PERFECTIVE ASPECT and NEGATION in PONTIANAK TEOCHEW by Yohana Veniranda a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Universit
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PERFECTIVE ASPECT AND NEGATION IN PONTIANAK TEOCHEW by Yohana Veniranda A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Summer 2015 © 2015 Yohana Veniranda All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 3730280 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 3730280 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 PERFECTIVE ASPECT AND NEGATION IN PONTIANAK TEOCHEW by Yohana Veniranda Approved: __________________________________________________________ Benjamin Bruening, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Science Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Peter Cole, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Gabriella Hermon, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Satoshi Tomioka, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Timothy McKinnon, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I now have this opportunity to write this page of acknowledgements. There are a lot of people and institutions that have helped me in the completion of my studies. I want to express my gratitude to my advisor, Peter Cole, who read and commented on my work in detail for the last three years. Without his availability to discuss my research and answer my emails during these years, I would not have come this far. I would like to express my gratitude to the committee members: Gabriella Hermon, Satoshi Tomioka, and Timothy McKinnon, for their time reading my draft and providing valuable comments for the improvement of this dissertation. I would not have made it this far without my friends. I thank Yanti, Heri Tanujaya, Lanny Hidajat, Timothy McKinnon, Angeliki Athanasopoulou, Yugyeong Park, Rebecca Jia Zeng-Hong, and Jim Niran. I also want to thank my friends, who have helped me in different ways: Nadya Pincus, Cesar Koirala, Anne Peng, Jane Chandlee, Joo-Young Kim, Lan Kim, Manex Aguirrezabal, Gavin Ferris, M.E. Cathcart, Sysel friends, Permidel friends, Antje Stöhr, Karen Foltz, Jihye Seong, Chao Han, Justin Rill, Ryan Rhodes, Taylor Lampton Miller, FLTAs: Meylani, Kristian, Alfima, and Anisa, Cik Lilik Ratnasari, and Yetty Handayani. I thank people who helped me in my research: Ita Gow Gek Ceng, Tan Lim Hui, Yovita Angelina, Selda, Yani, Toni Darmanto, students at Polteq, Yuliwati, Wiro, Subanti, and all other respondents of the questionnaires. There are people at my home institution Universitas Sanata Dharma to whom I want to express my gratitude: the former rector Father Wiryono, Bapak Sarkim, and iv Bapak Rohandi, the current rector Bapak Eka Priyatma and my colleagues at the English Language Education, Father Budi Susanto, Father Marno, Father Gustawan, Bapak Alip and Bapak Bismoko for their continuous support. I thank Jeffrey Heinz for his continuous encouragement for the completion of my studies. I thank Mary Martin and Michele Juarez-Huffaker for their support. I thank Virginia Redmond for helping me with formatting. I feel grateful to University of Delaware library staff and to the tutors at the Writing Center. I thank Jane Creswell for administrative help. For funding, I want to express my gratitude to Piet Hendradjo and staff at the AMINEF in Jakarta and staff at IIE in NYC and DC, who arranged the Fulbright scholarship from 2009 to 2012, to Sanata Dharma Foundation for funding my research and my return to Newark, to the Director of Graduate Studies, Satoshi Tomioka, for my Fall 2014 tuition scholarship, and to the chair of the Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, Benjamin Bruening, for my summer 2015 RAship. I thank my mother, sisters, brothers, and sisters-in-law for their support. I want to express my appreciation to my husband: Tjita Singo, for taking care of the children while I was away. I am really grateful to my daughters: Vina Kanasya and Vivi Kalyana, for their patience, encouragement, and understanding. To my father, I believe that he is watching over me from above. All in all, I thank God for His blessings, for sending a lot of wonderful people to my life, and for a lot of good things that have happened to me. I hope what I have learned during my studies can be useful for others in the future. There is still a huge jungle of linguistics I will continue exploring. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATION ......................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Previous Studies ........................................................................................ 5 1.3 Methodology .............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Background of the Author ......................................................................... 9 1.5 Orthography ............................................................................................. 10 1.6 Organization of the Dissertation .............................................................. 11 2 THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION OF PONTIANAK TEOCHEW . 13 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 13 2.2 A Brief History of the Chinese Migration to West Borneo ...................... 15 2.3 The Interview ............................................................................................ 17 2.3.1 The people at home: parents, grandparents, and the care-takers ... 18 2.3.2 The national policy ........................................................................ 19 2.3.3 Education ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 The neighbors, friends, and co-workers ......................................... 22 2.4 The Questionnaire ................................................................................... 24 2.5 The Respondents to the Questionnaires .................................................. 28 2.6 The Results of the Questionnaires: the language used in daily activities ................................................................................................... 35 2.6.1 The language spoken with mothers, fathers, siblings, grandparents, spouses, relatives, neighbors, and maids .............. 38 2.6.2 The language used when they are angry, they are in dreams, and while they are counting ......................................................... 42 2.6.3 The language used in written communication: texting family members, texting friends, texting spouse, and writing on social media (e.g. Facebook) ................................................................. 43 2.6.4 Praying activities: praying silently and praying in public worship places ............................................................................. 44 vi 2.6.5 Activities classified based on seven locations: at home, at work, in the market, at nearby kiosks, in the bank, at the post- office, and in public transportation .............................................. 44 2.6.6 The language used with teachers and friends at school ............... 48 2.7 The Results of the Questionnaires: opinions of the use