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Palästina Und Die Palästinenser

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Palästina Und Die Palästinenser Die Palästinenser streben seit Jahrzehnten nach einem eigenen Staat, muss sich intensiver mit der Geschichte der letzten sechzig Jahre befas- um endlich frei und selbstbestimmt ihr eigenes Gemeinwesen gestalten sen: mit den Folgen von Flucht und Vertreibung, der Katastrophe (Nak- zu können. Umstritten ist, ob die Palästinenser durch die Aufnahme in ba) von 1948 und der israelischen Besatzung seit 1967. Die Beiträge die UNO als «Staat Palästina» ihrem Ziel näher kommen oder ob dies internationaler Autorinnen und Autoren in diesem Sammelband vermit- einer friedlichen Konfl iktlösung sogar im Wege steht. teln vielfältige Einblicke in Geschichte, Politik und Alltag des palästi- Wer die Chancen auf ein Ende des Konfl ikts im Nahen Osten beurtei- nensischen Volkes. Eine vergleichbare Publikation zu Palästina und den len und die Hoffnungen und Ansprüche der Palästinenser verstehen will, Palästinensern gibt es zurzeit nicht. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung e.V. Schumannstraße 8, 10117 Berlin Die grüne politische Stiftung Tel. 030 28 53 40 Fax 030 28534109 [email protected] www.boell.de ISBN 978-3-86928-061-5 DEMOKRATIE BAND 25 Palästina und die Palästinenser BAND 25 Palästina und die Palästinenser 60 Jahre nach der Nakba Herausgegeben von der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung und Christian Sterzing SCHRIFTEN ZUR DEMOKRATIE BAND 25 Palästina und die Palästinenser 60 Jahre nach der Nakba Herausgegeben von der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung und Christian Sterzing INHALT Vorwort 7 Christian Sterzing Zur Einführung 11 Anmerkungen zu einem schwierigen Thema I Mythos und Geschichte 47 Michael R. Fischbach Die Katastrophe von 1948 48 Wie die Nakba die Geschichte der Palästinenser beeinflusst hat Birgit Schäbler Vertreibung, Nostalgie und nationales Bewusstsein 62 Das Land (al-ard) im politischen Gedächtnis der Generationen Salim Tamari Konfliktreiche Moderne 86 Soziale Transformationsprozesse in Palästina II Widerstand und Politik 105 Salah Abdel Shafi Vielfalt in Einheit? 106 Die Fragmentierung des palästinensischen Volkes und der Kampf um Einheit Ilan Halevi Die PLO: Wohin führt ihr langer Marsch? 112 Kai Hafez «Gerechter Krieg» und Pazifismus in der islamischen Welt 125 Das Beispiel Palästina Alexandra Senfft Asymmetrischer Dialog 136 Von der Hierarchie der Leiden und der Konkurrenz der Katastrophen III Besatzung und Belagerung 151 Sabine Hofmann Die palästinensische Wirtschaft 152 Zwischen asymmetrischer Abhängigkeit und regionaler Kooperation? Anja Zorob Trümmerfeld Gaza 171 Wirtschaftliche und humanitäre Folgen von Krieg und Blockade Nazmi Al-Jubeh Aufstieg und Niedergang 189 Jerusalem – das historische Zentrum des palästinensischen Volkes Alia Rayyan Zeichen lebendiger Existenz 207 Die Kunst- und Kulturszene in Palästina John Ging Eine Zwangslage der besonderen Art 219 Palästinensische Flüchtlinge unter der Besatzung IV Demokratie und Besatzung 225 May Jayyusi Demokratie in Palästina 226 Fatale Diskrepanzen und strukturelle Zwänge Samir Awad Vom doppelten Kampf der palästinensischen Zivilgesellschaft 231 Für die Demokratie und gegen die Besatzung Islah Jad «Femokratinnen» zwischen Vetternwirtschaft und Feminismus 239 Zur Rolle der Frauen in der modernen palästinensischen Geschichte V Religion und Politik 255 Nathan J. Brown Religion und Politik in Palästina 256 Der Islam und das Schisma zwischen Hamas und Fatah Mkhaimar Abusada Säkularismus versus Islam 264 Fatah, Hamas und die palästinensische Frage Nicolas Pelham Ideologie und Praxis 276 Das Rechtssystem im Gazastreifen unter der Hamas VI Freunde und Feinde 301 Zachary Lockman Die Palästinenser, die arabischen Staaten und Israel 302 Muriel Asseburg Das europäische und amerikanische Engagement für einen paläst. Staat 311 Sieben Thesen Michele Dunne Ignoranz und Manipulation 318 Zum internationalen Einfluss auf palästinensische Politik John Ging Eine einzigartige Beziehung 334 Die UNRWA und die palästinensischen Flüchtlinge VII Ausgrenzung und Diskriminierung 341 Yousef T. Jabareen Festgeschriebene Ungleichheit 342 Die Diskriminierung der palästinensisch-arabischen Minderheit in Israel ANHANG 357 Abkürzungsverzeichnis und Glossar 358 Ausgewählte deutschsprachige Literatur zum Thema Palästina 370 Autorinnen und Autoren 372 Diese Publikation wird unter den Bedingungen einer Creative-Commons-Li- zenz veröffentlicht: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Eine elek tro nische Fassung kann heruntergeladen werden. Sie dürfen das Werk vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen. Es gelten folgende Bedingungen: Namens- nennung: Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen (wodurch aber nicht der Eindruck entstehen darf, Sie oder die Nutzung des Werkes durch Sie würden entlohnt). Keine kommerzielle Nutzung: Dieses Werk darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. Keine Bearbeitung: Dieses Werk darf nicht bearbeitet oder in anderer Weise verändert werden. Palästina und die Palästinenser 60 Jahre nach der Nakba Band 25 der Reihe Demokratie Herausgegeben von der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung und Christian Sterzing 2011 Wir danken dem Wochenschau Verlag in Schwalbach/Taunus und dem Verlag C.H. Beck in München sowie PASSIA (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs) in Jerusalem für die freundliche Genehmigung zum Abdruck der Karten. Übersetzungen aus dem Englischen: Bärbel Deninger Gestaltung: graphic syndicat, Michael Pickardt (nach Entwürfen von blotto Design) Druck: agit-druck Titelphoto: Mohammed Saber, dpa ISBN 978-3-86928-061-5 Die Beiträge geben allein die Meinungen der Autorinnen und Autoren wider. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Schumannstraße 8, 10117 Berlin T +49 30 28534-0 F +49 30 28534-109 E [email protected] W www.boell.de VORWORT Die Geschichte Palästinas und der Palästinenser/innen ist geprägt von Konflikten und Krieg, Gewalt und Gegengewalt, Flucht und Vertreibung, Besatzung und Belagerung. 1948 stellt das Schlüsseljahr für die palästinensische Existenz heute dar. Was in Israel als Unabhängigkeitskrieg und Geburtsstunde des jüdischen Staates gefeiert wird, fassen die Palästinenser in dem Wort Nakba – die Katas- trophe – zusammen. Diese zwei sehr verschiedenen Narrative gehören seit 1948 zur politischen Identität und Kultur beider Gesellschaften. Das histori- sche Ereignis der Entstehung Israels hatte einschneidende Folgen nicht nur für das jüdische Volk und den Jischuv, die jüdische Gemeinschaft im britischen Mandatsgebiet Palästina, sondern auch für das arabisch-palästinensische Volk. Etwa 850.000 Palästinenser/innen mussten als Vertriebene und Flüchtlinge im Krieg 1948/49 ihre Heimat verlassen. 160.000 blieben in Israel, wurden während der vergangenen sechzig Jahre als «nicht-jüdische Bürger und Bürgerinnen» zu einer Minderheit von ca. 1,3 Mio. in einem jüdischen Staat. Die Flüchtlinge und ihre Nachkommen leben seitdem in der Westbank und im Gazastreifen, in den arabischen Staaten des Mittleren Ostens und verstreut in der ganzen Welt. Unser deutscher Blick auf die Region ist geprägt von der Schoa, der Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden durch Deutschland, und der daraus resultierenden historischen Verantwortung gegenüber Israel. Das 60-jährige Gründungsjubi- läum Israels wurde in Deutschland gefeiert. Im Mittelpunkt standen die politi- schen, sozialen und kulturellen Entwicklungen des israelischen Staates und der jüdischen Gesellschaft. Die komplexe Wirklichkeit des Lebens der Palästinenser/ innen in Israel, vor allem aber in Palästina, geriet dabei häufig in den Hinter- grund. Die Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung hat sich sechzig Jahre nach der historischen Zäsur intensiv mit Israel und Palästina und der komplexen politischen wie gesellschaft- lichen Situation befasst – und um der Pluralität der Sichtweisen und Perspek- tiven Raum zu geben, erfolgte dies im Rahmen ganz unterschiedlicher Aktivi- täten. Ein Beispiel halten Sie nun in den Händen. In dieser Publikation setzen wir uns ausführlich mit dem Narrativ der Palästinenser sowie den Transforma- tionsprozessen der Palästinenser/innen in und außerhalb Palästinas ausein- ander. Dabei geht es auch um innerpalästinensische Konfliktlinien und Ausei- nandersetzungen. Wer die Chancen einer friedlichen Konfliktregelung in der Region beurteilen und die Hoffnungen und Ansprüche der Palästinenser/innen verstehen will, muss sich intensiver mit der Geschichte der letzten sechzig Jahre befassen. Denn die heutige geografische, soziale und politische Fragmentierung Vorwort des palästinensischen Volkes ist im Wesentlichen Folge des Nahostkonflikts. 7 Die Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung arbeitet seit Jahren in Palästina und Israel. Mit unseren Büros in Ramallah und Tel Aviv unterstützen wir Partner/innen und Projekte, die Beiträge zur demokratischen Entwicklung der Gesellschaften und zu einer friedlichen Konfliktregelung leisten. Als grüne politische Stiftung konzen- trieren wir uns auf die Kooperation mit Organisationen der Zivilgesellschaft, fördern Projekte im Umweltbereich, setzen uns ein für eine Gleichberechtigung von Minderheiten und die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern, unterstützen Initiativen, die für eine demokratische und rechtsstaatliche Entwicklung in ihren Gesellschaften arbeiten, und Gruppen, die für einen israelisch-palästinensischen Dialog sowie eine friedliche Konfliktregelung eintreten. Die Erfahrungen in dieser Arbeit auf beiden Konfliktseiten haben uns in der Überzeugung bestärkt, dass es der Stiftung in der politischen Auseinandersetzung über den Konflikt nicht um eine pro-israelische oder pro-palästinensische Positionierung gehen kann. Unter Berücksichtigung der kollektiven
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