. A less likely option would be arate investigation would be redundant briefings by the panel of experts, the recalling, in a statement, obligations that because the CIL as well as the ICC are Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate Libya and other states have towards the already looking into these matters. (CTED), International Civil Aviation Orga- ICC under resolution 1970. Some Council members are less con- nization and UNSMIL, the members of Regarding UNSMIL, one option could be a cerned by Libya’s political challenges, the committee had agreed that a report which they perceive to be inevitable in a would be submitted to the Council Council visit to Libya before the mandate renewal in March with an eye to using its post-conflict environment. They feel that shortly after a working document has it will take some time before the new been produced by its panel of experts in findings to adjust UNSMIL’s current man- date in accordance with the long-term interim government is able to overcome February 2012. (Resolution 2017 these issues. requested the committee to assess the needs of the new interim government. threats related to the proliferation of all More routine options include revisiting any The UK is the lead country on Libya. arms and related material, in particular outstanding sanctions imposed on Libya UN Documents MANPADS from Libya, in the region and and considering any further measures on to submit a report to the Council contain- weapons proliferation after it is informed of Security Council Resolutions ing its proposals.) the findings of the UN inter-agency assess- • S/RES/2022 (2 December 2011) ment mission that was jointly sent by the UN extended the mandate of UNSMIL Key Issues and AU to the Sahel region from 7 to 23 until 16 March 2012 and asked A key issue for the Council is its role in December 2011 to assess the impact of the UNSMIL to assist the Libyan authori- ensuring a transition from conflict to peace- Libya crisis on the contiguous countries of ties in addressing the threat of building in Libya and preventing large-scale Mauritania, Mali, Niger and Chad. proliferation of arms, in particular reprisals and killings in a post-conflict Libya. MANPADS. Council Dynamics Preventing the spread of sporadic violence • S/RES/2017 (31 October 2011) Some Council members view the two key between various armed rebel factions as discussed the non-proliferation of concerns regarding Libya as the issue of well as divisions within the NTC before the MANPADS; chemical weapons stock- the proliferation of weaponry and the interim government is fully functional is a piles and other small arms. assets freeze. They insisted that resolution related issue. • S/RES/2016 (27 October 2011) lifted 2022 not merely be a technical rollover of the no-fly zone and the provisions Determining the long-term role and time- UNSMIL’s mandate but that it would also for the use of force for the protection frame for UNSMIL and ensuring its full mandate UNSMIL to assist the Libyan of civilians. deployment as well as effective functioning authorities in addressing the threats of • S/RES/2009 (16 September 2011) are key related issues for the Council. proliferation of all arms, in particular, authorised the deployment of UNSMIL MANPADS. Moreover, some Council mem- Dealing with Libya’s assets freeze in an effi- and partially lifted sanctions. bers seem to be perplexed by the technical cient manner is another key issue for the • S/RES/1973 (17 March 2011) autho- complexities surrounding the assets Council, as is its role in the implementation rised all necessary measures to freeze issue. of resolution 1970 with regard to its referral protect civilians in Libya and enforce of the Libyan situation to the ICC and any Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as well as the the arms embargo, imposed a no-fly referral-related trials. no-fly-zone, generated much heated zone, strengthened the sanctions debate amongst Council members. This regime and established a panel The prevention of proliferation of heavy issue continues to be a source of conten- of experts. weaponry in a post-conflict Libya as well as tion extending to other items on the agenda • S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011) the spill-over effect in the Sahel region con- of the Council as some Council members referred the situation in Libya to the tinues to be an issue for Council members. felt that other members, wrongly, took it ICC, imposed an arms embargo and Minimising the impact of the recent conflict upon themselves to use military force. targeted sanctions and established a and its aftermath on the civilian population Russia feels that there needs to be an inde- sanctions committee.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 Secretary-General’s Report Key Recent Developments On 14 December 2011, Chairperson of the On 29 November 2011, former President AU Commission Jean Ping congratulated • S/2011/727 (22 November 2011) was Laurent Gbagbo was transferred to the the Ivorian people and leaders for the an update report on UNSMIL. International Criminal Court (ICC) in The peaceful elections, calling them “a further Latest Meeting Records Hague to face charges of crimes against testimony to their commitment to work • S/PV.6673 (2 December 2011) humanity as an “indirect co-perpetrator” of towards the consolidation of peace in Côte • S/PV.6669 (28 November 2011) murder, rape, persecution and other inhu- d’Ivoire.” The elections, Ping said, “repre- mane acts. Gbagbo had been detained in sent a new step in the establishment of Other Relevant Facts the north of the country since April 2011 republican institutions and the process of Chair of the Sanctions Committee and was charged on 18 August with “eco- strengthening democracy in Côte d’Ivoire.” nomic crimes” that included his alleged José Filipe Moraes Cabral (Portugal) The election results were announced on 16 looting of half a billion dollars from the state Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts December 2011. Outtara’s Rally of Republi- treasury. (President Alasane Ouattara’s cans party won 127 out of 255 seats in the • Youseif Fahed Ahmed Alserhan, government had insisted that the prosecu- legislature, and the Democratic Party, Jordan (maritime) tion for economic crimes is separate from which is in coalition with Ouattara’s party, • Oumar Dièye Sidi, Niger (customs) other charges that may be brought against won 77 seats, giving the government a for- • Simon Dilloway, UK (finance) Gbagbo, either by the national judiciary or midable 80 percent control of parliament. • Theodore M. Murphy, the ICC.) US (humanitarian and regional) Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon hailed the • Giovanna Perri, Italy (finance) On 30 November 2011, Gbagbo’s Ivorian elections as “peaceful and orderly”, and the • Salim Raad, Lebanon Popular Front Party announced that it was Economic Community of West African (heavy weapons) withdrawing from the legislative elections, States, which had sent 60 monitors to • Savannah de Tessières, France as well as from the country’s national rec- observe the elections, released a statement (small arms and light weapons) onciliation process, as a result of what it calling the elections free and fair. considered Gbagbo’s illegal transfer to the • Ahmed Zerhouni, Algeria (aviation) On a visit to New York shortly after the elec- ICC. The UN positioned 7,000 troops in Head of UNSMIL tions, Prime Minister Guillaume Soro said Abidjan, the capital, and in the western part on 15 December that Côte d’Ivoire would Ian Martin (UK) of the country to help stave off election- ratify the Rome Statute once parliament related violence. To complement UNOCI’s begins deliberations. Soro, who led the security capacity during this period, the Force Nouvelles rebel group that backed Council approved in late November 2011 a Côte d’Ivoire Outtara—and which human rights activists request from the Secretary-General for the have accused of widespread violations— Expected Council Action transfer of three armed helicopters and two also said that he was ready to face the ICC In January the Council is expected to military utility helicopters from the mission if charged. Soro met with the Secretary- discuss a midterm report of the Secretary- in Liberia to Côte d’Ivoire from 3 to 31 General and, separately, each of the P5 General on the UN Operation in Côte December 2011. d’Ivoire (UNOCI) expected by the end of members of the Council. On 8 December 2011, the Secretary- December 2011. The Council will likely The 11-member South African-styled General’s Special Representative and head issue a press statement welcoming the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Com- of UNOCI, Albert Gerard Koenders, briefed successful conduct of legislative elections mission, which President Outtara set up in the Council on preparations for the elec- in December 2011 and underlining the May as a key transitional justice mecha- tions. On 11 December, as many as 1,160 importance of addressing the key remain- nism, was launched in September with candidates from 35 parties contested 255 ing issues that would help consolidate Charles Konan Banny, a former prime min- legislative seats. In the event, few incidents peace and democracy in the country: com- ister, as chair. Gbagbo’s party has said it of violence were reported during the poll- pleting the disarmament and reintegration will not cooperate with the Commission. process; security sector reform; address- ing, though voter turnout was predictably ing issues relating to national reconciliation, low—35 percent—but higher than earlier Concerns about the activities of former including the setting up of the Dialogue, estimates. On 17 December, however, vio- Liberian mercenaries recruited and Truth and Reconciliation Commission; and lence erupted between government forces deployed by Gbagbo along the Côte addressing impunity for past abuses. and youths in the western region of Vavoua, d’Ivoire-Liberia border were underlined in 280 miles from Abidjan; six youth were the latest report of the Liberia Sanctions The mandate of UNOCI expires on 31 gunned down. UNOCI urged the govern- Committee’s Panel of Experts, which was July 2012. ment to investigate the killings, and on 19 discussed by the Council on 9 December. A December, the government announced substantial part of the report deals with the that seven ‘volunteer’ soldiers implicated in impact of the return from Côte d’Ivoire of the killings had been arrested.
12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org an estimated 4,500 mercenaries, many of Key Issues whom are now engaged in illicit gold mining The key issue for the Council is to ensure in Liberia close to the western part of Côte that Outtara’s government builds on the SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT d’Ivoire. The report notes that these former momentum provided by the successful leg- Monthly fighters can be easily mobilised. islative vote to address the remaining JAN 2012 challenges facing the country, including FORECAST The authors of the report interviewed sev- completing the disarmament process, eral former mercenary commanders, now embarking on security sector reform and UNOCI and UNMIL to coordinate engaged in gold mining, and noted that pursuing a policy of national reconciliation. strategies and operations in the funds accruing from illicit gold mining are Liberia-Côte d’Ivoire border regions. significant enough that they should be A related issue concerns supporting the • S/RES/2000 (27 July 2011) renewed closely monitored to ensure they are not work of the ICC in prosecuting those guilty the mandate of UNOCI at its current used to destabilise the two countries. In of serious crimes relating to the post-elec- force levels (including the earlier ad- response, the Council adopted resolution toral violence early this year, including hoc increases) until 31 July 2012. 2025 on 14 December 2011, urging the associates of Gbagbo and possibly Outtara. • S/RES/1992 (29 June 2011) extended Liberian government to “improve its control the temporary redeployment of heli- over the gold sector and adopt the neces- Options copters from UNMIL to UNOCI until 30 sary legislation in this regard, and focus its The Council could: September. efforts on establishing effective governance n issue a press statement welcoming the • S/RES/1980 (28 April 2011) extended of the gold production sector.” outcome of the legislative elections and drawing attention to the remaining tasks, the sanctions regime and the mandate UNOCI maintains a significant troop pres- including security sector reform, recon- of the group of experts monitoring it ence in western Côte d’Ivoire. Anxieties ciliation and combating impunity; or for one year. about the volatility of this area of the border n discuss the report and take no action. • S/RES/1967 (19 January 2011) autho- influenced aspects of resolution 2008, rised the redeployment of aviation which renewed the mandate of the UN Mis- Council Dynamics assets from UNMIL to UNOCI. Côte d’Ivoire is not a contentious situation sion in Liberia (UNMIL) on 16 September Secretary-General’s Report 2011, emphasising the need for the two in the Council. All Council members sup- • S/2011/387 (24 June 2011) was the missions to “regularly coordinate their strat- port the recent action taken by the ICC in 28th progress report of the Secretary- egies and operations in areas near the transferring Gbagbo to The Hague to face General on UNOCI. Liberian-Côte d’Ivoire border…to prevent trial. (The 1572 Côte d’Ivoire sanctions Letters armed groups from exploiting the seam of committee, in fact, had to lift the travel ban political boundaries.” imposed on Gbagbo in order to authorise • S/2011/577 (15 September 2011) was his transfer to The Hague.) Some are more from the Secretary-General to the Human Rights-Related eager than others to have associates of President of the Council on the inter- Developments Outtara face a similar fate. France and mission (UNOCI and UNMIL) use of Nigeria co-sponsored resolution 1975 of 30 The UN Independent Expert on the situ- three helicopters and the transfer of March 2011, which imposed targeted sanc- ation of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, 150 military and 100 police personnel tions and reaffirmed UNOCI’s mandate to Doudou Diène, visited the country from 7 from UNOCI to UNMIL from 1 October protect civilians, and cooperation between to 13 December 2011 to raise the profile to 30 November 2011. UNOCI and UNMIL—on which the US of human rights in the 11 December leg- • S/2011/468 (26 July 2011) leads—has been very good. islative elections, the first to take place and S/2011/469 (28 July 2011) was an exchange of letters containing the since the presidential poll in December France is the lead country in the Council on Secretary General’s intention to 2010. Speaking after the elections, Côte d’Ivoire. Diène described human rights in Côte appoint Albert Gerard Koenders as d’Ivoire as “weak”. Alluding to several UN Documents special representative for Côte d’Ivoire and head of UNOCI. incidents of violence during the polls, Security Council Resolutions Diène expressed concern that weapons • S/2011/419 (7 July 2011) appointed • S/RES/2025 (14 December 2011) continued to circulate illegally. The Inde- four individuals to the group of extended the sanctions regime on pendent Expert will present a report to experts for the Côte d’Ivoire sanctions Liberia and the mandate of its Panel the Human Rights Council in March committee. of Experts 2012 on the findings of his visit. Other • S/RES/2008 (16 September 2011) extended the mandate of UNMIL until • S/PV.6577 (8 July 2011) was the latest 30 September 2012 and called on briefing on UNOWA.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 Other Relevant Facts tracted post-election crisis in Côte d’Ivoire, result of which Lloyd’s Market Association, the successful presidential elections and a leading group of maritime insurers, Special Representative of the political transition in Niger and progress in placed the coastal waters off Benin and part Secretary-General and Head of Mission Guinea toward economic and institutional of Nigeria in the same high-risk category as Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) reforms as well as consensus-building Somalia last August. In resolution 2018 of UNOCI Force Commander measures ahead of legislative elections cur- 31 October 2011, the Council called for “the Maj. Gen. Gnakoudè Béréna (Togo) rently scheduled for 2012. development of a comprehensive strategy” to counter the problem. UNOCI: Size, Composition, Cost and On the flip side, however, Djinnit noted the Duration growing problems of drug trafficking and A representative from UNOWA is part of Authorised Strength: 11,142 total organised crime, which continue to pose the assessment mission deployed in uniformed personnel, including major challenges for several countries in November 2011 by the Secretary-General 9,600 troops, 192 military observers, the region. The Secretary-General’s report to map the scope of the piracy threat in the 1,350 police on UNOWA, issued on 20 June 2011, region and make recommendations for Strength (as of 30 November 2011): reported increased trafficking of heroin possible UN action. Other representatives 9,417 troops, 194 military observers, through West Africa in early 2011, produc- were drawn from the Department of 1,367 police personnel tion of methamphetamine in West Africa for Political Affairs, the Department of Peace- Main troop contributors: Bangladesh, export to Asia and the increased corrupting keeping Operations, the International Pakistan, Jordan, Morocco and Malawi influence of money-laundering, which was Maritime Organization, the UN Develop- Annual Budget: $486.7 million weakening “the already fragile” state institu- ment Programme, the UN Regional Office Duration: 4 April 2004 to present; tions in the region. in Central Africa and the UN Office on mandate expires 31 July 2012 Drugs and Crime. The report also suggested that large caches of combat weapons might have been trans- Elections in Liberia were ultimately suc- ferred from Libya and had fallen into the cessful but not problem-free, and UNOWA (West Africa) hands of terrorists in the Sahel, which could thousands of West African migrant workers Expected Council Action have a destabilising effect on the region. In in Libya returned to the region, increasing this regard, on 31 October 2011, the Coun- economic and social problems. The threat In January the Council is expected to con- cil adopted resolution 2017, drawing of electoral violence, as happened in Libe- sider a report from the Secretary-General attention to “the risk of destabilisation ria in November 2011, remains salient. This on the activities of the UN Office for West posed by the dissemination in the Sahel may be particularly true of Guinea, where Africa (UNOWA), submitted in December region of illicit small arms and light weap- legislative elections, slated for the end of 2011. The Special Representative of the ons.” The resolution also underlined a December 2011, were postponed to 2012 Secretary-General and head of UNOWA, suggestion in the Secretary-General’s 20 because of lack of preparation. In July Said Djinnit, will likely brief the Council. June report that countries in the Sahel and 2011, two armed attacks on newly elected It is likely that the Council will discuss the UNOWA strengthen their cooperation to President Alpha Condé claimed three lives. findings of the UN inter-agency assessment address emerging security and humanitar- The authorities arrested General Nouhou mission that was jointly sent by the UN and ian issues. Thiam—who was chief of staff to the former AU to the Sahel region from 7 to 23 Decem- president, General Sékouba Konaté—and One of the more dramatic of such chal- ber 2011 to assess the impact of the Libya several other people after the attack. lenges has been the increased incidence of crisis on the contiguous countries of Mauri- terrorism in Nigeria: on 26 August 2011, a tania, Mali, Niger and Chad. Human Rights-Related car bomb destroyed the UN building in Developments The Council will likely issue a presidential Abuja, killing 18 people, and on 4 Novem- On 4 December 2011 in Bamako (Mali) statement highlighting these findings. The ber 2011, bomb attacks in the north of the the Regional Conference on Impunity, statement may also address the growing country killed more than 100 people. In Justice and Human Rights in West Africa incidence of terrorist attacks in Nigeria, as both instances, Boko Haram, an inchoate adopted a Declaration and a Regional well as the more positive electoral out- Islamist group, claimed responsibility. Roadmap to support the efforts of the comes in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire. Thousands of people also fled Maiduguri, in Economic Community of West African Borno state, as attacks by Boko Haram and UNOWA’s mandate expires on 31 Decem- States towards justice, peace and clashes with the army’s Joint Task Force left ber 2013. stability. The Declaration contains dozens of people dead in July and August. recommendations to strengthen the rule Key Recent Developments On other fronts, drug trafficking and organ- of law through the promotion of human Djinnit last briefed the Council on develop- ised crime remain problems, especially in rights and by addressing impunity, ments affecting peace and security in the countries such as Guinea-Bissau. Piracy corruption, organised crime, illicit traffick- West African region in July. His report was attacks in the Gulf of Guinea have become ing and piracy. The Declaration also calls largely upbeat, noting the end of the pro- more frequent since the last briefing, as a
14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org for the promotion of transitional justice by another Council member. Council mechanisms such as truth and reconcilia- members are generally supportive of the tion commissions. It also encourages work of UNOWA, especially its active role SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT governments and stakeholders to in monitoring and addressing issues that Monthly develop national roadmaps for their threaten the region’s peace and security JAN 2012 respective countries to facilitate effective but may not be on the Council’s agenda. It FORECAST implementation of the recommendations. seems also that UNOWA’s role as a focal point in a region that hosts several large Iraq Key Issues missions is largely appreciated by Council Expected Council Action The key issue for Council members is to members. Djinnit also appears to be well- The Council is expecting a briefing from the assess the overall value being added to respected. UNOWA is not a contentious Office for Disarmament Affairs and to hold peace consolidation in the region through issue on the Council. UNOWA’s role in monitoring emerging consultations to discuss Iraq’s progress challenges and security trends, as well as UN Documents towards ratification of the Additional Proto- col to the Comprehensive Safeguards supporting the work of other UN missions Security Council Resolution in the region. Particularly urgent is the issue Agreement and the Comprehensive • S/RES/2018 (31 October 2011) was a of arms proliferation in the Sahel region Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in accor- resolution on the threats of piracy and following the conflict in Libya. dance with resolution 1957. armed robbery on the seas of the Gulf Also, the forthcoming legislative elections in of Guinea. Council members are also likely to be watchful about the security and political sit- Guinea-Bissau and Guinea and the presi- Presidential Statements uation in Iraq following the departure of the dential and legislative elections in Sierra • S/PRST/2009/32 (8 December 2009) US troops. Leone in 2012 are important issues for the was on threats posed by drug Council to be focused on. trafficking. The mandate of the UN Assistance Mission An increasingly important issue is UNOWA’s • S/PRST/2009/20 (10 July 2009) was for Iraq (UNAMI) expires on 31 July 2012. on the situation in West Africa. role in monitoring and supporting the efforts Key Recent Developments • S/PRST/2009/11 (5 May 2009) of regional governments in light of the wider On 22 December 2011, at least 63 people expressed concern about the resur- issue of Gulf of Guinea piracy. were reported killed and 185 injured as a gence of coups and unconstitutional result of four car bombs and ten improvised Options changes of government in Africa. Options for the Council include: explosive devices across Baghdad. At Letters press time, no one had claimed responsibil- n simply receiving the briefing and consid- ering the Secretary-General’s report; • S/2010/661 (20 December 2010) ity for the attacks. extended the mandate of UNOWA for n adopting a presidential statement high- On 19 December 2011, an Iraq judicial a further three years, from 1 January lighting key issues raised in the committee issued an arrest warrant, under 2011 to 31 December 2013. Secretary-General’s report, in particular anti-terrorism laws, for Vice President Tariq • S/2010/660 (14 December 2010) the issue of Libyan arms in the countries Al-Hashemi. Adel Daham, an interior minis- contained the Secretary-General’s of the Sahel, and reiterating the Council’s try spokesman, said that Al-Hashemi was report on UNOWA. support for the work of UNOWA; being sought for links to killings and attacks Latest Secretary General’s Report n holding an interactive dialogue involving on several Iraqi government and security the countries from the region, the repre- • S/2011/388 (20 June 2011) covers officials. Al-Hashemi, Iraq’s most senior sentatives of the Gulf of Guinea piracy the period from 1 January 2011 to 30 Sunni official, refuted the claims in a news assessment mission and the chairs of the June 2011. conference on 20 December. The al-Iraqiya relevant Peacebuilding Commission parliamentary bloc, which represents most country-specific configurations on the Other Relevant Facts of Iraq’s Sunni Arab community, withdrew key underlying issues, along with rele- Special Representative of the from the parliament on 17 December. vant thematic issues, such as piracy and Secretary-General On 15 December 2011, Leon Panetta, the drug trafficking; or Said Djinnit (Algeria) n addressing issues of UN integration and US Secretary of Defence, attended a cere- UNOWA: Size and Composition “delivering as one” as some of the cur- mony in Baghdad that officially marked the of Mission rent missions in the region (the UN withdrawal of US troops from Iraq. The last Staff strength (as of 30 April 2010): 13 Integrated Mission in Sierra Leone, for convoy of US troops drove into Kuwait on international civilians, 10 local civilians example) wind down. 18 December. Previously, on 12 December, and four military advisers US President Barack Obama met Iraqi Council Dynamics UNOWA: Duration Prime Minister Nouri Al-Maliki at the White Nigeria, which led on this issue until 31 Mandate expires on 31 December 2013 House. The meeting reportedly focused on December 2011, will need to be replaced the future of the US-Iraqi partnership.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 On 6 December, Martin Kobler, head of On 9 December 2011, Ban appointed US military withdrawal is likely to have on UNAMI, who had assumed his post in Octo- György Busztin (Hungary) as his Deputy the dynamics on the ground. ber 2011, briefed the Council for the first Special Representative for Iraq. Busztin Developments relating to the arrest warrant time on the latest report of the Secretary- succeeds Jerzy Skuratowicz (Poland). issued against Hashemi and the potential General on UNAMI. He said that the On 5 December, 16 people were reported for increased sectarian violence will be fol- withdrawal of US forces at the end of 2011 killed and 31 wounded in a bomb attack lowed attentively by the Council. was a milestone, but security needed to be targeting Shia pilgrims in Hilla. improved. Kobler urged Iraq to implement Another key issue for the Council is assess- its outstanding Chapter VII obligations in In a press statement on 30 June 2011, Coun- ing the level of contribution that UNAMI accordance with the Secretary-General’s cil members welcomed the Iraqi government’s makes to the stability of Iraq and whether 2009 report (S/2009/385), which would establishment of a successor arrangement to UNAMI’s composition ought to be modi- allow for the Council to normalise Iraq’s the DFI consisting of an account held by the fied in order to better address the status in the international community. He Central Bank of Iraq at the Federal Reserve challenges it faces. stated that the 31 December date for a Bank (see S/2011/290). (The Council took Another issue for the Council in January is forced closure of Camp Ashraf by the Iraqi note of the establishment of the DFI in resolu- whether the post-DFI mechanism is func- government should be extended. (Camp tion 1483 [2003] allowing revenues from oil tioning in a satisfactory fashion. Ashraf, situated in Diyala province, houses and other goods to be paid into it and dis- more than 3,000 Iranian exiles belonging to bursed at the discretion of the US-led Coalition Determining Iraq’s commitment to and its the Mujahedin-e Khalq or the People’s Provisional Authority, replacing the previous progress in ratifying the Additional Proto- Mujahedin of Iran, an organisation opposed Oil-for-Food programme.) col to the Comprehensive Safeguards to the government in Tehran.) Agreement and the CTBT is also an issue An advance copy of the first report of the for the Council. On 16 December 2011, B. Lynn Pascoe, Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 the head of the Department of Political of resolution 1956 was released on 22 Underlying Problems Affairs, briefed Council members on the December. The report on Iraq’s compliance Significant sectarian and political divisions situation in Camp Ashraf. Pascoe’s brief- with making required deposits to the com- continue to adversely affect Iraq and the ing noted that the political deadlock pensation fund established under resolution fragile security situation throughout the between Camp Ashraf’s leadership and 687 (1991) and the post-Development Fund country remains a key challenge. In addi- the government of Iraq was a cause of for Iraq (DFI) mechanism mandated under tion, key ministerial posts, such as for concern. (UNAMI and the Office of the UN resolution 1956 (2010) concluded that defence and interior, have been unfilled for High Commissioner for Refugees were though it was satisfied with the Government months, and different political blocs remain reported to be in regular contact with the of Iraq’s compliance thus far only a forth- divided over power sharing. The political Iraqi government on this issue.) coming audit of the successor account will fallout arising from the arrest warrant issued confirm this. Al-Maliki told reporters in a press confer- against Hashemi would only seem to fur- ther complicate national reconciliation. ence, on 21 December 2011, that the Human Rights-Related government had decided to postpone the Developments Options closure of Camp Ashraf to January. How- On Comprehensive Safeguards Agree- When presenting the latest Secretary- ever, no fixed date was given for the closure. ment, CTBT and the post-DFI issues the General’s report, Kobler highlighted the Council could: Ambassador Gennady Tarasov, the high- need for safeguarding democratic stan- n simply receive the briefing; level coordinator for Iraq/Kuwait missing dards, including respect for human n take no action at present whilst continu- persons and property, briefed Council rights and the rule of law, after the US ing to monitor the progress of the members on 15 December. The members withdrawal. Kobler called on the govern- post-DFI mechanism until the audit is of the Council released a press state- ment to do all it could to protect the conducted; or ment the same day welcoming the victims of violence and ensure that those n issue a presidential or press statement commitment to full implementation of all responsible were held accountable. Of that could reaffirm previously agreed lan- Iraqi obligations to Kuwait. Council mem- particular concern were recent acts of guage in resolutions 1956 and 1957. bers noted the Secretary-General’s violence against human rights defend- concern that no substantial progress had ers and journalists. Regarding the political situation, also an been made regarding the fate of the option could be issuing a presidential or Key Issues Kuwaiti national archives and supported press statement that could include all or A key issue for the Council will be to revisit his recommendation to extend the financ- some of the following elements: the issue of security provision for UNAMI ing of the high-level coordinator for n acknowledgement of the increasing personnel, especially in light of the recent another six months. security needs of UNAMI; bombings and the potential effect that the
16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n expressing concerns about the impact of Destruction (WMD)-related Chapter VII violence on Iraqi civilians; measures Iraq was subject to and n urging Iraq’s political leaders to resolve SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT urged Iraq to ratify the Additional differences through political dialogue; Monthly Protocol to the Comprehensive Safe- and guards Agreement with the IAEA as JAN 2012 n urging Iraq to finalise its government for- FORECAST soon as possible. mation by filling all vacant ministerial • S/RES/1956 (15 December 2010) posts based on inclusiveness. extended the DFI and related immuni- confirming the allocation of funds in Council and Wider Dynamics ties a final time until 30 June 2011 and support of Tarasov’s activities. At press time, Council members appeared affirmed that five percent of Iraqi pro- • S/2011/477 (26 July 2011) was from concerned about the political deadlock ceeds from oil sales would continue to the Secretary-General addressed to between the government of Iraq and the be deposited into a compensation the President of the Council, request- leadership of Camp Ashraf. As the evacua- fund after that date. ing funds for Tarasov’s activities. tion deadline of 31 December approached, Secretary-General’s Reports Security Council Meeting Records they felt the potential for this issue to turn • S/2011/754 (5 December 2011) • S/PV.6675 (6 December 2011) was violent grew. was the 32nd report of the Secretary- Kobler’s briefing to the Council, pre- senting the first report of the Most Council members seem to view Iraq General pursuant to paragraph 14 Secretary-General pursuant to para- as a routine issue with no significant devel- of resolution 1284, covering the graph 6 of resolution 2001. opments in the recent times. Many Council issue of missing Kuwaiti personnel • S/PV.6594 (28 July 2011) noted the members feel that it is important for Iraq to and property. adoption of S/RES/2001. make further efforts to fulfil its obligations to • S/2011/736 (28 November 2011) • S/PV.6586 (19 July 2011) was Ad Kuwait. Council members seem to be of the was the first report of the Secretary- Melkert’s briefing to the Council, pre- opinion that Iraq’s commitment to resolu- General pursuant to paragraph 6 of senting the third report of the tion 1957 and any progress made in this resolution 2001, discussing UNAMI’s Secretary-General on UNAMI. regard will only serve Iraq’s own interna- progress and other developments tional standing. in Iraq. Security Council Press Statements • S/2011/607 (3 October 2011) was the • SC/10490 (15 December 2011) Russia feels that it might be useful to assess Secretary-General’s report reviewing expressed the Council’s intention to the contribution that UNAMI makes to the Iraq’s commitment to the chemical continue funding for the activities of stability of Iraq and whether or not UNAMI weapons convention. the high-level coordinator for missing should continue. Other members tend to • S/2011/435 (7 July 2011) was the third Kuwaiti persons and property. view UNAMI as an important factor in Iraq. report of the Secretary-General • SC/10362 (18 August 2011) con- Some members have expressed concern on UNAMI. demned terrorist attacks on 15 August about the recent arrest warrant issued for Letters in Iraq. Al-Hashemi as signalling the potential for • SC/10307 (30 June 2011) welcomed sectarian strife in Iraq. • S/2011/721 (15 November 2011) was from Ambassador Hamid Al-Bayati to the Iraqi government’s assumption of The US is the lead country on Iraq issues in the President of the Council, updating autonomy over the DFI. general, and the UK is the lead on Iraq/ him on the formation of an Iraqi coor- Other Kuwait issues. dinating committee to deal with • S/AC.51/2011/6 (3 October 2011) was Kuwaiti national archives. the report of the working group on UN Documents • S/2011/503 (8 August 2011) was children and armed conflict, stating Security Council Resolutions from the President of the Council conclusions on children and armed • S/RES/2001 (28 July 2011) extended addressed to the Secretary-General, conflict in Iraq. UNAMI’s mandate until 31 July 2012. acknowledging his intention to • S/RES/1958 (15 December 2010) ter- appoint Kobler. Other Relevant Facts • S/2011/502 (4 August 2011) was from minated the Oil-for-Food programme Special Representative of the and established an escrow account to the Secretary-General addressed to Secretary-General in Iraq the President of the Council, noting provide indemnification to the UN with Martin Kobler (Germany) regard to the programme for a period his appointment of Kobler. • S/2011/478 (29 July 2011) was Secretary-General’s High-Level of six years. Coordinator for Iraq/Kuwait Missing • S/RES/1957 (15 December 2010) from the President of the Council Persons and Property terminated the Weapons of Mass addressed to the Secretary-General, Gennady Tarasov (Russia)
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 Yemen between the ruling party and the opposi- OCHA, reiterated in a press conference that tion, was sworn in. It will serve until the the humanitarian situation in Yemen was of Expected Council Action swearing in of the new government follow- deep concern. The Council is expecting in January a brief- ing the presidential elections. There were Human Rights-Related ing on the situation in Yemen by the widespread protests across the country Developments Secretary-General’s Special Adviser, when the inclusion of Saleh loyalists in the Jamal Benomar. new cabinet was announced. On 6 December 2011, Navi Pillay, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Key Recent Developments On 13 December, the government ordered deplored the recent killing of unarmed Support for President Ali Abdullah Saleh in the release of all detainees held in con- civilians in Yemen. “It is appalling and Yemen continued to deteriorate in the nection with the protests, reportedly extremely disappointing that despite weeks and days preceding his signing of around 1,400. the successive deals and ceasefires, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initia- Benomar briefed the Council on 28 Novem- government security forces continue to tive. More than 400 troops reportedly ber and 21 December 2011 after extensive use live ammunition against unarmed defected from the Yemeni military on 19 travel in the region and within Yemen. In a protestors”, said Pillay. She stressed November on 2011. On 23 November, press statement after the 28 November that violence was not the way to resolve Saleh signed the GCC initiative in Riyadh briefing, the members of the Council wel- Yemen’s difficulties and that the govern- after negotiating an implementation comed the signing of the GCC initiative and ment must ensure that lethal force was mechanism, initiating the transition of urged all parties to honour the timetable in not used against peaceful demonstra- power from Saleh to Vice President the implementation of the agreement. Dur- tors. Pillay also urged that the economic, Abdrabuh Mansour Hadi during an interim ing the 21 December briefing, Benomar social and cultural rights of Yemenis be period leading up to elections. (The initia- said that political developments following better protected, noting that the rights tive provides immunity to Saleh and his the signing of the GCC initiative and the to education and health had been seri- family and allows him to remain as honor- accompanying implementation mecha- ously curtailed over the past ten months. ary president for three months. Following nism were taking place on time. However, UN agencies had reported that access the elections, Hadi would be expected to he also noted that there remained many to basic social services had been become president as the consensus can- challenges on multiple fronts and that the increasingly limited, directly affecting didate agreed by all sides. Hadi would also forthcoming presidential elections would more than 100,000 children who now oversee national dialogue to consider pro- be a significant milestone. Members of the had limited or no access to schooling or posals for constitutional reform. These Council issued a press statement the fol- health facilities. would include replacing the presidential lowing day welcoming the formation of the system with a multi-party parliamentary Key Issues Government of National Unity while reiterat- system, which would be decided by a pop- The key issue for the Council is to deter- ing the call for the implementation of the ular referendum.) mine what role it can play in the aftermath of GCC initiative and the implementation the signing of the GCC initiative to minimise On 26 November 2011, and as envisaged in mechanism in a timely fashion. the violence and foster a peaceful political the GCC initiative and the accompanying On 3 December 2011, at least 30 people transition that abides by the timetables of implementation mechanism, Hadi signed a were reported to have been killed in Taiz the implementation mechanism. decree calling for early presidential elec- during clashes between government forces tions to be held on 21 February 2012. (Prior A further issue for the Council is its role in and anti-government fighters. to Saleh’s signing of the GCC initiative, the ensuring the territorial integrity of Yemen election was not due to take place until On 10 December 2011, Tawakkul Karman, and preventing any large-scale civil war. 2013.) Mohammed Salim Basindawa, a the first Arab woman and the youngest (32 Options senior opposition figure, was named interim years) person ever to receive the Nobel The Council’s options include: Prime Minister on 27 November. Peace Prize, said Saleh wanted to push the n simply keeping abreast of the develop- country into civil war and he would not leave On 4 December, Hadi also endorsed a ments in Yemen and receiving regular despite signing the GCC initiative. decree to form the Military Affairs Commit- briefings from Benomar and the Depart- tee charged with restructuring the military. The humanitarian situation in Yemen has ment of Political Affairs; (The 14-member committee is to be chaired steadily deteriorated. On 28 November the n issuing a statement encouraging by Hadi himself.) Council was briefed on this matter by Yemen’s key players to continue to Philippe Lazzarini, Deputy Director for the engage in dialogue and ensure the full On 10 December 2011, and as agreed to in Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian implementation of the GCC initiative and the GCC initiative and the implementation Affairs (OCHA). On 2 December, Catherine the accompanying mechanism, whilst mechanism, the new unity government, Bragg, Assistant Secretary-General and emphasising greater unity and political with 34 cabinet posts divided equally Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator of inclusiveness, with the aid of the GCC; or, although less likely; and
18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n agreeing to a clear message that any Other Relevant Facts attempt to derail the current transition Special Adviser to the Secretary-General process will be taken seriously by the SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT on Yemen Council and will have consequences. Monthly Jamal Benomar (Morocco) Council Dynamics JAN 2012FORECAST Council members are aware that Yemen’s politicians, as well as the country’s public Rule of Law human rights and rule-of-law activities. It opinion, follow closely any messages com- also reaffirmed the Council’s stance on ing out of the Council. Members seem to Expected Council Action opposition to impunity for serious viola- be cautiously optimistic though they are An open debate on strengthening the tions of international humanitarian law and concerned that while the political develop- rule of law in the maintenance of interna- human rights law. The Council requested ments since the adoption of resolution tional peace and security will take place in the Secretary-General to report to it within 2014 are encouraging, Saleh continues to January. In addition to member states at 12 months regarding the implementation interfere with the political process. Council large, the Secretary-General or the Deputy of the recommendations contained in his members also seem to be in agreement Secretary-General, Asha-Rose Migiro, report of 23 August 2004 on the rule of law that it may be time to evaluate the role of may address the Council. A presidential and transitional justice in conflict and the UN in Yemen and to give thought to a statement is expected as an outcome. post-conflict societies. In an exchange of longer-term engagement. letters last June, the Secretary-General An Arria-formula meeting on the rule of requested permission to submit his report Some Council members also feel that it is law—including Council members and civil by 1 November. necessary to send the message that there society representatives—may take place will be consequences should anyone before the debate. Please see Security Council Report’s 28 attempt to derail the current progress in October Cross-Cutting Report on the Rule Background Yemen. Most members would like to main- of Law. tain the current focus until the full In recent years, rule of law and justice implementation of the GCC initiative and issues have gained prominence in the Key Developments since the the accompanying implementation mecha- Council’s thinking and discussions about 2010 Debate nism has occurred. long-term solutions. They have also influ- Several developments relating to various enced the design of its operations in the aspects of the rule of law have taken place The UK has the lead in the Council on field and are now part of mainstream Coun- at the Council since June 2010. Yemen. cil discussion and action. On 22 December 2010, the Council adopted UN Documents Rule of law and international justice issues resolution 1966, establishing the interna- Security Council Resolution also have become a focus in a number of tional residual mechanism for criminal other thematic issues in the Council—such tribunals, with two branches. (The mecha- • S/RES/2014 (21 October 2011) as protection of civilians; children and nism is meant to carry out the essential endorsed the GCC initiative for a armed conflict; and women, peace and remaining functions of the tribunals, includ- peaceful transition of power. security—and are referred to when evaluat- ing the trial of fugitives captured after their Security Council Press Statements ing the Council’s use of sanctions under closure.) Annexed to the resolution are the • SC/10504 (22 December 2011) wel- Chapter VII of the UN Charter. statute of the residual mechanism and comed the progress that had been arrangements for the transition period The Council held its first thematic debate made on implementing the GCC and before the closure of the tribunals. The on the rule of law in 2003, followed by reiterated their call that it be imple- Council requested the tribunals to conclude debates in 2004 and then in 2006. The last mented in a timely and transparent their work by 31 December 2014. open debate, on “The Promotion and manner. Strengthening of the Rule of Law in the On 26 February, the Council unanimously • SC/10460 (28 November 2011) Maintenance of International Peace and adopted resolution 1970, referring the situ- welcomed the signing of the GCC ini- Security”, was on 29 June 2010. In a presi- ation in Libya to the International Criminal tiative. dential statement following the debate, Court (ICC). The resolution also imposed • SC/10394 (24 September 2011) urged members expressed their commitment to an arms embargo, a travel ban on members all parties to reject violence. ensuring that UN efforts to restore peace of the regime and relatives of then Libyan • SC/10357 (9 August 2011) expressed and security respect and promote the rule leader Muammar Qaddafi as well as an concern at the worsening economic, of law and recognised that sustainable asset freeze on members of the Qaddafi humanitarian and security situations. peacebuilding requires an integrated family. A sanctions committee was estab- • SC/10296 (24 June 2011) expressed approach that strengthens the coherence lished to monitor the implementation of grave concern at the deteriorating between political security, development, these measures. security and humanitarian situation.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 On 17 June, the Council adopted resolu- Another issue is the Council’s own adher- respect to delisting procedures in the tions 1988 and 1989, separating the Taliban ence to the rule of law, in particular its 1267 Sanctions Committee. sanctions regime from the Al-Qaida (1267) practice regarding the rights of those sub- • S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011) regime. Several new procedures were ject to Council-imposed sanctions. referred the situation in Libya to the adopted for strengthening the Office of the Options ICC. Ombudsperson with respect to the Al- One option is a presidential statement • S/RES/1966 (22 December 2010) Qaida sanctions list in resolution 1989, simply focusing on areas to be covered in established the residual mechanism including making recommendations on the debate without asking for any for the International Criminal Tribunal individual delisting requests, which become follow-up action. for the former Yugoslavia and the binding unless within 60 days the 1267 and International Criminal Tribunal for 1989 Sanctions Committee decides by con- Another option is a presidential statement Rwanda. sensus (or the Council decides by vote) to that makes specific recommendations for Presidential Statement retain the listing. greater Council involvement, with an in- • S/PRST/2010/11 (29 June 2010) was depth focus on specific aspects of the rule On 12 October, the Secretary-General pre- on the rule of law in the maintenance of law. sented his follow-up report on the rule of of international peace and security law to the Council. The report focuses on Requesting a follow-up report on rule of and requested the Secretary-General transitional justice and gives an overview of law from the Secretary-General is an addi- to provide a follow-up report within 12 ways in which the Council and its mandates tional option. months. have approached the issue in the past. It Secretary-General’s Reports recommends that the Council make explicit Council and Wider Dynamics • S/2011/634 (12 October 2011) was the references to transitional justice where South Africa may choose to circulate a report on the rule of law and transi- appropriate, continue to support action concept paper for the debate. At press tional justice in conflict and plans for police and judicial reform, encour- time it is uncertain whether there will be a post-conflict situations. age more funding for justice and security specific focus for the meeting or a general • A/66/133 (8 August 2011) was the institutions, reject any endorsement of discussion of the rule of law. For the open Secretary-General’s latest annual amnesty for gross violations of human debate that was originally scheduled report on strengthening and coordi- rights and encourage accountability. during the Portuguese presidency in November, Portugal intended to focus its nating UN rule of law activities. On 9 December, the General Assembly concept note on transitional justice issues • S/2004/616 (23 August 2004) was the adopted without vote a resolution request- in an attempt to facilitate conditions for report The rule of law and transitional ing a report on the rule of law by the concrete action and precise statements justice in conflict and post-conflict Secretary-General by March 2012, in prep- from the Council on transitional justice and societies, which assessed existing UN aration for a high-level event on the rule of its importance in maintaining and restoring practices, experience and expertise law at the national and international levels peace and security. and put forward a series of recom- to take place on 24 September 2012 on the mendations for both the Council and margins of the General Assembly. Council members in general are supportive the UN system. of the debate and the relevance of the rule of Security Council Meeting Record Key Issues law to the Council’s work. As with some An issue for the Council is to be able to other recent thematic debates, there is gen- • S/PV.6347 (29 June 2010) was the lat- develop a more enduring and sustained eral awareness that the Council must be est open debate on the rule of law. focus on issues of justice and rule of law, as cautious not to appear to encroach on the Other it has done with other thematic issues regu- jurisdiction of other UN organs. Some Coun- • A/66/475 (28 November 2011) was the larly on its agenda. cil members may try to limit the scope and report of the sixth committee to the language of the expected presidential state- An important emerging issue is being able General Assembly containing the res- ment in accordance with their view of the to address new threats to peace and secu- olution on the rule of law in Council’s mandate under the UN Charter. rity, for example piracy, in the framework of preparation for the high-level event. • S/2011/397 (27 June 2011) and the rule of law and justice. UN Documents S/2011/396 (23 June 2011) were An increasingly important issue is what the Security Council Resolutions an exchange of letters between the Council can do to support and strengthen • S/RES/1988 (17 June 2011) and S/ president of the Council and the national rule of law and transitional justice RES/1989 (17 June 2011) separated Secretary-General, concerning the within its mandates. the Taliban individuals and entities latter’s request to submit his report on subject to sanctions from the 1267 the rule of law by 1 November 2011. sanctions regime and expanded the role of the Ombudsperson with
20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our December 2011 Forecast n DRC: On 2 December 2011, the mem- contribute to further violations of existing n Burundi: On 7 December 2011, the bers of the Security Council were briefed Council resolutions. Finally, it expanded Special Representative of the Secretary- by Roger Meece, the Special Represen- the mandate of the Monitoring group for General and head of the UN Office in tative of the Secretary-General and head Somalia and Eritrea and requested the Burundi (BNUB), Karin Landgren, of the UN Stabilization Mission in the Secretary-General to report within 180 briefed the Council on the recent Secre- DRC (MONUSCO), on the presidential days on Eritrea’s compliance with the tary-General’s report (S/2011/751) which and legislative elections of 28 November resolution. Prior to the adoption (in the recommended that BNUB’s mandate be 2011. Following the briefing, Council same meeting) the Council heard inter- renewed at its current composition (S/ members issued a press statement ventions by the President of Djibouti, PV.6677). On 20 December, the Council (SC/10470) which stressed the impor- Ismaël Omar Guelleh, the President of adopted resolution 2027, extending tance of maintaining a peaceful and calm Somalia, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, BNUB’s mandate until 15 February 2013 environment, exercising restraint and the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Meles under the same terms as the previous resolving any differences through estab- Zenawi, the Foreign Minister of Kenya, mandate, stressing that BNUB should lished legal and mediation mechanisms. Moses Wetangula, and the Permanent support Burundi’s efforts in the area of Council members urged all candidates Representative of Uganda to the AU, Mull socioeconomic development (S/ and their supporters to refrain from acts Katende, speaking via video teleconfer- PV.6691). of violence and called on the authorities ence from Addis Ababa (S/PV.6674). The n Tribunals: On 7 December 2011, the to investigate any such acts and protect Eritrean President, Isaias Afwerki, had presidents of the International Criminal human rights and fundamental free- also been invited to speak, but in a 3 Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia doms. The statement also highlighted December letter to the Council (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR), Judge Council members’ concern about the (S/2011/753) Eritrea wrote that his par- Theodor Meron and Judge Khalida logistical and technical difficulties ticipation would be logistically impossible Rachid Khan respectively, and the encountered during the voting process. and “a mere formality and utterly mean- Prosecutors of both tribunals, Serge On 15 December, Meece briefed Council ingless” because of the short notice (the Brammertz and Hassan Bubacar Jallow members again via video-teleconfer- invitation was extended on 30 November respectively, briefed the Council (S/ ence. He updated them on election 2011) for which it blamed the US. PV.6678). The briefers highlighted that observer reports of irregularities in the n Lebanon: On 9 December 2011, the staff retention and lack of state cooper- election process, the security situation on Security Council issued a press state- ation in certain areas threatened the the ground and MONUSCO’s prepara- ment condemning the attack on a UN successful completion of the tribunals’ tions for possible developing scenarios. Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) con- work. (All four also attended the meet- n Eritrea: On 5 December 2011, the Coun- voy which injured five peacekeepers and ing of the Council’s informal working cil adopted resolution 2023 (S/PV.6674 two civilians (SC/10478). This is the third group on international tribunals on 6 and Resumption 1). The resolution con- such attack in southern Lebanon during December). On 21 December, the demned Eritrea’s violations of Council 2011, similar incidents occurred in May Council adopted resolution 2029, resolutions 1907, 1862 and 1844 and and July. extending the terms of four trial judges called on it to cease all efforts to destabi- n Cyprus: On 9 December 2011, Lisa But- and eight ad litem judges at the ICTR lise other states. It also condemned the tenheim, head of the UN mission in until 30 June 2012 or sooner if their trials Eritrean government’s use of the dias- Cyprus (UNFICYP), briefed Council were completed. pora tax to destabilise the Horn of Africa members on the Secretary-General’s n Abyei: On 8 December 2011, the Coun- or violate Council resolutions, called on latest report on Cyprus. On 14 Decem- cil received a briefing (S/PV.6679) and Eritrea to cease such practices and called ber, the Council unanimously adopted held consultations on the Secretary- for appropriate action to be taken by resolution 2026 extending the mandate General’s report on the situation in member states to make individuals of the peacekeeping force in Cyprus Abyei (S/2011/741). The Council adopted accountable for and prevent them from until 19 July (S/PV.6685). The resolution a resolution (S/RES/2024) on 14 Decem- engaging in illegal collection of the tax. called on the Greek Cypriot and Turkish ber adding a border monitoring support The resolution also expressed concern Cypriot leaders to intensify the momen- role to the mandate of the UN Interim over the Eritrean mining sector poten- tum of negotiations and to constructively Security Force in Abyei (UNISFA). On 22 tially being used as a source for financing engage in the process. It also called on December, it renewed the mandate of destabilising activities and called on the two sides to work on reaching con- UNISFA for an additional five months (S/ states to be vigilant to prevent such use. vergences on the remaining core issues, RES/2032). Additionally, it urged states to develop ahead of the “Greentree II” meeting with n Syria: On 12 December 2011, High Com- due diligence guidelines to prevent the the Secretary-General in January. missioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, provision of financial services that might briefed Council members in informal
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 21 consultations on the situation in Syria, nine votes and Koroma received six. n Afghanistan: On 19 December 2011, the indicating that crimes against humanity Sebutinde joins Giorgio Gaja (Italy), Council held a debate on the Secretary- had likely been committed by govern- Hisashi Owada (Japan), Peter Tomka General’s report (S/2011/772) on the ment forces. On 15 December, Russia (Slovakia) and Xue Hanqin (China) for a situation in Afghanistan (S/PV.6690). called for emergency informal consulta- nine-year term on the Court commenc- The Council adopted a presidential tions under the “Middle East” agenda ing on 6 February. statement (S/PRST/2011/22) in which it item to discuss a proposed Russian n Liberia: On 14 December 2011, the welcomed the 5 December Bonn Con- draft resolution on Syria. At press time, Council adopted resolution 2025 renew- ference on “Afghanistan and the Council members had met twice at ing for a period of 12 months a sanctions International Community: From Transi- expert-level, on 19 and 22 December, to regime including asset freezes and arms tion to the Transformation Decade” and discuss the draft. embargo on non-state actors, and travel its conclusions (S/2011/762). n Somalia: On 13 December 2011, the ban on selected individuals, as well as n Central Asia: On 19 December 2011, Secretary-General briefed the Council the mandate of the Panel of Experts Council members were briefed by Spe- on Somalia following his 9 December appointed to monitor implementation of cial Representative Miroslav Jenča on historic visit to Mogadishu with the Pres- the sanctions regime (S/PV.6684). The the work of the UN Regional Centre for ident of the UN General Assembly, Panel is tasked to “assess the impact, Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (S/PV.6681). effectiveness, and continued need for (UNRCCA) over the past six months. The (It was the first ever such joint visit to the measures” and will conduct a mid- Council released a press statement Somalia and the first visit by a Secretary- term and final review with a view “to (SC/10495) acknowledging the efforts of General since 1993.) The possibly modifying or lifting all or part of the Centre as a mechanism for preven- Secretary-General’s regular Somalia the measures of the sanctions regime.” tive diplomacy and commended and report (S/2011/759) was circulated on 9 The resolution deplored the pre-election welcomed the impact the Centre has in December. In his briefing, the Secretary- violence of 7 November 2011, and wel- the region. General emphasised in particular that comed the establishment of a Special n Israel/Palestine: On 20 December the international community was facing Independent Commission of Inquiry to 2011, Assistant Secretary-General for “a moment of fresh opportunity” in investigate the events and determine the Political Affairs, Oscar Fernández- Somalia and must seize it by consolidat- facts and circumstances through “inde- Taranco, briefed the Council (S/PV.6692) ing gains already made, offering pendent and impartial proceedings that followed by informal consultations. additional support and ensuring that the meet international standards.” The reso- Taranco told the Council that the peace military strategy was aligned with politi- lution notes “with serious concern” process was dangerously uncertain, the cal objectives. After the briefing, Council violation of measures relating to asset security situation between Gaza and members held informal consultations freezes and called on the Liberian gov- Israel had deteriorated and the and subsequently issued a press state- ernment to “make all necessary efforts announcement of new Israeli settlement ment (SC/10481) welcoming the to fulfil its obligations” in this regard. It construction, home demolitions in the Secretary-General’s visit to Mogadishu. also urged the Liberian government to West Bank and an increase in settler vio- They also underlined the seriousness of “improve its control over the gold sector lence were of serious concern. He also the problems in Somalia and the need and adopt the necessary legislation in reported that Quartet envoys had met for a comprehensive strategy and sup- this regard, and focus its efforts on separately with Israeli and Palestinian ported the Secretary-General’s call for establishing effective governance of the negotiators on 14 December. On Fatah- faster implementation of the road map, gold production sector.” The latest Panel Hamas reconciliation, Taranco noted while noting that future support to Soma- of Experts report (published on 7 that a series of meetings had been held lia’s Transitional Federal Institutions December) noted several violations of in Cairo. In remarks to the press, EU would be contingent on its completion. the sanctions measures relating to asset Council members (France, Germany, n ICJ Election: On 13 December 2011, the freezes as well as the arms embargo Portugal and the UK) expressed con- Council and General Assembly con- (mainly by Liberian mercenaries return- cern about increased settlement vened for the third time in order to ing from Côte d’Ivoire). construction and settler violence and independently, but concurrently, elect n Subsidiary Bodies: On 14 December reiterated EU principles on borders, the fifth and final remaining judge for the 2011, the Permanent Representatives of security, refugees and Jerusalem. The International Court of Justice (ICJ). Dur- the outgoing members of the Security IBSA members of the Council (India, ing the concurrent sessions, Julia Council—Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bra- Brazil, and South Africa), Lebanon on Sebutinde (Uganda) obtained 97 votes zil, Gabon, Lebanon and Nigeria—briefed behalf of the Arab Group and South in the Assembly, compared to 93 for rival the Council on the work of the subsidiary Africa on behalf of the Non-Aligned candidate Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra bodies they had chaired during their Movement, also delivered statements Leone), while in the Council she obtained two-year tenures (S/PV.6686). critical of Israeli settlement policy.
22 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n Golan Heights: On 21 December 2011, Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) until 28 the Security Council adopted resolution February 2013 (S/PV.6695). Sponsored 2028 extending the mandate of the UN by Brazil, Nigeria and Portugal, the reso- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Disengagement Observer Force lution welcomed the efforts of the Monthly (UNDOF) through 30 June 2012. The Economic Community of West African JAN 2012 resolution was a joint text by the US and States and the Community of Portu- FORECAST Russia and noted that conditions in the guese-Speaking Countries to assist in region could impact UNDOF and also the reforms of the defence and security requested implementation of the Secre- sectors in Guinea-Bissau and called on tary-General’s recommendation to the country’s military to respect constitu- upgrade the Force’s equipment and tional order, civilian rule and oversight, infrastructure. and to refrain from any interference in n CAR: On 21 December 2011, the Council political issues. It also urged Guinea- unanimously adopted resolution 2031 Bissau’s political leadership to refrain extending the mandate of the UN Inte- from involving the military and the judi- grated Peacebuilding Office in the ciary in politics, and to conclude Central African Republic (BINUCA) until investigations into the political assassi- 31 January 2013. Resolution 2031 took nations of March and June 2009 “as into account the Secretary-General’s lat- soon as possible”. The resolution est report (S/2011/739) and extended the addressed regional and international mandate for 13 months instead of 12 in anxiety surrounding Guinea Bissau, the order to spread out the renewal of man- threats posed by the “growth in illicit dates in 2012 (S/PV.6696). The renewal drug trafficking and organised crime” in of a mandate through a resolution was in the country and welcomed the govern- contrast to BINUCA’s inception, on 7 ment’s 2011-2014 National Operational April 2009, by a presidential statement Plan to combat illicit drug trafficking and (S/PRST/2009/5) as well as its last man- organised crime. date renewal, on 14 December 2010, n Iran: On 21 December 2011, the Chair of through another statement (S/ the Iran Sanctions Committee (1737 PRST/2010/26). Some Council members Committee), Ambassador Néstor Osorio felt it was more appropriate to adopt a (Colombia), provided a regular 90-day resolution and highlight the ongoing briefing to the Council. On 7 December, challenges that exist in CAR. Prior to this, the Committee had received an oral the Council was briefed on 14 December briefing from the coordinator of the Panel by Margaret Vogt, the Secretary-Gener- of Experts summarising the key points of al’s Special Representative and head of its midterm report of 1 November. The BINUCA, and Ambassador Jan Grauls Panel had investigated a reported viola- (Belgium), the Chair of the Peacebuilding tion of the ban on all exports of arms and Commission’s CAR country configura- related material from Iran (resolution tion (S/PV.6687). CAR’s Prime Minister, 1747) and initiated an inquiry into an Faustin-Archange Touadéra, also alleged violation of Iran of paragraph 9 of addressed the Council on the same day. resolution 1929. (The paragraph states Vogt highlighted that CAR was at a criti- that Iran shall not undertake any activity cal junction while presenting the related to ballistic missiles capable of Secretary-General’s latest report, delivering nuclear weapons.) Following whereas, Grauls’ briefing noted the secu- the briefing, several Council members rity aspects of the situation as well as the expressed concern regarding Iran’s lack of political inclusiveness in the post- nuclear programme and in particular the electoral period. Touadéra updated the issues addressed in the IAEA’s report of Council on the recent developments 8 November. In his concluding remarks, related to the CAR government. Osorio noted that a series of concerns n Guinea-Bissau: On 21 December 2011, weighed heavily on Council members, the Council unanimously passed resolu- including that the Panel’s previous report tion 2030 extending the mandate of the of May 2011 had not been made public UN Integrated Peace-Building Office in due to resistance within the Committee.
Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 23 Notable Dates for January SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF Report Due Reports for Consideration in January Requesting Document Bruno Stagno, Executive Director Joanna Weschler, Deputy Executive Director 30 December SG report on Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) S/RES/2000 and Director of Research 30 December SG report on West Africa (UNOWA) S/2010/661 Amanda Roberts, Coordinating Editor & 1 January SG report on Iraq/DFI S/RES/1956 Research Analyst 18 January SG report on Darfur (UNAMID) S/RES/2003 Shamala Kandiah, What’s in Blue Editor and Senior Research Analyst Other Important Dates in January 2012 Lansana Gberie, Research Analyst 12 January The Council is expected to hold a debate on UN-AU strategic Zeeshan Hashmi, Research Analyst partnership. Troy Prince, Research Analyst 19 January The Council is expected to hold an open debate on strengthening Paul Romita, Research Analyst Astrid Forberg Ryan, Research Analyst the rule of law in the maintenance of international peace and security. Eran Sthoeger, Research Analyst 24 January The Council is expected to hold its quarterly open debate on Nicholas Walbridge, Research Analyst the Middle East. Tim Caughley, Research Consultant Dahlia Morched, Research Assistant Amali Tower, Research Assistant Robbin VanNewkirk, Publications Coordinator Stevenson Swanson, Copy Editor (consultant) Maritza Tenerelli, Administrative Assistant
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24 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org