Socialist Internationalism in the Cold War Patryk Babiracki • Austin Jersild Editors Socialist Internationalism in the Cold War

Exploring the Second World Editors Patryk Babiracki Austin Jersild University of Texas at Arlington Old Dominion University Arlington, Texas, USA Norfolk, Virginia, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-32569-9 ISBN 978-3-319-32570-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32570-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961263

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover illustration: © The Czechoslovak Pavilion at the Brussels World’s Fair, 1958. National Archive (Národní archiv), Prague, Czech Republic, Ceskoslovenská obchodní komora (Kancelár gen. komisare EXPO)

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Alfred Rieber Preface

This volume originated as a 3-day workshop organized by Patryk Babiracki and Jan Behrends in June 2014 at the Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung (ZZF) in Potsdam. The venue could not have been more sym- bolic. After all, the 1945 Potsdam conference had sealed the postwar order in Europe and helped create the socialist “Second World.” The close prox- imity to the famous Glienicker Brücke—“The Bridge of Spies”—added some gravitas and some humor to our discussions of border crossings in the Cold War. The event was generously sponsored by the Volkswagenstiftung, and it materialized thanks to the enormous amount of administrative and logisti- cal help from Stephanie Karmann and Roxanna Noll as well as colleagues and administrators at the ZZF. Jens Gieseke supported the workshop as head of ZZF’s Section I. The editors wish to thank all abovementioned people and institutions for laying the groundwork for this volume. We would like to express our special gratitude to the Volkswagenstiftung, which continued to support our Second-Worldly efforts by providing additional funds for the production of this book. We wish to extend our thanks to Whitney Landis, who assisted with the editing of this book. Patryk Babiracki wishes to personally thank Jan Behrends—for the early stage of collaboration—and Austin Jersild, who had graciously agreed to be part of this project well before the dust of our internationalist conversa- tions in Potsdam had time to settle.

vii viii PREFACE

Alfred Rieber delivered the conference keynote lecture and kindly agreed to write the afterword; by way of thanking him and expressing our appreciation to Al as an exemplary scholar and a wonderful human being, we dedicate this modest book to him.

Arlington, TX Patryk Babiracki Norfolk, VA Austin Jersild Short Biographies of Contributors

Balázs Apor is lecturer in European Studies at the Centre for European Studies and the Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies at Trinity College Dublin. His research interests include the history of communist propaganda, the role of myths and rituals in the consolidation of Soviet- type regimes, and the history of communist leader cults in post-war Central and Eastern Europe. He has co-edited two volumes (The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc, Basingstoke, 2004 and The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Post- war Period, Washington, DC, 2008), and has published a number of articles on these subjects. Patryk Babiracki is an Associate Professor in Russian and East European history at the University of Texas-Arlington. His first monograph, titled Soviet Soft Power in Poland: Culture and the Making of Stalin’s New Empire, 1943–1957, was published by the University of North Carolina Press in 2015. He co-edited a collection of essays entitled Cold War Crossings: Travel and Exchange Across the Soviet Bloc, 1940s–1960s (Texas A&M UP, 2014) and wrote several articles on transnational dimensions of Soviet and East European communisms during the Cold War. David Crowley runs the Critical Writing in Art and Design MA at the Royal College of Art, London. He has a specialist interest in modernism in art and design, often with a focus on the histories of Eastern Europe under communist rule. His books include Warsaw (2003) and three edited volumes: Socialism and Style. Material Culture in Post-war Eastern Europe (2000); Socialist Spaces. Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc (2003);

ix x SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTRIBUTORS and Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Luxury in the Eastern Bloc (2010). He writes regularly for Eye magazine, Creative Review, Frieze, and other art and design press titles. Crowley also curates exhibitions (including ‘Cold War Modern’ at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2008–9; ‘The Power of Fantasy. Modern and Contemporary Art from Poland’ at BOZAR, Brussels, 2011; and Sounding the Body Electric. Experiments in Art and Music in Eastern Europe at Muzeum Sztuki, Łódź, 2012 and Calvert 22, London, 2013). Lars Peder Haga studied Soviet mental mapping of East Central Europe at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, defending his Ph.D. there in 2011. Since then, he has been an assistant professor at the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy in Trondheim. Austin Jersild is Professor of History at Old Dominion University and the author of The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014). In 2016, he was a Research Fellow at the Berlin Center for Cold War Studies. Mark Keck-Szajbel is a historian and philologist specializing in twentieth century East Central European cultural history. An academic research fellow at the Center for Interdisciplinary Polish Studies (European University Viadrina), he received his Ph.D. in history from the University of California, Berkeley in 2013 with his dissertation on East Bloc travel and tourism in late state socialism. His current research focuses broadly on the cultural afterlife of state socialism. More precisely, he is studying the eco- nomic, social, and cultural remnants of totalitarian systems a generation after its demise. Pia Koivunen is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Institute for Advanced Social Research, University of Tampere. She has published on the World Youth Festival, cultural exchange, and Soviet cultural diplomacy during the Cold War. She is a co-editor, with Simo Mikkonen, of Beyond the Divide. Entangled Histories of Cold War Europe (Berghahn, 2015). Her current research focuses on Russian cultural diplomacy and mega- events from the 1850s to the 2000s. Kyrill Kunakhovich is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Virginia. He was previously a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Mahindra Humanities Center at Harvard University. His forthcoming book manu- script is entitled Culture for the People: Art and Politics in Communist Poland and East Germany. SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTRIBUTORS xi

Alfred J. Rieber is currently University Professor Emeritus at the Central European University in Budapest and Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author or editor of ten books and over fifty articles and chapters in books on topics ranging from the social history of imperial Russia to Soviet foreign policy. His latest books are The Struggle over the Eurasian Borderlands. From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First Word War (2014) and its sequel, Stalin’s Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia (2015), both by Cambridge University Press. Marsha Siefert is Associate Professor of History at the Central European University, Budapest. She specializes in transnational communications and cultural histories that include Russia and Eastern Europe. She has edited or co-edited five books, including Mass Culture and Perestroika in the Soviet Union (1991) and Extending the Borders of Russian History (2003). Recent publications include chapters in the books Cold War Crossings (2014), Cold War Cultures (2012), and Divided Dreamworlds (2012). She is a Research Fellow of the Graduate School for East and Southeast European Studies, Ludwig Maximillian University-Munich and University of Regensburg, and has held fellowships at the Kennan Institute/Wilson Center, Oxford University and New York University. She is currently co- editing the book series Historical Studies of Eastern Europe and Eurasia for Central European University Press. David Tompkins is an associate professor of history at Carleton College in Minnesota. He specializes in the history of modern Central Europe and is particularly interested in the relationship between culture and politics. His book Composing the Party Line: Music and Politics in Early Cold War Poland and East Germany appeared with Purdue University Press in 2013, and he has published articles in German History, The Polish Review, and numerous edited volumes. His latest project examines images of the other in the Soviet Bloc. For more information, please consult his homepage at http://people.carleton.edu/dtompkin. Jeremiah Wishon is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California in Riverside under the mentorship of Dr. Kiril Tomoff. Born in California, Jeremiah completed his undergraduate work at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where he obtained dual Baccalaureates in History and Philosophy. His research and teaching interests include the USSR, India, cultural history, world history, the exchange of ideas, popular culture (pri- marily comics), and food as a cultural product. Jeremiah’s current research project, tentatively entitled “Reorienting Khrushchev’s USSR: Cultural xii SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTRIBUTORS

Diplomacy and the Third World, 1948–1968,” explores Indo-Soviet cultural exchange and how the unintended consequences of Soviet “soft power” in the subcontinent had implications on cultural change in the USSR. Contents

1 Editors’ Introduction 1 Patryk Babiracki and Austin Jersild

Part I The Second World Under Stalin 17

2 Coming to Terms with Europe: Konstantin Simonov and Oles’ Honchar’s Literary Conquest of East Central Europe at the End of World War II 19 Lars Peder Haga

3 The Stalin Cult and the Construction of the Second World in Hungary in the Early Cold War Years 49 Balázs Apor

Part II Post-Stalinist Entanglements in the Second World 77

4 Two Stairways to Socialism: Soviet Youth Activists in Polish Spaces, 1957–1964 79 Patryk Babiracki

xiii xiv Contents

5 Staging for the End of History: Avant-garde Visions at the Beginning and the End of Communism in Eastern Europe 107 David Crowley

Part III Second World Cultures 133

6 Ties That Bind, Ties That Divide: Second World Cultural Exchange at the Grassroots 135 Kyrill Kunakhovich

7 Soviet Cinematic Internationalism and Socialist Film Making, 1955–1972 161 Marsha Siefert

Part IV Internationalism and the Iron Curtain 195

8 Motocross Mayhem: Racing as Transnational Phenomenon in Socialist Czechoslovakia 197 Mark Keck-Szajbel

9 Friends, “Potential Friends,” and Enemies: Reimagining Soviet Relations to the First, Second, and Third Worlds at the Moscow 1957 Youth Festival 219 Pia Koivunen

Part V Between the Second and the Third Worlds 249

10 Peace and Progress: Building Indo-Soviet Friendship 251 Jeremiah Wishon Contents xv

11 Red China in Central Europe: Creating and Deploying Representations of an Ally in Poland and the GDR 273 David G. Tompkins

12 Sino-Soviet Rivalry in Guinea-Conakry, 1956–1965: The Second World in the Third World 303 Austin Jersild

13 Afterword: Promises and Paradoxes of Socialist Internationalism (Personal and Historical Reflections) 327 Alfred Rieber

Index 345 List of Figures

Fig. 5.1 Cover of Výtvarné Uměni, issue 8–9, 1967 designed by Stanislav Kolíbal 108 Fig. 5.2 Francisco Infante-Arana, Space – Movement – Infinity (Design for a Kinetic Object) Tempera and ink on paper mounted on fiberboard, 1963. Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, The Norton and Nancy Dodge Collection of Nonconformist Art from the Soviet Union, New Brunswick, NJ 115 Fig. 5.3 Gábor Bachman, Miklós Haraszti, György Konrád and László Rajk, The Striker’s House, entry into the Bulwark of Resistance competition, Japan Architect, 1986 121 Fig. 5.4 Gábor Bachman and László Rajk, decorations for the reburial of Imre Nagy and his associates, Műcsarnok Gallery, Budapest, 16 June 1989 125 Fig. 9.1 A group of African festival delegates and local youth returning from the Lenin-Stalin mausoleum. According to the authorities’ reports, the mausoleum was among the most visited tourist sites during the Moscow festival in 1957 235 Fig. 9.2 Farewell ceremonies at a Moscow railway station following the 1957 youth festival 240

xvii List of Tables

Table 9.1 Participants from the First, Second, and Third worlds in Moscow 1957 225

xix