Poštanski Saobraćaj

Sarajevo, 2005. Predsjednik uređivačkog odbora Jasminko Akšamija

Glavni i odgovorni urednik mr. Nedžad Rešidbegović

Za redakciju mr. Jasminko Mulaomerović

Stručni saradnici mr. Sonja Dujmović Elma Kadrispahić dr. Husnija Kamberović mr. Vera Katz Valerijan Žujo

Likovno oblikovanje Aleksandar Kordić

Izbor fotograﬁ ja Munib Sarić

Lektor mr. Džafer Obradović

Prevodilac Ida Delić Sadržaj

Istorijski razvoj Historic Development poštanskog, telegrafskog of the Postal, Telegraphic i telefonskog saobraćaja 7 and Telephone Traﬃ c u Bosni i Hercegovini in BIH

U odbrani države Defending Country i civilizacijskih 37 and Civilization’s postignuća Achievements

Period poslijeratne Th e Period of postwar rekonstrukcije 75 Reconstruction i obnove PTT sistema of the PTT system

Razvoj PTT-a Development nakon 2000 godine 133 of the PTT BIH after 2000 duvijek su ljudi imali potrebu putovati, komunicirati jedni s drugima, upućivati i primati poruke, razmjenjivati pisma i dokumente, slati razne pošiljke i novac. TokomO povijesti oblici komuniciranja među ljudima i načini prenošenja poruka razvijali su se od najjednostavnijih i najprimitivnijih formi u najstarijim vremenima (kao što su dimni signali, usmene poruke i slično) do najsuvremenijih metoda komuniciranja početkom trećega milenija (Internet). Od glasnika, koji su prenosili poruke s jednoga na drugo mjesto, do suvremenih načina prenošenja poruka, ljudski rod je koristio bezbroj metoda i tehnika komuniciranja; napredak u načinima komuniciranja među ljudima najbolji je pokazatelj civilizacijskoga napretka jedne zajednice. eople have always had a need to travel, communicate with each other, exchange letters and send various postal items. During the history, forms of communication between Ppeople and ways of message delivery have evolved from the most simple forms in ancient times (such as smoke signals, oral messages, etc.) to modern communication methods at the beginning of the third millennium (the Internet). From messengers who transferred news from one place to another, to present ways of transmission of messages, people have used an inﬁ nite number of communication techniques and methods; Progress of communication methods is the best indicator of a community’s civilization and progress.

Istorijski razvoj poštanskog, telegrafskog i telefonskog saobraćaja u Bosni i Hercegovini Historic Development of the Postal, Telegraphic and Telephone Traﬃ c in BIH Bosni i Hercegovini ljudi su sigurno i u najranije doba međusobno komunicirali, a imali su i potrebu za slanjem i primanjem vijesti iz svijeta. Nisu poznati svi načini komunikacije i prijenosa vijesti u Bosni u najstarije doba, ali Uje izvesno da nisu pronađeni podaci o postojanju glasničke službe u doba srednjovjekovne bosanske države. Tada su vijesti prenosili najče- šće trgovci, a tek u osmansko doba javljaju se prvi oblici funkcioniranja poštanskog saobraćaja, pri čemu su prvi prenosioci poruka bili kuriri, glasnici, tatari i trgovci kiridžije. U prvo vrijeme nisu bile uređene po- šte niti tačno određeni pravci i vrijeme slanja pošiljki, ali je Bosna kao tranzitni prostor služila i za prijenos vijesti i pošiljki između Evrope i Osmanskog carstva. Prvi put je 1812. godine tačno određeno vrijeme odlaska i povratka pošte i to na relaciji Pariz – Carigrad, koja je kroz Bosnu prolazila iz pravca Kostajnice preko Banje Luke, Travnika, Sarajeva, Foče i dalje preko Pljevalja i Skoplja za Carigrad. Tada je, zahvaljujući velikom utjecaju Francuske na Balkanu, uspostavljena tzv. “francuska pošta” kojom je, zbog trgovine pamukom, rukovodila francuska trgovačka kuća Fraissinet čije je sarajevsko sjedište bilo u hanu Kolobara. U to doba sarajevska pošta je imala i svoj žig sa natpisom “Bosna Sarai”.

BANJA LUKA

MOSTAR

BIHAĆ

MOSTAR

BIJELJINA BOSANSKI BROD Žigovi pošta / Postal seals

8 n early times people in Bosnia and Herzegovina undoubtedly ex- changed news and information with the rest of the world. We are not familiar with all forms of communication and methods of news exchange in early times in Bosnia, but it is certain that no Ievidences on the existence of a message delivery service were found during the period of medieval Bosnian state. During this period, news were most often transferred by tradesmen, and it was not until the Ottoman period that the fi rst forms of a postal service activities appeared, and the fi rst messengers were couriers, heralds, Tartars and tradesmen. In the fi rst period, neither post offi ces nor specifi c messengers’ routes and the time of sending were determined and specifi ed, but Bosnia as a transitional area also served for transfer of the news and messages between Europe and the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, for the fi rst time a precisely specifi ed time of departure and return of a mail was determined on the route Paris – Constantinople, which passed through Bosnia from the direction of Pljevlje and Skopje to Constantinople. At that time, due to considerable infl uence of France on Balkans, so called “Th e French Post” was established which due to the cotton trade, was governed by French trade store Fraissinet with its headquarters in Sarajevo hostelry Kolobara. At that time the post in Sarajevo had its own seal with the inscription “Bosna Sarai”.

TRAVNIK

SARAJEVO

TUZLA

BRČKO

VIŠEGRAD

LIVNO Žigovi pošta / Postal seals

9 Menzilhane su u osmansko doba bile poštanske stanice udaljene jedna od druge toliko da se taj put može preći za dan jahanja na konju. Imale su uvijek određeni broj osedlanih konja spremnih za jahanje. Za funkcioniranje menzilhana bili su odgovorni posebni državni službenici – menzildžije. Prve menzilhane u Bosni su otvorene u 18. stoljeću. Nalazile su se na glavnim poštanskim putevima koji su vodili iz Carigrada u pravcu Sarajeva, Mostara, Travnika, Tuzle i Broda. U Bosni je u prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća postojala privatna pošta. Poštanska marka Naime, od 1836. do 1848. sarajevski trgovac Špiro Rajković imao je “Bosna sarai” / Postal stamp koncesiju za prijenos poštanskih pošiljki od Sarajeva do Bosanskog “Bosna sarai” Broda. Ovom poštom, koja je bila smještena u Tašlihanu, prenošene su razne pošiljke, uključujući i novac, ali je poštarina bila jako visoka. “Od Sarajeva do Broda i obratno poštu je prenosio ‘jedan Musliman, Juruk u torbi’. Ovaj poštar raspoznavao se od ostalih ljudi po tome što je oko koljena nosio zvono. U Slavonskom Brodu poštu je preuzimao izvjesni Mušicki i dalje otpremao austrijskom poštom. Poštu iz Broda Juruk je donosio u Sarajevo i predavao je Rajkoviću, a ovaj je u magazi isporuči- vao prispjele pošiljke”.

Turski period

Godine 1850. u Sarajevu je otvorena i tzv. Konzulova pošta, koja je austrijskom konzulatu služila za prijenos pošte, ali su se njome služili i engleski, talijanski, francuski i ruski konzulati. Iz Sarajeva ovom linijom “pošta se otpremala svakog četvrtka, a prenosio ju je poštar na konju. Put od Sarajeva do Broda i obratno poštar je prelazio za devet dana”. I, tako, dok su funkcionirale razne privatne pošte, francuska pošta, Konzulova pošta, … Bosna je ostajala bez redovnog državnog poštanskog saobraćaja i državnih poštanskih stanica. Funkciju državnih poštanskih stanica obavljale su telegrafske stanice, koje se u Bosni prvi puta javljaju 1858, kada je uvedena telegrafska linija Mostar – Metković. Ovo je važno spomenuti jer pokazuje da je Bosna bila uključena u međunarodni telegrafski saobraćaj prije nego u telegrafski saobraćaj unutar Osmanskog carstva. Uvođenje telegrafa bilo je pravi revolucionarni tehničko-tehno- loški događaj u razvoju komunikacija među ljudima. Risto Ivanišević, trgovac iz Mostara, o uvođenju prvoga telegrafa ostavio je slijedeći zapis: “U Mostaru nije bilo brzojava, te je sa

10 During the Ottoman period post offi ces were called Menzilhane, and the distance between them could be covered in a day of a horse ride. Th ey always had a certain number of saddled horses ready for riding. Special state offi cials were responsible for the proper operation of menzilhane, and they were called menzildzije. Th e fi rst menzilhane in Bosnia started operation in the 18th century. Th ey were placed at the main post routes from Constantinople to Sarajevo, Mostar, Travnik Stanica za kočije Bočac na putu B.Luka–Jajce Tuzla and Brod. / Coach station Bocac In the fi rst half of 19th century a private post offi ce existed in on road B.Luka–Jajce Bosnia. From 1836 to 1848, Sarajevo salesman Spiro Rajkovic had a concession for a mail transfer from Sarajevo to Bosanski Brod. Th is post offi ce was situated in Tashlihan, and letters and various postal items were transferred, but a postage rate was very high. “From Sarajevo to Brod mail was carried over by ‘a Muslim, Juruk, in his bag’. Th e postman was recognized by a bell tied up around his knee. In Slavonski Brod the mail was handed over to a man called Musicki who further forwarded the mail by the Austria Post. Juruk carried the mail from Brod back to Sarajevo and handed it over to Mr. Rajkovic who delivered it.”

Turkish Period

In 1850 so called the Consul Post Offi ce was established in Sarajevo, and was used by the Austrian Consulate for a mail transfer, but also by the British, Italian, French and Russian Consulates. From Sarajevo “mail was transferred every Th ursday by a draught horse and a postman”. Th e distance from Sarajevo to Brod and back to Sarajevo was covered in 9 days.” While various private post offi ces operated on the territory of Bosnia, there was neither regular postal service on the state level nor state post offi ces. Telegraph offi ces, which for the fi rst time were established in 1858 in Bosnia, when the telegraphic line Mostar–Metkovic

11 Metkovića doveden i namjestili su stanicu u Rustanbegov konak, sina Ali-paše Rizvanbegovića, ondje gdje je sada mi- tropolija. Kad su ga namjestili nisu vje- rovali, naročito Turci, govorili su da su uhvatili džinskog cara, te ga zatvorili, te im on kazuje, šta se radi. Bijaše iz Sarajeva Mehmed-aga Ćemerlić, kontradžija, dava- še vojsci hranu te im rekne: ja ću sada znati znaju li ti brzojavi sa odgovorom plaćenim na Filipa Dominikovića iz Metkovića i upita ga je li došlo žito Ćemerlića, dobije odgovor da nije došlo niti se zna da li će Zgrada prve telegrafske doći, te se po ovome uvjeri da ono kucajući nešto zna”. centrale u Sarajevu iz 1864 g. / The ﬁ rst Sredinom 19. stoljeća, u vrijeme vladavine Topal Osman- central telegraph building in paše (1861–1869), uvode se u Bosni stalne poštanske lini- Sarajevo from 1864 je, ali se u poštanskom saobraćaju prijenos pošiljki obavljao zaprež nim kolima i tovarnim konjima koji su bili “osamareni naro- čitim samarima na koje su se mogla natovariti dva velika sanduka. U sanduke su se stavljale vreće s pismima, zatim kese s novčanim pošilj- kama. U poštanskoj stanici sanduci se zaključavaju i plomviraju”. Sarajevo je 1860. povezano telegrafskom linijom sa Carigradom. Poštanske usluge su, osim telegrafskih stanica, obavljale i pojedine poli- cijske kancelarije, kao i kadijske kancelarije, koje su također služile kao mjesta sakupljanja poštanskih pošiljki. Budući da u svim kadilucima nije bilo pošte, odlučeno je da i oni kadiluci gdje ne postoje telegraf i po- šta imaju po jednog službenika koji će jedanput sedmično nositi pisma do najbliže poštanske stanice. Važnost poštanskog saobraćaja pokazuje i činjenica da su pojedine novine, koje su izlazile u Bosni u 19. stoljeću, vrijeme svoga izlaženja prilagođavale vremenu dolaska pošte u grad gdje su izlazile. U Sarajevu je oko 1864. u Konak-ulici (Bistrik) izgrađena prva prikladnija zgrada za poštansku stanicu. Dotada u ovom gradu, kao ni u cijeloj BiH, nije bilo takvih poštanskih ustanova. “Zgrada poštanske stanice razlikovala se od drugih zgrada u gradu po spoljnjem obilježju i unutrašnjem uređenju. Na zgradi se oko 1868. nalazila tabla s nazivom pošte (…) Unutrašnje uređenje poštanske stanice bilo je prilagođeno njenoj funkciji, ali opšti izgled ostavljao je utisak nerazvijenosti i pri- mitivizma (…) Namještaj u pošti bio je vrlo oskudan: samo jedan sto,

12 was installed, conducted the work of the state post offi ces. Th is is important for it indicates that Bosnia was integrated in the international telegraphic traffi c even before it was a part of the telegraphic traffi c within the Ottoman Empire. Th e establishment of the telegraphic system was a technical and technological revolutionary event in the development of communication between people. Risto Ivanisevic, a salesman from Mostar, left a following note on the occasion of a installment of the fi rst telegraph: “Mostar was without a telegraph, so they had brought it from Metkovic and installed the station in the Rustanbeg quarters, which belonged to the son of Ali Pasha–Rizvanbegovic, where a mitropolitanate is situated now. When they installed it, they could not believe it, especially the Turks, who thought they had seized a Jinn’s king, captured him, and it was he who had been speaking through this mysteri- ous device. A man named Mehmed Aga Cemerlic lived in Sarajevo, who used to give a food to an army, and who once wanted to test this strange and unusual device, so he sent a question to Filip Dominikovic from Metkovic whether the crop has arrived, and he indeed did get an answer that the crop has not arrived and it is not certain whether it would arrive or not, so he was convinced that this strange device knows something.” Pismo iz turskog perioda / A letter from the Turkish In the mid of the 19 century, during a reign of Topal Osman Pasha period (1861 – 1869) regular postal routes were established. Mail and various items were transported by a horse–drawn cart and draught–horses “saddled by a special pack–saddle which could be loaded with two big chest boxes. Th ese boxes most often contained sacks with letters and bags with remittances. Th ese chest boxes were locked and sealed in the post offi ce.” In 1860 a telegraphic line had been established between Sarajevo and Constantinople. Besides telegraphic offi ces, police and cadi (judge) offi ces also conducted postal services and served as a place for the col- lection of letters and consignments. Since post offi ces had not been established in all parishes, it was decided that those parishes which were

13 stolica i velika korpa u koju se bacaju pisma”. Još lo- šije stanje je bilo u poštanskim stanicama po drugim gradovima Bosne i Hercegovine. O funkcioniranju poštanskog saobraćaja u Bosni vodila je računa vilajetska Uprava za telegraf i poštu, u okviru koje je djelovala posebna Generalna direkcija telegrafa i pošta. Koncem osmanske vladavine vilajetska uprava je predložila novu koncepciju povezivanja poštan- skih puteva koji su povezivali razne dijelova Bosne, Poštanskа markа ali ovaj projekt osmanska uprava nije imala vremena realizirati. iz austro–ugarskog perioda U Bosni su koncem osmanske vladavine, kao i u većini drugih / Postal stamp from evropskih zemalja, utvrđene norme u poštanskom saobraćaju, koje su Austro–Hungarian period dobrim dijelom ostale na snazi i dan-danas. “Tako, naprimjer, u pisma je bilo zabranjeno da se stavljaju novac i dokumenti; preporučena pisma se stavljaju u kovertu i moraju biti zapečaćena najmanje na tri mjesta; predaju se specijalnom službeniku, a pošiljac dobija potvrdu o predaji; ukoliko bi se preporučeno pismo izgubilo – pošta je bila obavezna da po- šiljaocu nadoknadi štetu; taksa za neplaćena pisma uzimaće se prilikom isporuke. Pisma koja su putovala bez naplaćene takse bila su obilježana posebnom markom cement-boje. (…) Osim pisama, novina, časopisa, poštom je bio dozvoljen prijenos raznih spisa, paketa i drugih vrijednosti (zlatni i srebreni novac, nakit, trgo- vačka roba, slike, knjige, geografske karte), ali pod uslovom da, prema svom obimu i veličini, mogu stati u poštansku torbu”.

Telegraﬁ sta / A telegraphist

14 without a post offi ce or a telegraph, have a postal offi cial who would carry letters to the closest post offi ce once a week. Th e importance of a postal traffi c indicates a fact that certain newspapers were pub- lished on a day of a mail arrival in a town. In 1864 a fi rst proper building for the post offi ce was built in Sarajevo in Konak Street (Bistrik). Until then, in this city and in all Bosnia and Herzegovina, there was no such postal institution. “Th e Post Offi ce building diff ered from others both in internal decoration and external peculiarities. In 1868, at the top of the building was Poštanskа markа iz austro–ugarskog a board with the name of the post (...) . Internal decoration of the post perioda offi ce was adapted to its function, but the overall appearance made an / Postal stamp from impression of underdevelopment and primitiveness (...). Th e furniture Austro–Hungarian period in the post offi ce was very modest: a table, a chair and a big box for letters.” In the post offi ces in other towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina the situation was even worse. Th e region’s administration for the telegraph and post was responsible for the regular operation of the postal traffi c in Bosnia, within which operated the General Directorate for the Telegraph and Post. At the end of the Ottoman reign, the region’s administration suggested a new concept for the connection of the postal routes which connected diff erent parts of Bosnia, but the Ottoman administration did not have enough time for the implementation of this project. At the end of the Ottoman reign in Bosnia, certain standards were established for the postal traffi c as in other European countries, which for the greater part remained eff ective even today. “For example, it was forbidden to put money or documents in the letters; registered letters were to be put in a envelope and sealed at least at three places; they were handed over to a special employee, and a sender received confi rma- tion of delivery; if the registered letter was lost, the post was obliged to compensate it to a sender; a tax for unpaid letters were to be paid at the moment of delivery. Th ose letters that were transported unpaid, were marked with the special cement–colored stamp. (...) Along with letters, newspapers and journals, transport of various documents, packages and other valuable things (golden and silver coins, jewelry, merchandise, paintings, books, maps, etc.) was allowed under the condition that they fi t the post bag in size and volume.”

15 Period austro-ugarske uprave

U osmansko doba Bosna i Hercegovina je dobila modernu poš- tansku i telegrafsku mrežu, a u austrougarsko doba ta mreža se znatno proširila i u funkciju je uvedena još i telefonska mreža. Za vrijeme okupacije prvo je trebalo organizirati prijem, transport i dostavu pisama, novina i novčanih pošiljki za potrebe vojske, pa su organizirane tzv. ratne pošte, koje su nakon skršenog otpora prerasle u vojne pošte. Za vrijeme austrougarske uprave u BiH je otvoreno ukupno 150 poštanskih stanica, a prijenos poštanskih pošiljki obavljao se konjima, kolima sa konjskom zapregom i željeznicom. U austrougarsko doba poštanski saobraćaj je znatno modernizi- ran, uvedeni su poštanski sandučići, znatno je intenzivirana izdavačka djelatnost poštanskih maraka, a vrsta poštanskih usluga je veoma proši- rena. Bilo je moguće obavljati sve poštanske usluge: razmjenu svih vrsta pisama (običnih, preporučenih, ekspresnih, vrijednosnih), slanje paketa, uplate i isplate štednih uloga, prodaju i transport novina i časopisa… Slično poštanskom saobraćaju razvijala se i telegrafska služba. Uoči Prvog svjetskog rata ukupno je 196 mjesta u BiH bilo uključeno u telegrafsku mrežu, pri čemu je važno istaknuti činjenicu da je izuzetno dobro funkcionirala telegrafska veza ne samo unutar zemlje nego i sa udaljenijim mjestima (npr. Sarajevo je imalo direktnu telegrafsku vezu

Poštansko vozilo ispred zgrade pošte u Bihaću / Postal lorry in front of the post building in Bihac

16 Th e Period of Austro–Hungarian Administration

During the Ottoman period, Bosnia and Herzegovina established modern postal and telegraph network, which during the Austro– Hungarian period was expanded. Moreover, telephone network was brought into operation. During the time of the occupation, it was necessary to organize transport and exchange of letters, newspapers and remittances for the army needs, therefore, so called war posts were organized, which when the resistance was crushed, have developed into the army post. During the Austro–Hungarian administration in BIH, altogether 150 post offi ces had been opened, and the mail was transported by the horses, horse–drawn carts and a railway. During this period, the postal service had been considerably modernized, post boxes were introduced, the issuing of post stamps was intensifi ed and a range of post services was broadened. It was possible to use all kinds of services: exchange of all kinds of letters (ordinary, registered, express, valuable, etc.), parcels, deposits and disbursements of savings account, sale and transport, newspapers and journals... A telegraph service was developing similar to the postal traffi c. At the beginning of the World War I, totally 196 towns in BIH were within the telegraph network, and it is important to emphasize that the

Zgrada pošte u Tuzli / Post building in Tuzla

17 Platno Gabrijela Jurkića sa Bečom, Budimpeštom, Gracom, Zagrebom, Osijekom, Splitom, sa motivom Pošte na Obali /Painting by Gabrijel Dubrovnikom, Užicem i Carigradom). Jurkić, the theme of Post Već od 1879. bilo je moguće putem telegrafa slati novac između ofﬁ ce Obala pojedinih mjesta u BiH i odredišta u ostalim krajevima Austro-Ugarske monarhije u kojima je postojala državna telegrafska veza. Od 1884, pored običnih saopćenja, bilo je moguće slati i hitne telegrame, ali se za tu uslugu plaćala trostruka tarifa. Međutim, telegrafu se kao najozbiljniji konkurent pojavio telefon. Uvođenje telefona u komunikaciju među ljudima, ne samo u BiH, predstavljalo je pravi revolucionarni poduhvat “jer pisanje depeša zahtijeva vremena, ali pisanje riječi, koje se čuju kao iz usta mnogo je lakše, pri tome čuje se na ovoj spravi prirodni glas čovjeka, koji je sigurniji nego potpis”. Telefon je u Bosni prvi put je upotrijebljen 1882. godine za potrebe vojske i administracije, dok su privatna lica bila isključena iz njegove upotrebe. Tek krajem 1894, instaliranjem gradske telefonske stanice u Sarajevu, učinjeni su prvi krupniji koraci ka javnom telefonskom saobraćaju, i to tako da je stanovništvu dopušteno korištenje telefona u slučaju neke opasnosti (požar, nesreća i slično). Bili su to tzv. “dojavni” telefoni, dok je izgradnja telefonske mreže u Sarajevu trajala sve do 1898. godine. Svečano otvaranje javnog telefonskog saobraćaja u Sarajevu obavljeno je 16. novembra 1898, a nakon toga se mreža javnog telefonskog sabraćaja širi i na druge krajeve Bosne i Hercegovine, pa je do kraja Prvog svjetskog rata u 52 naselja bila izgrađena mreža

18 telegraph link functioned well, not only within the country but also on long–distance routes (e.g. Sarajevo had a direct telegraph link with Wiena, Budapest, Gratz, Zagreb, Osijek, Split, Dubrovnik, Uzice and Constantinople). Since 1879 it was possible to send money between certain towns in BIH and to other regions of the Austro–Hungarian Empire where a state telegraph line was established. Since 1884, besides regular messages, it was possible to send an emergency telegrams, but a triple tariff had to be paid. However, a new serious competition to a telegraph has appeared – a telephone. Introducing a telephone as a new way of communication between people represented a true revolution, not only in BIH “because writing telegrams takes time, but writing words that you can hear is much easier, and with the help of this device one can hear a natural voice of a man, which is more certain than his signature.” For the fi rst time the telephone in BIH was used in 1882 for the needs of the army and administration, while private individuals did not have access to it. Only near the end of 1894, the fi rst steps were made toward the public telephone service by the installment of the city telephone offi ce, so the people were allowed to use the telephone in a case of a emergency situation (fi re, accident, etc.). Th ese were so called “emergency” telephones, while the construction of telephone network in Sarajevo lasted until 1898. Th e opening ceremony of the public telephone service in Sarajevo was conducted on November 16th, 1898, and after that, the public telephone network was expand- ing to other regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and until the end of the World War I, in 52 communities the telephone network was constructed. At the beginning the telephone traffi c was limited on local telephone communication, while long–distance telephone traffi c was established in 1903, when Bosanski Brod was connected with Hungarian telephone network. In the

19 Pošta i brzojav u Tuzli telefonskog saobraćaja. U početku je telefonski saobraćaj bio ograničen / Post ofﬁ ce and telegraph in Tuzla samo u okvire mjesnog telefonskog komuniciranja, dok je međumjesni telefonski saobraćaj počeo funkcionirati 1903. kada je Bosanski Brod povezan sa ugarskom telefonskom mrežom. U narednom razdoblju će se ova mreža međugradskog i međunarodnog povezivanja početi širiti (zapravo, radilo se o vezama BiH sa gradovima u Monarhiji, pa se one u to doba nisu tretirale kao međunarodni saobraćaj). Koncem Prvog svjetskog rata u BiH su bila ukupno 1284 telefonska pretplatnika, ali je jedino Sarajevo imalo preko 100 pretplatnika (godine 1917. u Sarajevu su bila ukupno 483 pretplatnika). Sve to pokazuje kako je razvoj telefonske mreže bio ipak slabo izražen i kako se telefonom koristio mali broj ljudi, uglavnom pripadnika društvene elite i pripadnika organa vlasti, za razliku od pošte i telegrafa, kojima su se u većoj mjeri koristili i pripadnici siromašnijih i srednjih slojeva društva. Osim toga, mnogi telefonski pretplatnici u BiH nisu mogli ak- tivno sudjelovati u međugradskoim telefonskom saobraćaju, nego su u njemu mogli učestvovati “pasivno” (tj. mogli su obavljati međugradske razgovore tek ako ih neko nazove iz drugog grada). Uz postojanje tzv. manualnih telefonskih centrala (centrale kod kojih se razgovori ne obavljaju izravnim uspostavljanjem veza, nego putem manipulanata), to je

20 next period this long–distance and international network would began to expand (in fact cities of BIH were connected with other cities within the Empire, so for that time it was not considered as the international traﬃ c). Near the end of the World War I in BIH, there were 1284 telephone subscribers, but only Sarajevo had over 1000 subscribers (in 1917 there were 483 subscribers in Sarajevo). Th is demonstrates that the development of the telephone network was slow and that small group of people used telephone, mainly the members of the high social class and members of the state authorities, in contrast to the post and telegraph that were more used by the members of middle class and people of the low social standing. Besides, many telephone subscribers in BIH could not actively participate in long–distance communication, but only passively (they could establish long–distance calls, only if someone calls them). With the manual telephone exchanges (the calls were established through operators) the telephone traﬃ c was slowly developing. “Th e air transmission lines were applied in the construction of the network. Holders with numerous wires were placed on many buildings in the town, especially on the posts. Due to wind, snow and storms, many air transmission lines have been broken, but some have retained until today. At the beginning of 1913, the Directorate for the Post and Telegraph in compliance with the city municipality in Sarajevo have

Linijsko poštansko vozilo B.Novi–B.Petrovac / Post cab line B.Novi–B.Petrovac

21 također ukazivalo na slabo razvijen telefonski saobraćaj. “U izgradnji mreže primjenji- vani su, kao i za telegraf, vazdušni vodovi. Na mnogim zgradama u gradu, a naročito na poštanskim, postavljani su nosači sa mnogo- brojnim žicama. Usljed izloženosti vjetru, snijegu i olujama, dolazilo je do čestih prekida vazdušnih vodova, ali su se oni na manje značajnim relacijama zadržali sve do danas. Početkom 1913. god. Direkcija pošta i telegrafa, u dogovoru sa Gradskom opštinom u Sarajevu, planirala je postavljanje ispod zemlje prvih tele- Telegraf / The telegraph fonskih kablova. Za postavljanje vodova za privatne telefonske priključ- ke preko tuđeg zemljišta bila je potrebna dozvola vlasnika zemljišta. Brigu o održavanju priključnih vodova preuzimao je zakupnik telefona ukoliko to nije povjerio pošti uz poseban paušal. Gradnja i održavanje telefonskih uređaja u utvrđenjima i vojnim stražama, kao i željezničkog telegrafa i telefona, bila je dužnost osoblja Direkcije pošta i telegrafa. Privatni priključni vodovi nisu se smjeli postavljati na stupovima držav- nih i željezničkih telegrafa i telefona, već samo na vlastitom stubu”. O pravilnom funkcioniranju poštanskog, telegrafskog i telefonskog saobraćaja u Bosni i Hercegovini za vrijeme austrougarske uprave brinula se Direkcija pošta i telegrafa u Sarajevu. Sjedište Direkcije najprije je bilo smješteno blizu Konaka, potom u blizini Katedrale, a od 1913. u zgradi Glavne pošte, čija je izgradnja započela u proljeće 1911, a svečano je otvorena 18. maja 1913. godine. U prizemlju Glavne pošte odvijao se čitav saobraćaj (tu su šalteri za sve usluge), na prvom spratu je bilo sjedište Direkcije pošta i telegrafa sa velikom dvoranom za konfe- rencije, na drugom spratu su se nalazile telegrafske sekcije, a na trećem telegrafski i telefonski uređaji. U podrumskim prostorijama nalazile su se peći za centralno grijanje, restoran, soba za neoženjene činovnike, soba za vojnike, kuhinja i prostor za kafedžiju. Pošta, telefon i telegraf nisu zapošljavali veliki broj ljudi. Godine 1879. ukupno je bilo angažirano 376 osoba, a 1918. broj zaposlenog osoblja iznosio je 1352. Zanimljivo je da čitavo vrijeme austrougarske

22 planned to install the fi rst underground cables. In order to install underground cables for the private telephone connections, permission was required from a land owner. A tenant took care of the connection lines unless he consigned it to the post with certain compensation. Personnel from the Directorate for the Post and Telegraph were in charge of the construction and maintenance of the telephones in the fortifi cations and army guard sites, as well as of the railway telegraph and telephone. It was not allowed to install private connection lines on the state and railway telegraph and telephone’s posts, but only on private posts”. During the Austro–Hungarian administration, the Directorate for the Post and Telephone maintained a proper functioning of post, telegraph and telephone traffi c in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th e Directorate was situated near the Konak, afterwards near the Cathedral, and since 1913 in the building of the Main Post Offi ce, which construction began in the spring of 1911 and the opening ceremony was held on the 18th of May 1913. At the ground fl oor of the Main Post Offi ce, the whole communications took place (counters for all services have been placed there), at the fi rst fl oor the Directorate for the Post and Telegraph was situated, together with a great conference hall; at the second fl oor there were telegraph sections, and at the third fl oor, telegraph and telephone devices. In cel- lar rooms there were central heaters, restaurant, a room for single employees, a room for the soldiers, a kitchen and a space for a coff ee house keeper. A small number of persons were employed by the Post, Telegraph and Telephone (PTT). In 1879, the total number of employees was 376, and in 1918 that number raised to 1352. It is interesting that during the

23 uprave prihodi telegrafa i telefona nisu mogli pokrivati rashode, pa se uravno- teženje budžeta ostvarivalo dotacijama Zemaljske vlade u Sarajevu. Pa ipak, pošta, telegraf i telefon u Bosni i Hercegovini toga vremena obavljali su sve usluge koje su činile i ostale pošte u svijetu (od slanja običnih pisama do raznih reklama, porudžbina i računa za kupljenu robu, prepiski organa vlasti, te raznih drugih pošiljki). Godine 1897. BiH je postala i člani- com Svjetskog poštanskog Službenici pošte Čapljina saveza, čime su poštanske usluge u našoj zemlji dobile “sve karakteristi- iz 1910. g. / Post ofﬁ ce ofﬁ cials in Capljina, 1910 ke međunarodnog i unutrašnjeg saobraćaja onog vremena”.

Poštanski, telegrafski i telefonski saobraćaj u Bosni i Hercegovini za vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije

Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata, u usporedbi sa ostalim krajevima Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, Bosna i Hercegovina je posjedovala veoma razvijenu mrežu i organizaciju poštanskog, telegrafskog i telefonskog saobraćaja. Sve poštanske, telegrafske i telefonske institucije u BiH djelovale su u okviru Direkcije PTT u Sarajevu. Godine 1937. nadležnost Direkcije PTT u Sarajevu proširena je i na pojedine oblasti u Srbiji (užička oblast), Crnoj Gori (zetska oblast) i Hrvatskoj (dubrovačka oblast), ali je iz njene nadležnosti izdvojena bihaćka oblast i pripojena Direkciji PTT u Zagrebu. U doba između dva svjetska rata poštanski, telegrafski i telefonski saobraćaj u BiH se razvijao sporo. U prvoj fazi su uglavnom samo ob- navljane poštanske, telegrafske i telefonske stanice koje su već djelovale

24 whole period of the Austro–Hungarian administration, incomes from telegraph and telephones could not cover the expenses, so the budg- et was balanced with subsidies of the State Government in Sarajevo. Nevertheless, Th e PTT in Bosnia and Herzegovina conducted all services as other posts in the world (from ordinary letters to advertisements, orders and bills for purchased goods, documents, etc.). In 1897, Bosnia and Herzegovina has become a member of the Universal Postal Union, and postal services in our country acquired “all the characteristics of international and internal traﬃ c of that time.”

Th e PTT traﬃ c in BIH During the Period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

After the World War I, in contrast to other regions of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, Bosnia and Herzegovina had a very well developed network and organization of postal, telegraph and telephone communications. All postal, telegraph and telephone institutions in BIH have worked within the PTT Directorate in Sarajevo. In 1937 the competence of the PTT Directorate in Sarajevo was extended to certain areas in Serbia (the Uzice region), Monte Negro (the Zeta region) and Croatia (the region of Dubrovnik), whereas Bihac region was excluded from its competence and joined to the PTT Directorate in Zagreb. In the period between two world wars, postal, telegraph and telephone traffi c was slowly developing in BIH. In the fi rst phase, only postal, telegraph and telephone offi ces which operated during the Austro–Hungarian period were reconstructed (e.g. in 1937 there were 151 post offi ces in BIH, the number being the same as during the Austro–Hungarian period when 150 posts were open). Telegraph and telephone services were most often conducted by the posts. At the beginning of 1920s, 122 telegraphs operated on the territory of BIH, which is less than during the Austro–Hungarian period (127 telegraphs operated), but it is evident that between the two wars, the telephone traffi c became more signifi cant compared to the post and telegraph. Th e reason is that the public telephone communications were not seri- ously damaged during the World War I. At the beginning of 1919, 60

25 u doba austrougarske vladavine (naprimjer, godine 1937. u BiH je postojala 151 pošta, a to znači da je ostao isti broj kao i u doba austrougarske uprave kada je otvoreno ukupno 150 pošta). Najčešće su poštansku, telegrafsku i telefonsku službu obavljale pošte. Početkom 20-ih godina u BiH su radila 122 telegrafa, što je manje nego u doba austrougarske uprave (kada ih je radilo 127), ali je primjetno da u doba između dva svjetska rata veći značaj dobiva telefonski saobraćaj u odnosu na poštu i telegraf. Posljedica je to činjenice da javni telefonski saobraćaj Poštanska marka države tokom Prvog svjetskog rata nije pretrpio znatnije poremećaje. Početkom SHS / Postal stamp of state of Serbs, Croats 1919. već je bilo osposobljeno za rad 60 telefonskih stanica, što je za 8 više and Slovenians u odnosu na doba austrougarske uprave. Već 1922. u BiH je bilo u funkciji 66 telefonskih centrala, a samo 1923. otvoreno je još 27 centrala. Od 1924. do 1940. otvoreno je još 37 telefonskih centrala, pa je pred Drugi svjetski rat u BiH u ﬁ nkciji bilo ukupno 130 telefonskih centrala. Povećanje broja stanica bilo je praćeno proširenjem gradske i međugradske telefonske mreže, čime je telefonski saobraćaj sve više dobivao na značaju. No, širenju telefonskog saobraćaja ponajviše su doprinijela brojna tehničko-tehnološka usavršavanja. U prvom redu to je uvođenje automat- skog telefonskog saobraćaja. Već 1930. ističe se zahtjev da Sarajevo dobije automatsku telefonsku centralu, ali tek 1934. u zgradi Glavne pošte su započele pripreme prostorija za njezin smještaj. Centrala, kao i rekon- strukcija cjelokupne gradske telefonske mreže u Sarajevu, završena je do početka 1936, pa je 1. marta te godine zvanično otvorena prva automatska telefonska centrala u Bosni i Hercegovini za 2000 brojeva. Naredne, 1937. godine automatska telefonska centrala otvorena je na Ilidži, a 1938. i u Trebinju. “Izvjesno vrijeme mnogi pretplatnici žalili su se i javno pro- testovali da od uvođenja automatskih telefona nemaju mira ni noću ni da- nju”. Nije to bilo zbog telefonskog uznemiravanja, nego zbog povećanog obima i lakšeg korištenja telefona sa automatskom centralom. Ipak, bilo je i telefonskog uznemiravanja, pa je Pravilnikom o telefonskoj službi bilo predviđeno da se može demontirati telefonski aparat onom pretplatniku sa kojega se nepristojno ponaša, ili ako se privatni telefoni po kafanama, hotelima i slično ne ustupe za razgovore od javnog interesa (naprimjer za obavijesti u slučaju požara, poplava i slično).

26 telephone stations were functional, which was 8 more compared to the Austro–Hungarian period. In 1922, there were already 66 telephone offi ces and in 1923, 27 more offi ces were established. Since 1924 to 1940, 37 telephone offi ces were opened, so before the World War II, in Bosnia and Herzegovina there were totally 130 functional telephone offi ces. At the same time as the number of the telephone stations was increasing, the internal and long–distance telephone network was extended and therefore more signifi cant. Numerous technical–technological improvements infl uenced a rapid development of telephone communications. First of all, automatic telephone traffi c was introduced. In 1930, a growing demand for the automatic telephone exchange existed, but not before 1934, the preparations of its site started in the building of the Main Post Offi ce. Th e Main Post Offi ce, as well as the reconstruction of overall city telephone Prvi telefonski aparati network in Sarajevo, was completed in 1936, and on the 1st of March / The fi rst telephone the fi rst automatic telephone exchange with 2000 numbers was put into instruments operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Next year, 1937, another automatic telephone exchange was put into operation at Ilidza, and in 1938 in Trebinje. “For a certain time many subscribers complained and even pub- licly protested, because they are constantly disturbed during day and night.” Th is was not only due to telephone disturbance but also due to easier and increased usage of telephones with the automatic exchange. Nevertheless, there were cases of telephone disturbance, and Th e Book of Regulations on the Telephone Services provided possibilities that a telephone device can be dismantled in case of indecent behavior of a subscriber, or if the public telephones in restaurants, hotels are not ceded in cases of public importance (fi re, fl oods, etc.). In this period Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of the international telephone traffi c. Some Bosnian cities were connected with various cities in Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands,

27 Uz ovaj unutrašnji telefonski saobraćaj, BiH se u ovo doba snažno uključila i u međunarodni telefonski saobraćaj. Pojedini bosanskoher- cegovački gradovi su bili povezani sa nizom gradova u Italiji, Austriji, Češkoj, Mađarskoj, Njemačkoj, Holandiji, Rumuniji, Švajcarskoj, Poljskoj, Grčkoj, Francuskoj, Turskoj, Bugarskoj, Belgiji i drugim zemljama. To je vodilo i povećanju broja telefonskih pretplatnika. Godine 1929. u Bosni i Hercegovini su bila ukupno 2.194 telefonska pretplatnika, ali su jedino četiri mjesta – Tuzla (sa 104), Banja Luka (sa 115), Mostar (sa 131) i Sarajevo (sa 999) – imali iznad 100 pretplatnika. Te godine je od ukupno 111 mjesta, čak u 77 njih bilo manje od po 10 pretplatnika, u 28 mjesta bilo je između 10 i 50 pretplatnika, a samo u dva između 50 i 100 pretplanika. To pokazuje kako je telefonski saobraćaj vezan za veće administrativne centre i centre sa razvijenijom trgovi- nom. Vremenom će broj pretplatnika rasti, pa je pred Drugi svjetski rat samo u Sarajevu bilo 2069 pretplanika, uz postojanje nekoliko javnih govornica. Javne govornice su postojale i u drugim manjim mjestima (Kiseljak, Koraj, Teočak itd.). Pretplatnici su za uvođenje telefona plaćali taksu, koja je bila jednaka za sve pretplatnike u jednom mjestu. Uz to, svaki korisnik telefona plaćao je pretplatu, koja se plaćala najprije polugodišnje, a kasnije kvartalno. Visina pretplate ovisila je od toga u kojoj se kategoriji pretplatnik nalazio (bilo je, naime, pet kategorija pretplatnika: banke i druga preduzeća sa većim ili manjim kapitalom, zatim državne i vjer- ske ustanove, pa advokati, te novine i, na kraju, privatni stanovi i PTT službenici). Ukoliko vlasnik telefona ne bi plaćao pretplatu, sankcija je bila – isključenje telefona, a pri tome su se na udaru nalazili svi vlasnici podjednako, bez obzira da li se radilo o “običnim” vlasnicima ili o pred- stavnicima državne administracije. Tako je, naprimjer, upravnik pošte u Bijeljini 1923. odbio uspostaviti telefonsku vezu načelniku sreza, koji je namjeravao obaviti razgovor sa jednim pretplatnikom iz Tuzle. Razlog za to odbijanje bio je dug kojeg je bijeljinski načelnik imao za telefonske usluge, pa mu je zbog toga telefon bio isključen. Ni prijetnja silom nije natjerala upravnika pošte da odustane od poštivanja propisa u vezi sa naplaćivanjem dugova za telefonske usluge. “Jedinice telefonske mreže locirane su u gradovima i varošicama, u sjedištima srezova, opština i industrijskih preduzeća, a samo rijetko u selima. Broj telefonskih pretplatnika u tim mjestima zavisio je od razvoja privrede, organizacije uprave, demografskog kretanja stanovništva i njegovog socijalnog položaja (…) Telefonske usluge bile su dostupne

28 Romania, Switzerland, Poland, Greece, France, Turkey, Bulgaria, Belgium and other countries. Th is infl uenced the increase in the number of subscribers. In 1929 there were 2194 telephone subscribers in BIH, and four cities had more than 100 subscribers: Tuzla–104, Banja Luka– 115, Mostar–131 and Sarajevo – 999. During this year, from total 111 towns, in 77 of them, a number of subscribers was less than 10, in 28 towns a number of subscribers varied from 10 to 50, and only in two towns this number was between 50 and 100 subscribers. Th is clearly indicates that telephone traffi c depends largely on bigger administrative centers and centers with well–developed commerce. In time the number of subscribers increased, and before the World War II only in Sarajevo there were 2069 subscribers, and also few telephone booths. Telephone booths existed in some towns as well (Kiseljak, Koraj, Teocak, etc.). Th e subscribers used to pay a fee for the telephone connection, which was equal for all subscribers at one place. In addition to that, every phone user used to pay the subscription fee, at fi rst semi–annually and later quarterly. Th e amount of the subscription fee was determined according to the category to which subscriber belonged (namely, there were fi ve categories of subscribers: banks and other companies with larger or smaller capital, state and religious institutions, lawyers and Reklamna dopisnica SIEMENS iz 1940. god. the newspapers and at the end residential users and post offi ce employ- / Offi cial SIEMENS postcard ees). If the owner of the telephone would not pay for the subscription, from 1940 sanction was – disconnection of the telephone, and in this matter all owners were treated equally, disregarding whether they were “common” owners or representatives of state administration. Th us, for example, the manager of the post offi ce in Bijeljina in 1923, refused to connect the telephone line to the mayor of the county, who had intended to have a telephone conversation with one subscriber from Tuzla. Th e reason for this refusal was the fact that the mayor from Bijeljina had some debt for telephone service, and his telephone was disconnected. Even the threat that he would use force could not make the manager of the post offi ce

29 gradskom stanovništvu. Seosko stanovništvo i njegova pretežno naturalna privreda davali su zemlji svoje obiljež- je, koje se odražavalo i na telefonsku službu i pretplatnike. U seoskim drumskim naseljima koja su centri ruralne sredine i imaju neku upravnu funkciju, nalazi se najmanji broj pretplatnika pošto imaju javnu govornicu, najčešće je to žandarmerijska stanica, negdje opština, duhanska stanica i sl.” Razvoj poštanskog, telegrafskog i telefonskog sao- braćaja zaustavljen je za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. Poštanska marka iz Doduše, u ratno vrijeme on je funkcionirao, ali je bio u funkciji fašistič- perioda NDH / Post stamp during kih ciljeva njemačko-talijanskih i NDH vlasti, s jedne, ali i u funkciji period of NDH antifašističke borbe, s druge strane. U Banjoj Luci je 1942. godine pu- štena u rad automatska telefonska centrala sa oko dvije stotine brojeva. Bio je to, ako izuzmemo druge oblike poštanskog, telegrafskog i telefonskog saobraćaja kojim su se koristile sve ratujuće strane, i štampanje posebne serije poštanskih maraka sa motivima iz Bosne i Hercegovine, jedini veći poduhvat u oblasti telekomunikacija za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata.

Period poslije Drugog svjetskog rata do 1992. godine

Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata odvija se daljnji proces razvoja telekomunikacija u Bosni i Hercegovini, koji se ogleda kako u tehnološkim pro- mjenama tako i na polju znatnog proširenja mreže telefonskih korisnika. Prije svega, gusta i kvalitetna kablovska mreža sve brže zamjenjuje vaz- dušne telefonske vodove, a još uvijek brojne manuelne telefonske centrale sve se brže povlače iz upotrebe pred snažnim širenjem automatskih telefonskih centrala. Osobito snažan razvoj telegrafskog i telefonskog saobraćaja primjetan je od 1960-ih godina na širim osnovama programi- ranog razvitka. Tada su uključene prve ATC u automatski međumjesni telefonski saobraćaj, i to najprije Banja Luka (12. 7. 1965), zatim Mostar (14. 2. 1966), pa Sarajevo (27. 7. 1966), dok je Tuzla u međumjesni telefonski saobraćaj uključena tek u septembru 1971. godine. U to doba, tačnije 1981. godine, uvode se u funkciju i digitalne telefonske centrale. Istodobno su proširivane već postojeće automatske telefonske centrale.

30 to give up following of the regulations related to charging of debts for telephone service. “Telephone network units are located in cities and small towns, county offi ces, municipalities and industrial companies, and only rarely in villages. Th e number of subscribers in those places depended on the level of economic development, administrative organization, demographic mi- grations of the people, and their social standing (…). Th e telephone service has been available to the city population. Village population and its mainly natural economy gave its trait to the country, which refl ected on the telephone service and the subscribers. In the village road settlements that are the centres of rural environment and have some kind of administrative function, there is the smallest number of subscribers because they have the public phone, most often it is gendarmerie station, at some places municipality, tobacco stations and similar places”. Th e development of postal, telegraphic and telephone traffi c was halted during the World War II. To be fair, it was functioning, but it was in function of the fascist objectives of the German–Italian and the Independent State of Croatia’s authorities, but also in the function of anti–fascistic fi ght on the other side. In Banja Luka, in 1942, automatic telephone exchange started with operation, and it had about two hun- dred numbers. Th at was, if we exclude other forms of postal, telegraph and telephone traffi c, which all warring factions used, and printing of special series of postage stamps with the motifs from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the only larger project in the fi eld of telecommunications during the World War II.

Th e Period after the World War II until 1992

After the World War II there was a further process of telecommunications development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which refl ected in technological changes as well as in the fi eld of signifi cant expansion of the telephone user network. Above all, the dense and quality cable network was faster, replacing the aerial telephone transmission lines, and also, still numerous manual telephone exchanges were faster in ceasing their operation, while automatic telephone exchanges were becoming more and more present. Especially strong development of telegraphic and tel-

31 U vrijeme priprema XIV zimskih olimpijskih igara 1984. u sao- braćaj je puštena međunarodna centrala u Sarajevu M1OC preko koje su svi telefonski pretplatnici u BiH uključeni u evropsku automatsku telefonsku mrežu. Čitavo ovo vrijeme razvoj telefonske mreže praćen je i isključivanjem pojedinih centrala i njihovim objedinjavanjem u okvire većih tranzitnih telefonskih centrala. Tahnološki razvoj telekomunikacionih sistema će voditi daljnjem povećanju broja korisnika. Naprimjer, samo u Sarajevu je broj telefonskih pretplatnika sa 2069, koliko ih je bilo 1940. godine, porastao na 144.348 pred početak agresije 1992. godine. Jednako tako je rastao i broj pretplatnika u čitavoj Bosni i Hercegovini. U vrijeme Olimpijade 1984. u BiH je bilo 340.622 pretplatnika, dok je taj broj uoči agresije 1992. porastao na 610.777 telefonskih priključaka. Uz uvećanje broja korisnika telefonije, važno je istaknuti da je od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata 1945. do 1992. godine u BiH telefonski saobraćaj bio i dalje vezan uz pošte. Pred početak agresije 1992. u BiH su postojale ukupno 854 poštanske zgrade sa ukupno 267.000 kvadrat- nih metara prostora. Ukupna telefonska mreža u BiH je, posredstvom međunarodne automatske telefonske centrale u Sarajevu, bila izravno povezana sa 13 automatskih telefonskih centrala u sedam evropskih

Prvi telefonski imenici poslije II svjetskog rata / The ﬁ rst phone books after the II World War

32 Kabinetski posrednici Glavne pošte Sarajevo / Telephone boxes of the Main Post Ofﬁ ce in Sarajevo conducted by operators

ephone traffi c has been noticed since the 1960s on the wider bases of the programmed development. Th at was the time when the fi rst automatic telephone exchanges were connected to the automatic long–distance telephone traffi c, fi rst in Banja Luka (12 July 1965), then in Mostar (14 February 1966), in Sarajevo (27 July 1966), while Tuzla was connected to the long–distance telephone traffi c only in September 1971. At that time, or to be more exact in 1981, digital telephone exchanges were starting to function. At the same time, existing automatic telephone exchanges were expanded. During preparations for the XIV Winter Olympic Games in 1984, international exchange was put into service in Sarajevo M1OC, through which all telephone subscribers in BIH were connected to the European automatic telephone network. All this time, the development of the telephone network was followed by disconnection of some exchanges and their combining into the larger transit telephone exchanges. Technological development of the telecommunication systems would lead to a further increase in the number of users. For example, only in Sarajevo the number of telephone subscribers increased from 2069 in 1940, to 144.348 before the aggression in 1992. Th e number of subscribers equally grew in the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the time of the Olympic Games, in 1984, in Bosnia and Herzegovina there

33 Gradnja sarajevske država, a preko međunarodne centrale u Beogradu bosanskohercego- TT mreže / Construction of TT network in Sarajevo vačka telefonske mreža je bila povezana sa cijelim svijetom. Postojale su još i tranzitne telefonske centrale u Sarajevu, Tuzli, Banjoj Luci i Mostaru, koje su bile povezane sa svim ostalim tranzitnim centralama na prostoru tadašnje jugoslavenske države. Osim ovih tranzitnih centrala, postojale su i glavne telefonske centrala u Goraždu, Zenici, Livnu, Trebinju, Bihaću, Prijedoru, Jajcu, Doboju i Brčkom.

34 were 340.622 subscribers, while just before the aggression in 1992 that number grew to 610.777 telephone connections. With the increase in the number of telephone users, it is important to emphasize that from the end of the World War II from 1945 to 1992, the telephone traffi c in BIH was still associated with the post offi ce. Just before the beginning of the aggression, in 1992, in BIH there were 854 post offi ce buildings with the total of 267.000 m² of space. Th e overall telephone network in BIH, by the means of the international automatic telephone exchange in Sarajevo, was directly connected with 13 automatic telephone exchanges in seven European countries, and through the international exchange in Belgrade, the telephone network of Bosnia and Herzegovina was connected with the entire world. Th e transit telephone exchanges also existed in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka and Mostar, which were connected to all the other transit exchanges in the area of the former Yugoslavian country. In addition to these exchanges, there were main telephone exchanges in Gorazde, Zenica, Livno, Trebinje, Bihac, Prijedor, Jajce, Doboj and Brcko.

Izgradnja Poštanskog centra Sarajevo, 1989 / Construction of Postal Center Sarajevo

U odbrani države i civilizacijskih postignuća

Defending Country and Civilization’s Achievements eđunarodno priznanje Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 6. aprila 1992. godine bio je početak otvorene i potpune agresije na njen suverenitet, a pored vojnog udara na njen teritorijalni integritet, uslijedio je također i Mizuzetno snažan napad na njen PTT sistem. Kreatori agresije počeli su u potpunosti realizirati plan prekida informacija i komuniciranja među ljudima. Ukinuti informacije, ugasiti signal, isključiti električnu energiju, prekinuti promet i slično, značilo je uništiti čovjeka modernih bosanskohercegovačkih gradova, osobito Sarajeva kao političkog, admi- nistrativnog i upravnog centra države. Nemoguće je opisati sve žrtve i stradanja koje su uposlenici PTT- a Bosne i Hercegovine podnijeli obavljajući svoj posao, a sve u nasto- janju da se odupru agresiji. Međutim, moguće je djelomično naznačiti put kojim se ovo preduzeće kao kolektiv uspjelo izboriti sa nedaćama

Razaranje PTT objekata ratnog i poratnog vremena. Sjećanja na te dane još su živa, a radost / Destrucion of PTT facilities uspostavljanja veza sa svijetom bila je puno više od tehničkog uspjeha, jer se time vraćalo dostojanstvo napaće- nog stanovništva. Moć znanja, stručno- sti i želje za opstankom učinili su da se najosnovnije veze Bosne i Hercegovine sa svijetom uspostave i u najnevjerovatnijim ratnim uvjetima 1992.–1995. godine. Neprijatelji bosanskohercegovačke države počeli su sistematski ubijati ljude, uništavati gradove, a osim vojnih ubojitih sredstava, u projekt okupacije planirali su uništenje radiorelejnog sistema, zatim mreže koaksijalnih kablova, poštanske infrastrukture, transportnog sistema, energetskih jedinica, zaliha reprodukcionog materijala, dokumentacije, zgrada, odnosno svega što bi moglo poslužiti uspostavljanju veza među ljudima i prodira- nju u svijet istine o ratu. Prije rata, PTT sistem Republike Bosne i Hercegovine sastojao se iz tri autonomne mreže i to: telegrafske, telefonske i mreže za prijenos podataka sa komutacijom paketa. Kapaciteti telegraf-

38 he International recognition of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the 6th of April 1992, marked the beginning of the open and overall aggression on its sovereignty. Along with military attacks at its territorial integrity, a ferocious Tattack on its PTT system followed. Creators of aggression started to realize their plan to intercept the exchange of information and communication between people. To prevent the information exchange, cancel the signal, switch oﬀ the electric power, stop the traﬃ c and similar, meant to destroy a man of modern Bosnian and Herzegovinian cities, especially Sarajevo as political, administrative and governing centre of the state.

It is impossible to describe all suﬀ erings which the PTT employ- Oštećenja na TK centru Dolac Malta – Sarajevo ees endured while carrying out their work, trying to resist the aggres- / Devastation on TC Center sion. However, it is partly possible to describe how this company as a Dolac Malta – Sarajevo team succeeded to ﬁ ght all misfortunes of the war and after–war period. Memories of those days are still alive, and joy because of successfully restored connections with the world meant much more than technical success, for it brought back dignity of the agonized people. Th e power of knowledge, expertise and desire for the survival made possible the establishment of the basic communication with the world in the most extraordinary war conditions 1992–1995. Th e enemies of Bosnia and Herzegovina started to kill people, destroy cities and along with deadly weapons, with their project of occupation, they planned to destroy a radio–relay system of coaxial cable network, postal infrastructure, trans-

39 ske mreže sastojali su se od tranzitne telegrafske centrale u Sarajevu, čvornih centrala u Tuzli, Banjoj Luci i Mostaru, te krajnjih centrala u Bihaću, Jajcu, Prijedoru, Livnu, Trebinju, Goraždu, Zenici, Brčkom i Doboju. Centrale su međusobno bile povezane telegrafskim vodovima. Međunarodni telegrafski saobraćaj obavljao se preko tranzitne centrale u Sarajevu. Ukupno je bilo instalirano 2.800 telex priključaka. Centrale magistralne ravni bile su povezane međusobno i sa drugim centralama PTT zgrada u Mostaru izvan BiH sa 10.000 spojnih vodova, a unutar mrežnih grupa bilo je u oštećena ratnim dejstvima / PTT building funkciji 7.000 vodova. Za odvijanje odlaznog i dolaznog međunarodnog in Mostar damaged by war saobraćaja bilo je u funkciji 750 spojnih vodova. Kapaciteti mreže za actions prijenos podataka sa komutacijom paketa sastojali su se od osam ko- mutacionih centara i upravljačkog centra u Sarajevu sa 500 instaliranih priključaka. Od aprila 1992. godine agresor je paralelno onesposoblja- vao komutacione sisteme za telefonske i telegrafske veze, kao i sisteme za prijenos podataka.

Zgrada PTT Direkcije Goražde nakon granatiranja 2. septembra 1992. / The building of PTT Directorate Goražde after the bombardment on September 2nd, 1992.

40 port system, energetic units, stocks of reproductive material, documentation, buildings, in other words everything that could serve to the establishment of the communication between people and breaking into the world of truth about the war. Before the war, the PTT system of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprised of three autonomous networks: telegraphic, telephone and packet–switched data network. Capacities of telegraphic network comprised of transit telegraphic exchange in Sarajevo, node exchanges in Tuzla, Banja Luka and Uništen glavni razdjelnik centrale Obala-Sarajevo Mostar, and local exchanges in Bihac, Jajce, Prijedor, Livno, Trebinje, / Destroyed MDF of Gorazde, Zenica, Brcko and Doboj. Th e exchanges were interconnected exchange Obala-Sarajevo by telegraphic lines. Th e international telegraphic traffi c was conducted by the transit exchange in Sarajevo. Overall, 2800 telex and “jates” connections were installed. Th e transit exchanges were interconnected with other exchanges outside of BIH with ten thousand connection lines, and here were seven thousand functioning lines within network groups. For conduct of incoming and outgoing international traffi c, there were 750 functioning connection lines. Network capacities for transmission of packet–switched data comprised of eight switching centers and a managing centre in Sarajevo, with 500 installed connections. From the April 1992, the aggressor in parallel disabled switching systems for telephone and telegraph connections as well as systems for the data transmission. Already from the 3rd of April 1992, the aggressor disconnected the coaxial cable system, by means of which the telecommunication traffi c with Croatia and Slovenia was conducted, and cut off the transfer between the transit centers Sarajevo and Banja Luka. Among numerous terrorist attacks on the state of BIH, this was the powerful barbarian rejection of the recognition of its independence, which nevertheless followed several days after. Th e spring of 1992 was the time of the most powerful destruction. Th e aggressor’s army occupied the radio–relay station Paljenik on the Mount Vlasic and cut off the coaxial cables at the bridge over Vrbas River in Donji Vakuf. Besides the destruction

41 Već 3. aprila 1992. godine agresor je isključio koaksijalno-kablovski sistem posredstvom kojeg se odvijao telekomunikacioni saobraćaj sa Hrvatskom i Slovenijom i prekinuo magistralni prijenos između tranzitnih centara Sarajeva i Banje Luke. Među brojnim terorističkim udarima na državu Bosnu i Hercegovinu, ovo je bio snažan bar- barski odgovor na priznavanje njene nazavi- snosti, koje je ipak uslijedilo nakon nekoliko dana. Proljeće 1992. bilo je vrijeme najsnaž- nije destrukcije. Agresorska vojska zauzela je radiorelejnu stanicu Paljenik na Vlašiću i prekinula koaksijalne kablove na mostu preko Vrbasa u Donjem Vakufu. Osim uni- štavanja PTT komunikacija, okupacije releja i predajnika, izvršeno je prekidanje i preusmjeravanje radio-televizijske trase. Ovladati radio-televizijom značilo je kontrolirati prostor plasiranjem vlastitih informacija, a one- mogućavanjem PTT komunikacija uskratiti njihovu provjeru, čime se, uz dodatne mjere gladi, žeđi i hladnoće, nastojalo pokoriti i dezorijentirati stanovništvo. Planom nasilnog uništavanja modernih PTT komunikacija nije bilo pošteđe- no ni kulturno naslijeđe, za što je, između ostalih, bio očit primjer diverzija, paljenje Uništena centrala i bombardiranje zgrade Glavne pošte u Sarajevu, arhitektonskog dje- “Metaconta” (Sarajevo, Dolac Malta) la austrougarskog majstora graditeljstva Josipa Vancaša, napravljene u / Destroyed exchange stilu secesije u vrijeme autorovog traganja za bosanskohercegovačkim “Metaconta” (Sarajevo, Dolac Malta) graditeljskim stilom. Da je postojanje ove građevine skoro cijelo stoljeće na desnoj obali Miljacke bilo za građane Sarajeva više od njene teh- ničko-tehnološke pragmatičke funkcije i estetske vrijednosti, svjedočio je i ispisani graﬁ t na njenoj fasadi u nejtežim trenucima početka rata: Ovo je Pošta, budalo!, kao odgovor na političku neprijateljsku provoka- ciju ispisanu na istom mjestu: Ovo je Srbija! Paljenje Pošte na Obali je simbol pokušaja uništavanja postojanosti bosanskohercegovačkog urba- nog bića. Kulturna i modernizacijska matrica bosanskohercegovačkog

42 of the PTT communications, the occupation of the relay and transmit- ter, cutting off and redirection of radio–television route was conducted. To occupy radio–television meant to control the space by broadcasting their own information, and to disable the PTT communications meant to with- hold their review, and with additional hunger, thirst and coldness, it meant conquering and disorientation of the population. Th is plan of a barbaric destruction of modern PTT communications spared neither the cultural heritage, for which among others, the clear Uništavanje glavne pošte u Sarajevu example were diversion, setting to fi re, and bombarding of the Main / Destruction of Main Post Offi ce building in Sarajevo, which was designed by the Austro– Post offi ce in Sarajevo Hungarian master of architecture, Josip Vancas, in the style of seces- sion in the period of the author’s search for Bosnian–Herzegovinian construction style. Th at the existence of this building for almost entire century, on the right bank of Miljacka River, meant for the citizens of Sarajevo more than its technical–technological pragmatic function and esthetic value, is proved by written graffi ti on its wall in the most diffi cult moments of the beginning of the war: Th is is the post offi ce, you fool!, as the response to hostile political provocation written at the same place: Th is is Serbia! Setting to fi re of the Post Offi ce in Obala Street can be understood as a symbol of the desire to destruct the urban existence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cultural and modernization matrix of Bosnian–Herzegovinian city, its preservation and nursing of historical construction art as heritage of diff erent civilization at one historical place, could not destroy political and ideo- logical changes; it survived regardless of the changes of the street names, from Apel Kej, Obala Vojvode Stepe to

43 Potpuno uništen PTT grada, njegovanje i čuvanje historijskog graditeljskog umijeća kao nasli- objekat Obala – Sarajevo / Completely destroyed jeđa različitih civilizacija na jednom historijskom prostoru, nisu mogle PTT facility Obala – Sarajevo uništiti političke i ideološke promjene; ona je opstajala bez obzira na promjene imena obale – od Apel keja, preko Obale Vojvode Stepe do Obale Kulina bana, koji su ujedno i simbolizirale promjene političkih sistema. Glavna pošta na Obali se, kao i čovjek u Bosni i Hercegovini, nanovo dizala iz ruševina što je bilo imanentno smislu njezinog postojanja. Bez obzira što su 2. maja 1992. godine, nakon paljenja Pošte, izbačena iz funkcije 38.432 lokalna automatska telefonska priključka, zatim ispali i izdvojeni pretplatnički stupnjevi ukupnog kapaciteta 7.168 priključaka koji su bili na ovoj matičnoj rejonskoj centrali, i međumjesna i međunarodna automatska telefonska centrala M10C i ARM20 ukupnog kapaciteta 7.875 priključnih tačaka, te pričinjena materijalna šteta od oko 50 miliona dolara, a time uništene tri telefonske centrale: Stari Grad I, II i III s namjerom onemogućavanja komunikacije unutar grada Sarajeva i stvaranja pometnje u organiziranju odbrane uopće, otpor barbarima je rastao. Osim uništavanja međunarodne telefonske centrale u Sarajevu, stradale su glavne centrale u Goraždu i Bihaću, čvorne centrale u Bugojnu i Mostaru sa 8.500 priključnih tačaka, itd. Ukupno je

44 Obala Kulina Bana, which symbolized change of political systems. Th e Main Post Offi ce on Obala Street, just like a man living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, emerged from the ruins, which was im- manent to the meaning of its existence. Regardless of the fact that on the 2nd of May 1992, after the post offi ce was set to fi re, 38.432 local automatic telephone connections were no longer functional, the subscriber’s switch units of the overall capacity of 7.168 connections fell out and were separated, which were part of this main regional exchange, and long–distance and international automatic telephone exchange M10C and ARM20 of the total capacity of 7.875 connection points, and the material damage of about $ 50 million was made, and three telephone exchanges were destroyed: Stari Grad I, II and III, with intention to disable communication within the Sarajevo city and create disruption in the organization of defense in general, but the resistance to barbarians grew stronger. Besides the destruction of international telephone exchange in Sarajevo, the main exchanges in Gorazde and Bihac and node exchanges in Bugojno and Mostar with 8.500 connection points were destroyed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina totally 100.000 connections were destroyed, along with the switching node and managing center for the transmission of the data in Sarajevo, a great number of construction facilities, and the overall damage was estimated to $1 billion. Besides bombarding and setting

45 u Bosni i Hercegovini bilo uništeno oko 100.000 priključaka, komutacioni čvor i upravljački centar za prijenos podataka u Sarajevu, zatim veliki broj građevinskih objekata, a ukupna šteta je procijenjena na blizu milijardu dolara. Osim bombar- diranja i paljenja objekata, neprijatelj je tokom rata preusmjeravao mrežu prema dijelovima teritorije koju je vojno kontro- lirao. Tako je npr. preusmjerio mrežu na Grbavici prema komutacionom čvorištu na Vracama, koja je prije rata polazila sa komutacionog čvorišta Dolac Malta. Također, svi spojni putevi u Vogošći prema Sarajevu bili su presječeni i preusmjereni u drugim pravcima. Spojni put Sarajevo – Vogošća preko Rajlovca bio je presječen, a polaganjem novog kabla kroz područja GATC Goražde uništena pod neprijateljskom kontrolom povezana Ilidža sa Vogošćom. Na isti tenkovskom granatom 18. aprila 1992 način su tokom rata preusmjeravane veze na mnogim područjima Bosne / Main automatic telephone i Hercegovine. Određeni dio šteta tokom rata učinile su i razne vojne exchange Goražde destroyed by tank shell on April 18th, jedinice koje su na nestručan način koristile PTT kapacitete za svoje 1992. veze, uništavajući izvodne ormariće, mehaničke i električne dijelove, kao i ranžire u njima. Poseban oblik uništavanja učinjen je od strane agresorskih snaga na područjima koja su nakon Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma bila integrirana u Federaciju Bosne i Hercegovine. U na- stavku pljačke i uništavanja npr. komutacija u Vogošći, sistem telefonske centrale AXE bio je demontiran i odnesen, ali tako nestručno da se dio opreme koji je otuđen nije mogao značajnije iskoristiti, a dio koji je ostavljen nije imao veću vrijednost. U nekim slučajevima pljačka je bila i spriječena, pa su tako na Ilidži francuske jedinice SFOR-a onemogućile članove pljačkaške skupine iz Beograda da demontiraju i otuđe staru Crossbar komutaciju, ali ne i dva RSS-a i ostalu opremu. Manji bo- sanskohercegovački gradovi bili su potpuno odsječeni, kao npr. Breza, Olovo, Ilijaš, Srednje itd. Početna zaprepaštenost stepenom barbarstva na kraju 20. stolje- ća i malodušnost su zamijenjeni razmišljanjem šta učiniti da se barem neka veza sa svijetom ostvari. Sarajevo je, kao politički centar Bosne i Hercegovine, i bez vode i bez struje i bez hrane imalo svoju duhovnost,

46 to fi re of facilities, the enemy during the war redirected the network towards the parts of the territory which he controlled militarily. Th us, the enemy redirected the network on Grbavica towards switching node on Vraca, the starting point of which, before the war, was the switching node Dolac Malta. Also all connection lines in Vogosca, towards Sarajevo were cut off and redirected to other directions. Connection line Sarajevo–Vogosca across Rajlovac was cut off and by installing a new cable through the enemy’s territory, Ilidza was connected with Vogosca. Similarly, during the war, the lines were redirected in many regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Diff erent military units infl icted damage during the war, due to unprofessional usage of the PTT capacities for their own connections, destroying node boxes, mechanical and electrical parts, as well as switches inside. Special form of destruction was conducted by the aggressor forces on the territories, which after the Dayton Peace Agreement were integrated into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the subsequent looting and destroying of for example, switches in Vogosca, telephone exchange system AXE was dissembled and taken away, in such unprofessional way, that the part of the equipment which was stolen, could not be used properly, and the Poštanski centar Sarajevo part which was left behind did not have signifi cant value. In some cases, / Postal Center Sarajevo

47 a planovi među zaposlenim u PTT-u su stvarali nadu u pobjedu koja je u glavama običnih ljudi očekivana vrlo brzo. U očekivanju kraja rata prošle su pune četiri godine.

JP PTT saobraćaja BiH u vremenu 1992–1995. godine

Procesi su tekli paralelno. S jedne strane, agresor je sistematski uništa- vao sve pred sobom, a sa druge, angažirano se radilo na mnogim vrlo bitnim organizacijskim poslovima na unutrašnjem i vanjskom planu. U tim ratnim uvjetima, u Sarajevu je odlukom Predsjedništva Bosne i Hercegovine 31. jula 1992. godine zvanično osnovano Javno preduzeće PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine (kao pravni sljedbenik nekadaš- njeg SOUR-a PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine). Zadatak je bio veoma kompleksan. Trebalo je odgovoriti komunikacijskim potrebama države u vanredno teškim ratnim uvjetima. Već 3. septembra 1992. go- Pošta kod sarajevskog dine, odlukom predsjednika Predsjedništva Republike BiH, gospodina hotela “Evropa” / Post ofﬁ ce near hotel “Evropa” Alije Izetbegovića, imenovan je Upravni odbor JP PTT BiH od devet in Sarajevo članova. U razdoblju od njegovog konstituiranja do decembra 1995.

48 looting was prevented, so in Ilidza the French units of SFOR stopped the members of looting group from Belgrade to dissemble and steal old Crossbar switch, but not two RSS and some other equipment. Smaller Bosnian–Herzegovinian towns were completely cut oﬀ , such as Breza, Olovo, Ilijas, Srednje etc. Th e initial shock by the magnitude of barbarism at the end of 20th century and faint–heartedness were replaced with thinking what to do to establish at least some kind of connection with the world. Sarajevo, as the political centre of BIH, without water and electric power, and without the food, had spirituality. Th e PTT employees had hope in the victory, which in the heads of the individuals was expected very soon. Four years had passed in the expectations of the end of the war.

Public Enterprise PTT BIH during the period 1992–1995

Processes were conducted in parallel. On the one hand, the aggressor systematically destroyed everything that stood on his way, and on the other, the eff orts were made to improve signifi cant organizational activities. In such war conditions in Sarajevo, by decision of the BIH Presidency, on 31st of July 1992, the Public Enterprise PTT BIH was offi cially founded (as legal successor of former SOUR PTT BIH). Th e task was very complex, the communication demands of the state had to be addressed in diffi cult war conditions. Already on the 3rd September 1992, by the decision of the President of the Republic of BIH Mr. Alija Izetbegovic, the Managing Board of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH comprised of nine members was appointed. In the period from its foundation to December of 1995, 49 sessions were held in the war conditions, under heavy shelling in cold offi ces without well–prepared materials due to power cut, but very important decisions were made although there were diffi culties regarding regular personell supply of the Managing Board and the Management Bodies. During the sessions, with the total of 240 items of the agenda, the preconditions for the functioning of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH were created in the war and continuation of its operation in peace, by adoption of the Company’s Statute, decision on temporary organization of the Public Enterprise on forming PTT savings bank and the PTT Engineering, then by the means of resto-

49 godine, održano je 49 sjednica u ratnim uvjetima rada, pod granatama, u hladnim prostorijama, bez dobro pripremljenih materijala zbog ne- stanka električne energije, ali su bile donosene vrlo važne odluke, mada su postojale poteškoće redovitog kadrov- skog popunjavanja Upravnog odbora i poslovodnih organa. Na održanim sjednicama, sa ukupno oko 240 tačaka dnevnih redova, stvarani su preduvjeti za funkcioniranje JP PTT BiH u ratu i nastavka rada u miru, usvajanjem Statuta preduzeća, Odluke o privre- menoj organizaciji JP, o formiranju PTT Štedionice i PTT Inženjeringa, zatim načinima obnavljanja PTT sa- obraćaja, uspostavljanja veza sa svijetom, imenovanja direktora, cijenama, Relejna stanica Vlašić tarifama, o štampanju poštanskih maraka, reklami, itd., što nameće / Relay station Vlasic utisak da su upravni i poslovodni organi već tada razmišljali o budućem mirnodopskom razvoju. Najbolji primjeri za uspješno vođenje pravne procedure tokom rata bili su realizirani poslovi u vezi sa članstvom Bosne i Hercegovine u međunarodnim asocijacijama. Disolucijom zajedničke jugoslavenske države, JP PTT saobraćaja BiH postalo je nasljednik svih prava iz međunarodnih ugovora u asocijaciji UPU (Svjetski poštanski savez) sa sjedištem u Bernu i ITU (Međunarodna telekomunikaciona unija) sa sjedištem u Ženevi. Bivšim članicama ZJ PTT određeni su zasebni kodovi, a pozivni broj za međunarodno priznatu državu Bosnu i Hercegovinu je 387 na cijelom njenom području. Zahvaljujući zalaga- njima ratnog rukovodstva, datum prijema u EUTELSAT (Evropsku telekomunikacionu satelitsku organizaciju) sa sjedištem u Parizu se ra- čuna od 22. 3. 1993. godine. U skladu sa tadašnjim važećim pravilnici- ma, Konvencijom i Sporazumom o eksploataciji, učlanjenje je bilo uvjet za pristup satelitskim kapacitetima i distribuiranju satelitskih usluga. Osim toga, status člana osigurao je pravo jedinog operatera na području Bosne i Hercegovine za pružanje usluga, a zakupom švajcarske satelitske stanice bio je omogućen telefonski saobraćaj i veza sa svijetom u ratnim uvjetima. Tokom rata uloženi su napori za učlanjenje i u INTELSAT

50 ration of the PTT traffi c, establishment of the connections with the world, appointment of director, prices, tariff s, issuing of postal stamps, advertisement etc., which makes an impression that administrative and management bodies were already thinking about future development in peace. Th e best examples for the successful conduct of legal procedure during the war, were realized tasks regarding the membership of the Bosnia and Herzegovina in the international associations. By the dis- integration of the former Yugoslavia, the Public Enterprise PTT BIH became the legal successor of all rights that are included in the international agreements of the Universal Post Union (UPU) with its headquarters in the Swiss capital Bern, and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) with its headquarters in Geneva. To ex–members of ZJ PTT, separate codes were assigned, and the country code for the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was “387”. Owing to the eff orts of the war management, the date of entry in EUTELSAT (European Telecommunications Satellite Organization) is 22nd of March 1993. In accordance with existing provisions of that period as well as the Convention and Agreement on Exploitation, the condition for access to satellite capacities and distribution of satellite services, was the membership. Besides, the status of a member provided the right as a sole operator for the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina for providing of Glavni poštanski centar services, and by renting of the Swiss Satellite Station, the satellite tel- Sarajevo / Main Post Centar ephone traffi c and the connection with the rest of the world in diffi cult Sarajevo war conditions were made possible. During the war, eff orts were made to obtain the membership in INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ) with its headquarters in Washington, and in March of 1996, these eff orts were successful, owing to the war management of the enterprise. Th is was important for the establishing connection with the USA, and for providing services to many military troops of SFOR in BIH, but also for the USA Embassy in Sarajevo. Th e road to European and world associations was not an easy one. For example, at the Second Pan–European

51 (Međunarodnu telekomunikacionu satelitsku organizaciju) sa sjedištem u Vašingtonu, da bi u martu 1996. godine oni bili i ostvareni zahva- ljujući ratnom rukovodstvu preduzeća. Zakup kod ove međunarodne telekomunikacione satelitske organizacije bio je bitan za vezu sa SAD, za pružanje usluga brojnim mirovnim trupama SFOR-a u BiH, ali i za američku ambasadu u Sarajevu. Put ka evropskim i svjetskim asocijacijama nije bio nimalo lagan. Tako naprimjer, na Drugoj panevropskoj konferenciji ministara prometa i komunikacija, održanoj 1994. godine na Kreti, Bosna i Hercegovina i Hrvatska bile su neopravdano zaobiđene u povezivanju sa Evropom po pitanju telekomunikacionih kori- dora. Međutim, to nije obeshrabrilo JP PTT BiH da nastavi na zacrtanom putu u svjetsko društvo modernih komunikacija. Najveći ratni gubici su uvijek u ljudstvu, i oni su nemjerljivi u odnosu na materijalnu štetu. Ali ono što ljudi imaju kao nasušnu potrebu jeste da u toj borbi za opstanak rade, stvaraju i pronalaze načine da prežive, pa su tako i uposleni u PTT-u nastojali pomoći sebi i svojim sugrađanima, bez obzira na žrtve.

Telekomunikacijska deblokada Bosne i Hercegovine

Probijanje telekomunikacijske blokade počelo je još tokom rata, svakako u mjeri koliko su to dozvoljavali uvjeti ratnih operacija, zatvorenosti gradova i nemogućnosti normalnog transporta ljudi i roba. Upravo zbog takvih okolnosti života i rada rezultati su izgledali veći od onih posti- gnutih u normalnim uvjetima. Pregledom najvažnijih uspješno realiziranih projekata ovog pre- duzeća posredno se može predočiti i stepen devastiranosti ove privredne oblasti u Bosni i Hercegovini tokom rata. Uporedo se radilo na povezivanju prekinutih međugradskih veza i važnih međunarodnih komunikacija sa svijetom.

52 Ministerial Conference on Traffi c and Communications, held in Crete in 1994, BIH and Croatia were unfairly excluded from the integration in European telecommunication corridors. However, this did not stop the Public Enterprise PTT BIH to continue with its eff orts and join the world society of modern communications. In the war, human casualties can not be compared to material ones. In spite of terrible conditions, people have a need to work, create and fi nd ways for survival. Th us, the employees of the PTT strived to help themselves and to each other in spite of casualties.

Breaking the telecommunication blockade of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Breaking through the telecommunication blockade started during the war, as much as war conditions, closed cities and impossibility of transportation of people and goods allowed such activities. Due to such conditions, the results were even greater than those accomplished in ‘normal’ conditions. By the review of the most important successfully realized projects of this enterprise, it is possible to estimate the degree of devastation of this part of industry during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parallel activities were conducted on the reestablishment of interrupted long–distance connections and important international communications with the rest of the world. Th e following long–distance connections were realized: Th e radio–relay link Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla (capacity: 24 telephone channels) – After the Post Oﬃ ce on Obala Street was destroyed and RR facilities were redirected and also destroyed by the aggressor, the radio–relay link was established by means of which Sarajevo should be connected with the free territories of our country (Zenica, Travnik, Visoko, Tuzla, etc.) with the minimal capacity of 24 channels. Also with the equipment from a working unit Travnik, the ﬁ rst international connection Sarajevo–Split (across Mount Cvrsnica) was constructed and immediately redirected for establishing connections of the central part of Bosnia and part of Herzegovina with Croatia. Th is was the beginning of the system restoration process. Although Sarajevo was still in total blockade, it communicated with the rest of the world by

53 Realizirane unutrašnje međugradske veze bile su sljedeće: Radiorelejna veza: Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla (kapaciteta 24 telefonska kanala) – Nakon diverzijom uništene Pošte na Obali i pre- usmjeravanjem i uništenjem RR objekata od strane agresora, izgrađena je radiorelejna veza, kojom je Sarajevo trebalo biti povezano sa slobodnim teritorijama naše zemlje (Zenica, Travnik, Visoko, Tuzla itd.) sa minimalnim kapacitetom od 24 kanala. Također, opremom iz radne zajednice Travnik izgrađena je prva međunarodna veza Sarajevo – Split (preko Čvrsnice), koja je odmah preusmjerena za povezivanje dijela Srednje Bosne i dijela Hercegovine sa Hrvatskom. Mada je Sarajevo ostalo i dalje u totalnoj telekomunikacijskoj blokadi, ovim je otpočeo proces obnove sistema. Blokirano Sarajevo komuniciralo je sa ostatkom svijeta vezom preko Tuzle (2 međunarodna kanala), putem radioamate- ra i monokanalnih satelitskih telefona. Radiorelejna veza Sarajevo – Zenica –Tuzla ( kapaciteta 1800 telefonskih kanala, za prijenos RTV programa i PTT veza ) – Krajem 1993. i početkom 1994. godine, u najtežim zimskim vremenskim uvjetima, montirana je analogna radiorelejna veza za povezivanje Sarajeva sa Zenicom, Visokim i Srednjom Bosnom, te Tuzlom sa širom regijom. Ova veza je imala instalirani kapacitet 1800 kanala i koristila se za prijenos RTV programa i PTT veza. Preko ovog sistema je Visoko povezano sa Sarajevom sa 60 telefonskih kanala, kasnije je, 1994. godine, izgra- đen kablovski sistem Visoko – Breza kapaciteta 24 kanala, koji je vrlo često služio kao pouzdan alternativni sistem prijenosa. Godine 1995. je, pored ove veze koja je imala nekih tehničkih nedostataka, izgrađena još jedna paralelna analogna RR veza Sarajevo – Zenica, kapaciteta 960 kanala, u skladu sa tehničkim propisima. Uspostavljanje digitalnog satelitskog sistema sa manjim kapacitetima –VSAT – (Povezivanje Sarajeva sa Goraždom, Bihaćem, Olovom i Sanskim Mostom 1995. godine) – Kako bi se urgentno us- postavile veze Sarajeva sa područjima sa kojima u to vrijeme nije bila moguća kopnena komunikacija, uspostavljena je satelitska mreža ma- njeg kapaciteta (VSAT 16 kanala). Na ovaj način su povezani Bihać, Sanski Most, Goražde i Olovo sa Sarajevom. Uspostavljanje digitalnog kablovskog sistema (Povezivanje Sarajeva sa Mostarom sa kapacitetom 8 Mbit/s – 120 kanala) – Ova veza radila je povremeno 1994. i 1995. godine i njom je Sarajevo bilo povezano sa slobodnim teritorijama preko Pazarića i Konjica. U naj- težim zimskim uvjetima u januaru 1994. godine, uz pomoć pripadni-

54 the connection with Tuzla (2 international channels), by CB radios and mono–channel satellite telephones. Th e radio–relay link Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla (capacity: 1800 telephone channels, for transmission of radio and Television programs and PTT connections) – At the end of 1993 and the beginning of 1994, in the most diffi cult winter conditions, analogue radio–relay link was installed for the connection of Sarajevo with Zenica, Visoko, middle part of Bosnia and the region of Tuzla. Th is connection had a capacity of 1800 channels and was used for the transmission of radio television programs and PTT connections. Th rough this system Visoko was connected with Sarajevo with 60 telephone channels, and in 1994 a cable system Visoko –Breza was constructed with the capacity of 24 channels, which often served as reliable alternative system of transmission. In 1995, in addition to this connection which had some technical defi ciencies, a additional parallel analogue RR connection (Sarajevo–Zenica) was constructed, with the capacity of 960 channels, in accordance with technical provisions. Th e establishment of digital satellite system with smaller capacity (VSAT) – (Connecting Sarajevo with Gorazde, Bihac, Olovo, Sanski Most during 1995) – In order to establish connections between Sarajevo and regions with which at that time terrestrial communication was not possible, satellite network of smaller capacity was established (VSAT – 16 channels). Th us, Bihac, Sanski Most, Gorazde and Olovo were connected with Sarajevo. Th e establishment of digital cable system (Connecting Sarajevo with Mostar with the capacity of 8Mbit/s (120 channels)) – Th is connection operated occasionally during 1994 and 1995, by means of which Sarajevo was connected with the free territories through Pazaric and Konjic. In the most diffi cult winter period in January of 1994, with the help of the Civil Protection staff , the digital cable system with the

55 ka Civilne zaštite, preko Igmana je položen kablovski digitalni sistem sa regeneracijom (7x4=28) kroz Tunel Dobrinja – Butmir, ispod piste Sarajevskog aerodroma. Za povezivanje Sarajeva sa Konjicom uspostavljen je VF sistem 2900 analognih kanala sa A/D konverzijom u Pazariću (120 kanala). Ova veza je kasnije uspostavljena do Mostara sa 3 x 2 Mbit/s (90 kanala). Koristeći ova iskustva, izgrađen je kasnije kablovski digitalni sistem 10 x 2 Mbit/s (300 kanala) – sistem za povezivanje ATC Hrasnica (6144 telefona) sa centralama u gradu Sarajevu. Kada je realiziran alternativni sistem za napajanje grada Sarajeva, urađen je i kablovski ﬁ ber – optički sistem (uspostavljena je veza na liniji Sarajevo – Pazarić – Mostar) – U toku izgradnje alternativnog sistema za napajanje grada Sarajeva pristupilo se izgradnji kablovskog ﬁ ber – optičkog sistema sa kapacitetom 12 vlakana, koji je tada bio na raspolaganju. Ovim sistemom je znatno po- boljšan kvalitet veza Sarajeva sa Mostarom i ostalim dijelovima Hercegovine. Spomenuti realizirani projekti na me- đugradskom povezivanju bili su neophodni za uspostavljanje osnovnih oblika veza unutar teritorije Bosne i Hercegovine pod kontrolom Armije BiH. Međutim, od izuzetnog znača- ja za suverenu državu Bosnu i Hercegovinu bilo je povezivanje međunarodnim vezama sa svijetom. Međunarodna radiorelejna veza Sarajevski tunel D–B, Bosna i Hercegovina – Hrvatska (Sarajevo – Zagreb) sa početnim put opstanka / Sarajevo tunnel D–B, the road of kapacitetom 2 Mbit/s (30 kanala) – Ova veza je radila u 1992. godini, survival ali je ubrzo bila isključena u Hrvatskoj. Godine 1994. izgrađena je digitalna radiorelejna veza između Tuzle i Županje, kapaciteta 2 Mbit/s (30 kanala), također u vrlo teškim ratnim uvjetima. Ova veza je bila minimalnog kapaciteta za potrebe prioritetnih pretplatnika, npr. izme-

56 regeneration (7x4=28) was laid down across the Mount Igman through the tunnel Dobrinja–Butmir, beneath the Sarajevo Airport runway. In order to connect Sarajevo with Konjic, VF system with 2900 analogue channels was established with A/D conversion in Pazaric, with 120 channels. Th is connection was afterwards established to Mostar with 3 x 2 Mbit/s (90 channels). Using these experiences, a cable digital system was constructed 10 x 2 Mbit/s (300 channels) – a system for the connection of ATC Hrasnica (6144 telephones) with the exchanges Zaštita mostarskog Centra telekomunikacija in Sarajevo. od granatiranja / Protection When alternative power supply system for Sarajevo was realized, of Telecommunication Center fi ber–optic cable system was also constructed (the connection was Mostar against the shelling established on the transmission route Sarajevo – Pazaric – Mostar) –During the construction of the alternative system for the power supply of Sarajevo, the construction of the fi ber–optic cable system with the capacity of 12 fi bers started, which in that time was available. Owing to this system, the quality of Sarajevo connections with Mostar and other regions of Herzegovina, was much improved. Mentioned realized projects for long–distance connections were necessary for the establishment of basic forms of connections within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of the Army BIH. However, connecting by the international links with the rest of the world was of outstanding signifi cance for the sovereign state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th e international radio–relay link: Bosnia and Herzegovina– Croatia (Sarajevo – Zagreb) with the initial capacity of 2 Mbit/s (30 channels) – Th is link has been in operation during 1992, but soon it was disconnected in Croatia. In 1994, digital radio–relay link between Tuzla and Zupanja was constructed with the capacity of 2Mbit/s (30 channels), also in very diffi cult war conditions. Th is connection had minimal capacity and was used only for the priority needs of the subscribers, e.g. between Sarajevo and Tuzla only 2 channels were functional for international connections. In 1995, equipment was replaced with digital radio–relay equipment with the capacity of 140Mbit/s (1920 telephone

57 đu Sarajeva i Tuzle su bila u funkciji samo 2 kanala za međunarodne veze. Godine 1995. je oprema zamijenjena digitalnom radiorelejnom opremom kapaciteta 140 Mbit/s (1920 telefonskih kanala), a 1996. godine između Sarajeva i Zagreba je u funkciji bila jedna 34 Mbit/s grupa (480 telefonskih kanala sa A/D konverzijom) sa dodatnom mogućnošću proširenja za tranzitiranje veza prema drugim zemljama. S obzirom na činjenicu da nisu imali prethodnog iskustva iz oblasti satelitskih komunikacija, stručnjaci JP PTT saobraćaja BiH su uspjeli u najtežim ratnim uvjetima montirati i pustiti u rad međuna- rodnu satelitsku vezu Bosna i Hercegovina – Švajcarska (Sarajevo – Bern), koristeći EUTELSAT, sa početnim kapacitetom 2 Mbit/s (30 kanala), sa DCME – opremom (kasnije proširena na 150 kanala – U drugoj polovici 1992. i početkom 1993. godine tražila su se teh- nička rješenja, a zatim i način transporta opreme u potpuno blokirano Sarajevo. Međutim, tada su se pojavili dodatni problemi, jer je, sa zadat- kom da ugovore satelitsku telekomunikacionu opremu, otišlo iz Sarajeva nekoliko timova stručnjaka, koji se nisu vraćali mjesecima, a realiziranje projekta je bilo urgentno. Upornosti u radu nije nedostajalo. Bilo je više pokušaja da se oprema uveze u Sarajevo. Na kraju je oprema ipak stigla u Sarajevo kao lični prtljag predsjednika Predsjedništva BiH, gospodina Alije Izetbegovića, u avgustu 1993. godine. Sljedeća poteškoća je bila da se nađe adekvatan prostor za smještaj opreme. Prostor je morao biti u blizini naših objekata, sa mogućnošću napajanja električnom energijom, blizini priključka za telefonsku centralu i, što je bilo najteže, da je prostor što sigurniji od napada neprijateljskih granata koje su padale po cijelom Sarajevo. Odluka je pala da se satelitska stanica postavi u podrum PTT Inženjeringa a da antena «gleda u nebo» kroz podrumski prozor. Oprema je postavljena u rekordnom roku i veza je uspostavljena 3. septembra, a puštena u javni saobraćaj 5. septembra 1993. godine, datum koji se može označiti kao Dan telekomunikacione deblokade grada Sarajeva i države Bosne i Hercegovine. To je bio nesvakidašnji podvig zahvaljujući stručnjacima koji su radili na realizaciji ove veze. Ova veza je kasnije proširena sa DCME – sistemom na 150 kanala. Ona i danas kvalitetno funkcionira, a ima i važnu historijsku vrijednost. Zatim su uslijedile i ostale satelitske veze: Satelitska veza Bosna i Hercegovina – Italija (Sarajevo – Rim), preko ITALSAT-a, sa instaliranim kapacitetom 3x1 Mbit/s (180 kanala) – Godine 1994. je pod vrlo povoljnim uvjetima dogovoreno sate- litsko povezivanje Sarajeva i Rima. I dalje u teškim ratnim okolnostima,

58 channels), and in 1996 between Sarajevo and Zagreb only one 34 Mbit/ Centar pošta Sarajevo s group (480 telephone channels with A/D conversion) was functional / The Post Center Sarajevo with the additional possibility of extension for transition of the connections towards other countries. Having in mind that the PTT BIH personell did not have any previous experience in the ﬁ eld of satellite communications, in the most diﬃ cult war conditions they succeeded to install and start the operation of the following international satellite connections: Satellite connection: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Switzerland (Sarajevo–Bern), using EUTELSAT with the initial capacity of 2 Mbit/s (30 channels) with DCME equipment, afterwards extended to 150 channels – Near the end of 1992 and at the beginning of 1993, technical solutions were searched for, as well as the ways of equipment transport in totally blocked Sarajevo. However, additional problems occurred when several expert teams left Sarajevo in order to make a contract on satellite communication equipment, and were absent for months, whereas the realization of the project was urgent. Th ere were several attempts to import the equipment in Sarajevo. After a while,

59 oprema je, uz dugo zadržavanje na gra- nici sa Hrvatskom, kroz Tunel D – B ušla u Sarajevo. Ova veza je proradila novembra 1994. godine; Satelitska veza Bosna i Hercegovina – SAD, preko INTELSAT-a, kapaciteta 1,5 Mbit/s sa DCME – opremom – Na aerodrom Sarajevo je 31. decembra 1994. godine stigla oprema za ovu vezu. Dok su drugi skromno proslavljali Novu godinu, radnici PTT-a su prebacivali opremu čija montaža je počela početkom 1995, a dovršena u aprilu iste godine. Osim što je bilo vrlo teško nabaviti i tran- sportirati opremu u blokirano Sarajevo, također je bio veliki problem kako istu montirati da se ne vidi sa agresorskih Dokument prijave u položaja na okolnim brdima. U ovom slučaju, prečnik antene bio je članstvo svjetskog poštanskog saveza preko 6 metara, pa se u iznalaženju prostora moralo izgraditi posebno – UPU / Application form for zaštitno krovište pored zgrade PTT-a na Dolac Malti. membership in the United Postal Union – UPU Uspostavljanje međunarodnih i domaćih komunikacijskih veza obavljalo se veoma intenzivno s obzirom na ratne okolnosti. Tako je izvršeno puštanje u saobraćaj međunarodne – tranzitne centrale (ITC) Sarajevo, kapaciteta 4000 vodova, za povezivanje Bosne i Hercegovine sa svijetom. Komutiranje i višestruko iskorištenje među- narodnih i nacionalnih prijenosnih puteva predstavljalo je vrlo značajan segmet funkcioniranja telefonskih veza države Bosne i Hercegovine. Nakon višestrukog granatiranja i uništenja ITC sistema M10C, urgentno je demontirana ITC centrala sistema AXE –10. Ova centrala je ponovo montirana 1995. godine, predstavljala je najvažniju tačku u funkcioniranju sistema veza u zemlji. U fazi najteže energetske situacije, 1993, 1994. i 1995. godine, tranzitni i lokalni saobraćaj se odvijao preko lokalne AXE – 10 centrale. Godine 1996. se u ﬁ nalnom testiranju nalazila nova digitalna SPC centrala za međunarodni i tranzitni saobraćaj, sistema EWSD, za potrebe cijele Bosne i Hercegovine. Također, veoma značajna je bila digitalna radiorelejna veza Tuzla – Dubrave, kapaciteta 8 Mbit/s (120 kanala), kao i veza Tuzla – Teočak (8 Mbit/s) – Krajem 1995. godine uspostavljen je digitalni

60 the equipment did arrive with the help Prve poštanska marka RBiH iz 1993. god. of the President of BIH, Mr. Alija / The fi rst Post stamp of Izetbegovic, in August of 1993. Th e RB&H from 1993 next step was to fi nd an adequate space for storage of the equipment. Th e location had to be close to our facilities, with the possibility of power supply, nearby connectors for telephone exchange, and the most diffi cult condition, that a place is as safe as possible from the aggressor’s attacks and constant shelling. Th e decision was made that the equipment should be stored in the basement of the PTT Engineering building and that antenna “points to the sky” through the basement window. Th e equipment was stored in the shortest period and the connection was established on the 3rd of September, and it became functional on the 5th of September 1993, the date which could be marked as the day of the end of telecommunication blockade of Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th is was the outstanding accomplishment of the experts who worked on the realization of this project. Th is connection has been later on extended with DCME system to 150 channels, and it is operational even today and has a historic value. Afterwards, other satellite connections were established. Satellite connection: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Italy (Sarajevo – Rome), through ITALSATA with the installed capacity of 3x1 Mbit/s (180 channels) – In 1994, under the very good terms, the satellite connection between Sarajevo and Rome was agreed. Still in diffi cult war conditions, after long delay at the Croatia border, the equipment arrived in Sarajevo through the tunnel. Th is connection started operation in November of 1994. Satellite connection: Bosnia and Herzegovina – the USA through INTELSAT with the capacity of 1,5 Mbit/s with DCME equipment –On the 31st of December, the equipment for this connection arrived at Sarajevo Airport. While others modestly celebrated the New Year’s Eve, the PTT employees transferred the equipment into the city. Th e installation began in January 1995 and was completed during the April of the same year. Along with the diffi culties of acquisition and transport of the equipment to Sarajevo, it was also a huge task to install

61 Uništena Pošta Goražde radiorelejni sistem za povezivanje Tuzle sa aerodromom Dubrave koji je / Destroyed post building in Gorazde imao značajnu komunikacijsku i ﬁ nansijsku opravdanost za vezu ovog aerodroma sa svijetom. Također, vrlo značajan RR sistem uspostavljen je za povezivanje Banovića sa Tuzlom i dalje povezivanje Živinica, kao i veza Tuzla – Teočak. Da se tokom rata razmišljalo o budućnosti svjedoči i projektiranje radiorelejne veze Sarajevo – Tuzla – Okresanica – Mađarska, SDH kapaciteta 155 Mbit/s (1920 kanala), koje je bilo završeno tijekom telekomunikacijske blokade 1994., a projekt je bio realiziran u 1996. godini. Navedeni najznačajniji projekti svjedoče o velikoj požrtvovanosti i stručnosti zaposlenih u JP PTT saobraća BiH, ali i o obimu destrukcije koja je zadesila Bosnu i Hercegovinu tokom rata. Alternativna rješenja u uspostavljanju veza bila su vrlo urgentna, ali i perspektivna za godine mira koje su dolazile, jer se većina obnovljenih sistema mogla kasnije nadograđivati. Tokom rata rukovodstvo i uposlenici JP PTT saobraćaja BiH tijesno su sarađivali sa Radio-televizijom BiH i organima državne uprave. Zahvaljujući toj saradnji, u najtežim uvjetima agresije uspjeli su se, natčovječanskim naporima, osposobiti pojedini objekti kako bi se razbi- la blokada koju je nametnuo agresor.

62 it so that it could not be seen from the aggressor’s positions at nearby hills. In this case the di- ameter of the antenna was more than 6 meters, so the special protective roof had to be built up near the PTT building at Dolac Malta. Th e establishment of international and domestic communication connections was in- tensively conducted having in mind war conditions. Th e International transit exchange (ITC) Sarajevo with the capacity of 4000 lines for the connection of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the rest of the world started operation. Switching and multiple utilization of international and national transitional routes represented a signifi cant segment of functioning of BIH telephone connections. After multiple bombarding and destruction of ITC system M10C, the ITC exchange of the system AXE10 was urgently dissembled. Th is exchange was again installed in 1995, and even today represents the most important point of functioning of connection system in the state. During the period of the diffi cult power supply in 1993, 1994 and 1995, transit and local traffi c was conducted through local exchange AXE–10. In 1996, the new digital SPC exchange for international and transit traffi c of the EWSD system was in the phase of fi nal testing for the needs of the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, a digital radio–relay link Tuzla – Dubrave with the capacity of 8Mbit/s (120 channels) was very important as well as the connection Tuzla – Teocak (8Mbit/s) – Near the end of 1995, the digital radio–relay system for the connection of Tuzla with Dubrave Airport was established, and it had signifi cant communication and fi nancial justifi cation for the connection of this airport with the world. Very important RR system was also established for the connection of Banovici with Tuzla and Zivinice, as well as for the connection of Tuzla – Teocak. Th e fact that during the war people were thinking about the future, is proved by the construction of radio–relay link: Sarajevo – Tuzla – Okresanica – Hungary, with the SDH capacity of 155 Mbit/s (1920 channels), which was completed during the telecommunication blockade in 1994, and the project was realized in 1996.

63 Obnova PTT sistema Bosne i Hercegovine u ratnom periodu

JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i RTV su veliki komunikacijski sistemi i, nažalost, u periodu do agresije nisu imali dovoljno dobru saradnju u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, jer su se razvijali kao dva potpuno odvojena sistema. U toku rata saradnja se u značajnoj mjeri poboljšala, a mnogi poslovi su zajednički koordinirani. Telekomunikacijsku deblokadu Sarajeva su zajednički izvodili od 1993. godine, a kombinacijom zajedničke opreme uspjeli su uspostaviti tijesne veze i saradnju, čime se uspjela uspostaviti komunikacija Sarajeva sa Zenicom i Tuzlom i na taj način omogućilo PTT-u izlazak u Hrvatsku. U drugoj polovici 1994. godine se odvijala ranije planirana aktivnost na uspostavljanju veza prema jugu. Također se zajedničkom akcijom, u decembru te godine, TV signal doveo do Mostara. Bilo je još mnogo značajnih zajedničkih aktivnosti tokom rata. Tako, na samom početku agresije, uspostavljen je mikrovalni link iz- među PTT i RTV doma. Istina, u tim ratnim uvjetima to je urađeno sa mobilnim linkom i on je morao biti sakriven, jer su i RTV dom i Pošta bili izloženi djelovanju neprijatelja koji ih je mogao vidjeti sa okolnih brda. Taj link je služio da se, u slučaju prekida TV veza, mogu koristiti PTT veze, i obrnuto. Kao takav je odigrao značajnu ulogu oko slanja televizijskog signala sa tržnice Markale, na kojoj se desio strašan ma- sakr, jer u tom vremenu Sarajevo je već bilo blokirano padom Vlašića, Majevice i Bukovika. TV signal je bio blokiran, ali je, zajednički uspo- stavljenom vezom od RTV doma do Pošte i od Pošte dalje, u svijet po- slana vijest o stravičnom zločinu, mada je agresor bio uvjeren da u tom momentu neće proći signal iz Sarajeva i da se ove strahote neće vidjeti. Na pojedine zajedničke poslove je, uz pomoć Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, izlazila zajednička ekipa kombinirana od inže- njera i tehničara RTV i PTT-a, uz potporu pripadnika Civilne zaštite. Ekipa je bila zajednički formirana, a i oprema se zajednički koristila, npr. link RTV-a, a parabola PTT-a, ili obrnuto. Uglavnom, RTV je imao više linkova, a Pošta je davala parabole i drugi dio opreme, pa su tako uspostavljene veze PTT – relej Hum, a kasnije Hum – Lisac i telekomunikacioni centar Tuzla. Tako je uspostavljena komunikacija prema Zenici, Tuzli i Mostaru. Takva saradnja je bila moguća i logična

64 All those important projects indicate the PTT employees’ dedi- cation and expertise but also the magnitude of the destruction which infl icted Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war. Alternative solutions in establishing connections were urgent but also perspective for the peaceful years that followed, because the majority of restored systems had a possibility of upgrade. During the war the management and employees of the PTT closely cooperated with the Radio–Television BIH (RTV) and with the state authorities. Owing to this cooperation, in the most diffi cult conditions of the aggression, with tremendous eff orts, certain facilities were made functional in order to break the blockade that the aggressor had imposed on Sarajevo and BIH.

Reconstruction of the PTT system during the War

Th e PTT and the RTV are huge telecommunication systems and unfortunately before the war they had not had a close cooperation in the former Yugoslavia, because they were developing as two separate systems. During the war, this cooperation had signifi cantly improved and many activities were jointly coordinated. Since 1993, they worked together to break the telecommunication blockade, and with the combination of common equipment they succeeded to establish close ties and cooperation, by means of which connection of Sarajevo with Zenica and Tuzla was established, and it was made possible for the PTT to connect with Croatia. In the second half of 1994, there were previously planned activities for the establishment of connections with the south. In December of the same year, with joint eff orts TV signal reached Mostar. Th ere were many others signifi cant joint activities during the war. Th us, at the beginning of the aggression a microwave link was established between the PTT and RTV institutions. Due to war conditions this was done by means of mobile link which had to be hidden, because both the RTV building and the Post were easily seen from the aggres- sors’ positions from the surrounding hills. In the case of abruption of TV connections it was possible to use PTT connections and vice versa. Th is link played a signifi cant role in broadcasting of the TV signal from

65 Puštanje centrale SI2000 u Mostaru, 8. mart 1995. god. / Putting into operation of an exchange SI2000 in Mostar, March 8th 1995

pošto je RTV imao nešto više sačuvane opreme, a PTT je stajao bolje sa fi nansijskim sredstvima. Za obnavljanje telekomunikacione mreže bila su potrebna zna- čajna fi nansijska sredstva. U aprilu 1994. godine, JP PTT saobraćaja BiH zabilježilo je nagativni saldo od 3.500.000 DEM, da bi krajem iste godine bio ostvaren pozitivni saldo od 400.000 DEM, što je, svakako, velika zasluga poslovodnog rukovodstva preduzeća i političkog interesa Bosne i Hercegovine. Investiranje je nastavljeno i tokom 1995. godine, kada je u obnovu objekata uloženo 55 miliona DEM, od kojih u nove investicije 29 miliona DEM iz vlastitih sredstava, a značajna fi nansijska sredstva bila su neophodna i za redovno održavanje PTT saobraćaja. Tako velika sredstva bila su neophodna budući da poslovodni organi nisu dozvoljavali unošenje zastarjelih i neadekvatnih tehnologija, pa i onda kada su dolazile od donatora koji su nudili pomoć u obnovi. Glavni cilj je bila potpuna digitalizacija, što je bio vrlo zahtjevan zadatak, a pošto su stari uređaji bili uništeni tokom rata, vrhunski stručnjaci u JP PTT saobraćaja BiH nisu dozvolili da im se krajem rata proda ili donira zastarjela tehnologija. To je bila jedina ispravna poslovna orijentacija s obzirom na postavljeni cilj da se barem donekle stignu druge asocijacije ove vrste i uhvati priključak u svjetski uvezanu komunikacionu cjelinu, u kojoj je i Bosna i Hercegovina željela naći svoje mjesto kao njen sastavni dio.

66 marketplace Markale, where a horrible and deadly massacre happened, because at that time Sarajevo was already blocked with the fall of Vlasic, Majevica and Bukovik. TV signal was blocked but due to established link from RTV building to the Post and further on, the news on this unspeakable horrid crime was sent to the world, although the aggressor was confi dent that the signal would not came out of Sarajevo and that these horrible pictures would not be seen by the rest of the world. With the assistance of the Army of BIH, a combined team of engineers and technical staff of both the PTT and RTV, used to per- form joint activities on the fi eld with the support of the Civil Protection staff . Th e team was mutually formed and the equipment was jointly used, thus for example, the link of the RTV was used and the parabola of the PTT, or vice versa. Mostly, RTV had more links and the Post had more parabolas and other equipment, so this was how the following connections were established: PTT – Relay Hum, afterwards Hum – Lisac and telecommunication center Tuzla. Th us, the communication was established with Zenica, Tuzla and Mostar. Th is cooperation was possible and it was also logical, because the RTV saved more equipment, whereas the PTT had more fi nancial resources. Signifi cant fi nancial resources were required for the restoration of telecommunication network. In the April of 1994, the Public Enterprise PTT BIH recorded unfavorable balance of 3.500.000 DM, and near the end of the same year a favorable balance of 400.000 DM was realized owing to the management administration of the PTT and political interest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th e investment continued during the 1995, and in the reconstruction of the facility was invested 55 millions DM, of which 29 millions from our own resources, and also a signifi cant fi nancial resources were necessary for the regular maintenance of the PTT communications. Th ese great fi nancial resources were necessary, since the management did not allow bringing in old and outdated technologies, even when they were donated for the assistence in the reconstruction. Th e main goal was the total digitalization which was a very comprehensive and demanding task. Th e old devices were destroyed during the war, and experts from Th e Public Enterprise PTT BIH did not want to receive out of date technology. Th is was the positive business orientation in order to reach other similar associations and get connection with the world communications, and became a part of it. During the war, other activities of the PTT were not put into the background, including the philately. Bosnia and Herzegovina have

67 Tokom rata nisu bile zapostavljene ni druge djelatnosti PTT-a, među kojima i fi latelija. Bo- sna i Hercegovina ima dugu fi latelističku tradici- ju koja traje od 1879. godine. Svijest o postojanju bosanskohercegovačke državnosti nije izbrisao rat, pa je na prvoj seriji redovnih poštanskih maraka iz ratne 1993. godine bio prikazan grb Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, a 1994. godine je obilježena 10. godišnjica Zimskih olimpijskih igara u Sarajevu te dat homage zgradi Pošte na Obali, kao historijskom spomeniku. U 1995. godini ostvaren je značajan program izdava- nja poštanskih maraka koji je obuhvatio razne historijske spomenike, u namjeri da se svijetu prezentira više detalja o Bosni i Hercegovini. Zahvaljujući tom projektu, fi latelistička izdavač- ka djelatnost JP PTT saobraćaja BiH izašla je na svjetsko tržište, čime se uvrstila među deset vodećih fi latelističkih kuća u svijetu sa progra- mima te vrste. Filatelija je specifi čan, značajan i visoko profi tabilan biznis kojem je JP PTT saob- raćaja BiH poklonilo dužnu pažnju, pa su i rezultati bili na zavidnom nivou – godine 1995. proglašeno je izdavačem godine. Uz podatak da je devedeset posto maraka te serije odmah na početku prodato, može se naznačiti uspjeh i u fi nansijskom poslovanju, ali i u promoviranju države Bosne i Hercegovine. Osim probijanja telekomunikacijske blokade, za stanovnike Sarajeva je bilo vrlo bitno probijanje poštanske blokade. Nakon 2. maja 1992. godine, od sarajevskih pošta radila je jedino pošta 71120 Sarajevo na Dolac Malti. Međutim, još tokom istog mjeseca bile su otvorene po- šte u Ferhadiji, na Koševskom brdu, na Vratniku, u Švrakinom Selu, na Alipašinom Polju i na Željezničkoj stanici, u kojima se nastojao održati minimalni platni promet, zatim isplata penzija na temelju popisa PIO BiH, a potom preko uplatnica. To je bio simboličan znak da se na bloka- du mora odgovoriti deblokadom, pa makar to bili samo puki pokušaji. U ovom sektoru su bile pokrenute brojne inicijative od kojih su se samo neke realizirale, kao naprimjer: tek u aprilu 1993. godine uspostavljena je linija transporta poštanskih pošiljaka zračnim putem i to samo jednom mjesečno uz posredstvo UNHCR-a na relaciji Sarajevo

68 a long philatelic tradition which lasts from 1879. Awareness on the existence of Bosnian sovereignty was not wiped out by the war. Th e fi rst regular postal stamp serial was from 1993, with the state coat of arms, and in 1994 the 10th anniversary of the Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo was marked, and the Main Post Offi ce at Obala Street was paid homage as a historic monument. In 1995, a signifi cant program of the postal stamps issuance was realized, which included various historic monuments in order to present to the world as many details as possible from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Owing to the project, philatelic publishing of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH reached world market and was included in ten major philatelic institutions in the world. In 1995, it was proclaimed for the publishing house of the year. Th e proof of its professionalism is the fact that its partner is the Publishing House Courvoiseier from the Switzerland. Along with the fact that 90 % of postal stamps of that serial was sold at the very beginning, the success was made in fi nancial business but also in the promotion of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Besides breaking through the telecommunication blockade, for the Sarajevo citizens was very important breaking through the postal blockade. After the 2nd of May 1992, of all Sarajevo post offi ces, only the Post Offi ce 71120 at Dolac Malta was functional. However, during the same month, the post offi ces reopened in Ferhadija Street, Kosevsko Brdo, Vratnik, Svrakino Selo, Alipasino Polje and in Railway Station, where minimal money transfer was maintained along with the payoff of retirement pensions. Th is was a symbolic signal of freedom in the city under the siege. Within this fi eld of work a numerous initiatives were launched, and few were realized, for example: not before April of 1993, the air route for transport of mail items was established, once a month only, with UNHCR agency, on the route Sarajevo – Split – Sarajevo. After two months, this traffi c was abolished. However, according to the Plan of the Organization of Internal and International PTT Service of the State of BIH, in war conditions, adopted on the 8th of April 1993, the General Director of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH made decision on relocation of the offi ce of exchange 71003 Sarajevo and the Main Post Center to Zenica. Consequently, the management of the PTT BIH made decision to organize mail transfer across the free territories. Although from June 1992 to April 1993, RZ (working unit) PTT Zenica has already been in close cooperation with the PTT Tuzla, Visoko, Bugojno, and Maglaj, organized transfer of postal items

69 – Split – Sarajevo. Ovaj je promet bio obustavljen već nakon dva mjeseca. Međutim, prema Planu organiziranja unutrašnjeg i međunarodnog PTT saobraćaja Republike BiH u ratnim uvjetima, usvoje- nim 8. aprila 1993. godine, generalni direktor JP PTT BiH donio je odluku o premještanju izmjenič- ne pošte 71003 Sarajevo i Glavnog poštanskog centra u Zenicu. Prema tome, Radilo se i pod granatama rukovodstvo JP PTT saobraćaja BiH se odlučilo za organiziranje prije- / The work was performed during the bombardment voza poštanskih pošiljaka preko slobodnih područja. Mada je tadašnja RZ PTT Zenica već od juna 1992. do aprila 1993. godine, u saradnji sa PTT Tuzla, Visoko, Bugojno i Maglaj, organizirala promet poštanskih pošiljaka na slobodnim teritorijama i dalje prema Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji, te drugim zemljama, do potpunog ostvarenja spomenute odluke došlo je tek nakon prestanka sukoba i uspostavljanja primirja sa Hrvatskim vijećem obrane, u martu 1994. godine. Zvanično, unutrašnji promet na slobodnim područjima uspostavljen je 1. novembra 1994. godine. Međutim, u ovom sektoru djelatnosti su činjeni daljnji napori, a oni su uspješno realizirani 25. septembra 1995. godine, kada je iz Zenice krenulo prvo vozilo JP PTT saobraćaja BiH sa pošiljkama za inostranstvo. Time je bio normaliziran međunarodni poštanski saobraćaj izme- đu Bosne i Hercegovine i cijelog svijeta, preko Frankfurta (Njemačka), kao značajan dio PTT sistema. U ostvarivanju aktivnosti u svim sektorima djelatnosti uloženi su ogromni napori, jer je preduzeće bilo kadrovski osiromašeno. Dio zaposlenih je napustio preduzeće i otišao na agresorsku stranu, određeni broj u inostranstvo, dio je bio mobiliziran u Armiju BiH, a neki radnici nisu mogli dolaziti na posao zbog raznih vrsta blokada. S posebnim pijetetom moraju se spomenuti šehidi i poginuli borci, prema kojima je potrebno čuvati najdublje poštovanje i sjećanje. Nedostatak radnika svih proﬁ la bio je evidentan, jer je uoči rata bilo 12.500 zaposlenih, a iz rata je preduzeće izašlo sa oko 4.000 zapo-

70 through the free territories and further towards Croatia and Slovenia and other countries. Th e mentioned decision was realized only after the termination of confl icts, and entering into the force of the Cease Fire Agreement with the Croatian Defense Council in March of 1994. Offi cially, the internal traffi c at free territories was established on the 1st of November 1994. However, further activities were planned within this domain, and were successfully realized on the 25th of September 1995, when the fi rst vehicle of the PTT BIH set off , with the postal items for the foreign countries. Th us, through Frankfurt (Germany), the international postal traffi c between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the rest of the world was normalized, as a signifi cant part of the PTT system. Due to the staff defi ciency, the tremendous eff orts were made in order to realize the work in all fi elds of activities. Certain number of employees left the enterprise and joined the aggressor, certain number moved abroad, a part was mobilized to BIH Army, and some employees could not came to work due to various blockades. Shehids and killed soldiers must be mentioned with special honor and esteem and the re- membrance must be kept alive with the deepest respect. Th e lack of employees was evident. Before the war, there were 12.500 employees and after the war the enterprise had only 4.000 employees. Th erefore, during the war, permanent employees having a status of “working obligation” endured great eff orts. During working days and nights, under the constant shelling and snipers’ deadly fi re, all those who continued to work in the PTT BIH – the management staff , few engineers, as- semblers and others, strived with great eff orts to establish a necessary connection system and thus enable the breaking through of informational blockade. Th ey worked day and night in order to repair parts of the telecommunication system which was destroyed over and over again, but could be used in improvised form. Besides military attacks, various other problems existed, for example, the lack of technical fi eld teams, material, fuel, transport vehicles, blocked roads, towns, villages, communities, etc. During those days, the tunnel Dobrinja–Butmir was of exceptional importance for the PTT system. It had tremendous and multiple importance for the country defense and for the informing of the international community and the world public about the war situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the reconstruction of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH system during the war, the foundations were laid for its regular operation and

71 slenih. Prema tome, velike napore tokom rata su podnijeli zaposleni u statusu radne obaveze. Pod udarima granata i ubitačnom vatrom snajpe- ra, tih ratnih radnih dana i noći, svi oni koji su nastavili raditi u JP PTT saobraćaja BiH – rukovodstvo, malobrojni inženjeri, monteri i drugi – uz nadljudske napore nastojali su i uspjeli uspostaviti najnužniji sistem veza i time omogućiti probijanje informativne blokade. Danonoćno su se borili da stave u funkciju potrgane dijelove telekomunikacionog sistema koji se mogao iskoristiti, a nakon ponovnih granatiranja nanovo ih revitalizirati, makar i u improviziranom obliku. Osim vojnih udara, postojali su i mnogi drugi problemi, kao npr. malobrojnost tehničkih terenskih ekipa, nedostatak potrošnog i reprodukcionog materijala, nedostatak goriva i transportnih sredstava, blokiranost puteva, gradova, sela, naselja i slično. Tih ratnih dana je Tunel D – B bio od izuzetne važnosti i za PTT sistem. To je bilo od ogromnog i višestrukog značaja za odbranu zemlje i za obavještavanje međunarodne zajednice i svjetske javnosti o ratnim dešavanjima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Revitalizacijom sistema JP PTT saobraćaja BiH tokom rata pra- vili su se planovi i podloga za poslijeratni razvoj ove privredne oblasti. Godina 1995. bit će zapamćena kao godina potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma, a u historiji JP PTT saobraćaja BiH kao godina potpune telekomunikacijske deblokade zemlje, zatim uspostave redovnog odvijanja međunarodnog poštanskog saobraćaja, priznavanja bosanskohercego- vačkih poštanskih maraka od strane UPU-a, i daljnjeg moderniziranja telekomunikacionog i poštanskog saobraćaja u Bosni i Hercegovini.

72 development in the future. Th e year 1995, will be remembered as the Otkrivanje Spomen– obilježja poginulim PTT year when the Dayton Peace Agreement was signed, and in the his- radnicima, Dolac Malta tory of the PTT, as the year when the telecommunication blockade / Unveiling of a memorial– tablet dedecated to the PTT was lifted, the year of the establishment of regular international postal workers who were killed, service, recognition of the BIH postal stamps by the UPU and further Dolac Malta. modernization of telecommunication and postal services in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Period poslijeratne rekonstrukcije i obnove PTT sistema

Th e Period of postwar Reconstruction of the PTT system aljnji razvoj nakon rata, JP PTT saobraćaja BiH nastav- lja pod istim motom: “Želimo najmoderniju tehnologiju”, organizirano na području Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine prema regionalnom i kantonalnom principu, sa sedam di- Drekcija PTT saobraćaja (Sarajevo, Zenica, Tuzla, Bihać, Mostar, Jajce – Travnik, i Goražde), Generalnom direkcijom u Sarajevu i PTT- Inženjeringom. Ovakva matrična organizacija predstavlja osnovicu za ravnomjeran razvoj i daljnju obnovu na cijelom području Federacije BiH, ali i sinhronizaciju svih drugih brojnih akcija i, što je najbitnije, ujednačen kvalitet usluga na cjelokupnom prostoru svoga djelovanja. Shodno ovakvoj regionalnoj organizaciji, telekomunikaciona mreža sa- stoji se od sedam tranzitnih područja, a nesmetano odvijanje poštanskog saobraćaja – i unutrašnjeg i međunarodnog – osigurava se posredstvom organiziranja centara pošta u svim spomenutim direkcijama PTT sa- obraćaja. Na putu strukturnog i tehničko-tehnološkog prilagođavanja i modernizacije, JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je otvorilo bosanskohercego- vačko tržište za mnoge evropske, ali i azijske i američke kompanije, za isporuku telekomunikacione, satelitske i ostale savremene opreme. Osim tehničko-tehnološke modernizacije, JP PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine je svojom dalekovidnom poslovnom politikom u ratu otvorilo i druge procese bitne za državu Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Blagovremenom pravnom procedurom učlanilo je Bosnu i Hercegovinu u relevantne međunarodne asocijacije. Među brojnim je reguliranje pra- PTT objekat u Zenici va u ITU asocijaciji koja mu je dodijelila nacionalni kod 387 kao jedin- / PTT buildings in Zenica stven na čitavom bosanskohercegovačkom teritoriju. Mada je agresijom

76 urther development after the war, the Public Enterprise PTT BIH continued with the same motto “We want the latest technology”, and is organized at the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to the regional and can- Ftonal principle, with seven PTT directorates (Sarajevo, Zenica, Tuzla, Bihac, Mostar, Jajce, Travnik and Gorazde), the General Directorate in Sarajevo and the PTT Engineering. Th is matrix organization represents the base for the even development and further reconstruction at the whole territory of the Federation of BIH, but also a synchronization of further numerous activities, and the most important – standardized quality of services in each and every place of its operation. According to such regional organization, the telecommunication network is comprised of seven transit zones, and un- disturbed functioning of postal services – both internal and international – is se- cured by the organization of post centers in all mentioned directorates of the PTT Directorates. On the way of the structural and technical–technological PTT objekti u Konjicu i Travniku / PTT buildings adjustment and modernization, the PTT BIH have opened Bosnian– in Konjic and Travnik Herzegovinian market for many European, Asian and American companies for the delivery of telecommunication, satellite and other modern equipment. Besides technical–technological modernization, the PTT BIH with its profound business policy during the war, have opened other important processes for Bosnia and Herzegovina. With timely legal procedure, Bosnia and Herzegovina was integrated in relevant international associations. Among others, the regula- tion of the rights within the ITU, which allocated the unique country code “387” for the whole territory of BIH. Although during the war BIH was divided also by the principle of dialing codes for its cer-

77 tokom rata BiH bila razjedinjena i po osnovi pozivnih brojeva za pojedine njene dijelove u ovisnosti čija je vojska imala kontrolu nad njima, nakon potpisivanja Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma došlo je vrijeme da se regulira i ovo vrlo bitno pitanje za jednu suverenu državu. Tako je JP PTT saobraćaja BiH 31. 12. 1995. godine otkazalo ugovor HPT-u, potpisan za vrijeme rata sa hrvatskim poštama, važećim do završet- ka rata. Pozivajući se na ispunjavanje međunarodnih pravnih normi i standarda, JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je predstojalo vrijeme poništavanja pozivnog broja 381 za srpski entitet preko Beograda, a s obzirom na ispravnu poslovnu politiku tokom rata u tome su i uspjeli. Pozivajući 387 za Bosnu i Hercegovinu mnogi će se sjetiti velike požrtvovanosti i patriotizma JP PTT saobraćaja BiH tokom rata, ali prvenstveno uspjeha kojima se prkosilo i pobjedilo u teškom četvorogo- dišnjem odupiranju agresiji na državu Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

JP PTT saobraćaja BiH u vremenu 1996–2000. godine

Dolazak mira za ljude Javnog preduzeća PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine predstavljao je, pored ostalog, i pravi profesionalni i radni izazov. Završetak četverogodišnje prisilne blokade otvorio je mnoge mogućnosti, ali se trebalo suočiti sa mnogim ograničenjima koje je rat ostavio za sobom i krenuti dalje. Izgubljeno vrijeme je trebalo nadokna- diti, jer je svijet mimo Bosne i Hercegovine grabio žurnim koracima naprijed u svemu pa i u usavršavanju telekomunikacija. Građani Bosne i Hercegovine žudili su za normalizacijom života, za prekidom info- mativne blokade, za uspostavom izgubljenih komunikacija, tako da su usluge ovog preduzeća postale neophodan uslov za obnovu cjelokupnog društvenog života. U oba sektora JP PTT saobraćaja BiH – u poštanskom saobraćaju i u telekomunikacijama – a koje su predstavljene u Generalnoj direkciji sa Direkcijom telekomunikacija i Direkcijom pošta – išlo se na osa- vremenjavanje kroz uvođenje digitalne tehnologije, jer su se evropski standardi izmijenili i tražili takvu vrstu tehničko-poslovne orijentacije. Politika koju je Preduzeće usvojilo išla je za obnovom koja nije dopu- štala uvođenje zastarjele tehologije i pored svih ponuda donatora, već se opredijelila da se pokušaju pratiti svi tokovi modernih tehnoloških

78 tain parts, after the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement, the time came to regulate this very important question for a sovereign state. Th us, the Public Enterprise PTT BIH on the 31st of December 1995, cancelled the agreement to HPT (the Croatian Post and Telecommunications), signed during the war with Croatian Posts, and valid until the end of war. Referring to fulfi lling of the international legal norms and standards, the dialing code “381” through Belgrade for the Serb entity was cancelled, due to proper policy of the PTT BIH during the war. By dialing “387” for Bosnia and Herzegovina many will remember the great sacrifi ce and patriot- ism of the PTT BIH during the war, but most of all, the successes by which we defi ed and become victo- rious in the diffi cult four years long resistance to the aggression on the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Dokument prijave u članstvo međunarne Public Enterprise PTT BIH unije za telekomunikacije – ITU / Application form for membership in the period 1996–2000 in the International Telecommunication Union Th e forthcoming period of peace represented a true professional and –ITU working challenge for the personnel of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH. Th e end of the four years long blockade opened new possibilities, but it was also necessary to confront with many limitations that the war left behind, and move on. It was necessary also to compensate the lost time, for the world had passed by the BIH with a quick pace in various improvements and also in the development of the telecommunications. Th e citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina yearned for the normalization of life, for the termination of the informational blockade, for the restoration of lost communications, thus, the PTT services became the impetus for the reconstruction of the entire society. In both sectors of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH – postal services and telecommunications – which existed within the General Directorate as the Directorate of Posts and Directorate of Telecommunications – began the modernization and updating through the introduction of digital

79 strujanja. To je bio početak novih iskušenja koje je trebalo izdržati, ali su se dugoročno očekivali bolji rezultati i za Preduzeće i za korisnike njegovih usluga – građane Bosne i Hercegovine.

Pred novim izazovima

Urgentne su bile intervencije na telefonskoj mreži da bi se obezbijedilo normalno funkcioniranje telefonskog saobraćaja, obnovile mjesne mre- že u svim regionalnim centrima, zatim se nastojao sanirati poštanski saobraćaj, obnoviti radiorelejni objekti i ostala PTT infrastruktura. U planu su bili brojni projekti: izgradnja mobilne telefonije sistema GSM, digitalnih RR sistema sa SDH tehnologijom, te ﬁ ber-optički digitalni prijenosi sa višestrukim iskorištenjem kroz upotrebu ISDN servisa, ka- blovske televizije i prijenosa podataka i svih drugih vrsta informacija. Probijanje blokade koje je počelo još tokom rata nastavljeno je i 1996. godine, povezivanjem sa susjednim i bliskim zemljama. Ušlo se u projekt Bari–Dubrovnik Telecom Italia (italijanski telekom), u koji su već bile ušle Mađarska, Grčka, Albanija, Hrvatska Slovenija, Makedonija, Poljska, Njemačka i Turska. Bosna i Hercegovina je te godine imala vezu sa 214 zemalja i sve su to članice ITU, a saobraćaj je išao preko Swisscoma (švajcarskog telekoma), Telecom Italia, švedske Telie ili preko ITT-a za Ameriku gdje se vršila daljnja distribucija saobraćaja. Puštena je satelitska veza sa Njemačkom sa 122 kanala, sa mogućnošću proširenja na 360, a sa Britanijom je puštena satelitska veza sa 60 kanala preko British Telecoma, gdje se Deutsch Telecom također iskazao kao izuzetno dobar partner. Prišlo se obnovi komunikacija sa Hrvatskom putem sistema op- tičkog evropskog kabla i to od Mostara do Metkovića i Ploča, preko Kupresa i Livna sa Splitom, te preko Srebrenika sa Županjom i Bihaća sa Karlovcem. Blokada je rušena i otvaranjem satelitskog kanala na Televiziji Bosne i Hercegovine, što je bilo omogućeno i članstvom JP PTT sao- braćaja BiH u EUTELSAT-u, čime su informacije postale dostupnije za sve korisnike. Ova dva preduzeća su radila na izgradnji zajedničke infrastrukture i objekata, te jedno drugom ustupalo već postojeće, izgra- đene objekte. Ta vrlo uspješna saradnja sezala je još od ratnog vremena. Kasnije će se, za međunarodni promet, instalirati 6 satelitskih sistema, koji su omogućavali vezu sa čitavim svijetom (Njemačkom 240 kanala, Italijom 180, Švajcarskom 150, Švedskom 150, SAD 96, Velikom

80 Rad na montaži razdjelnika međunarodne centrale Obala / Montage of the distribution frame of the international exchange Obala

technologies, because European standards had changed, and this new kind of technical–business orientation was required. Th e policy adopted by the Enterprise implied that the reconstruction did not allow implementation of out of date technology, which was oﬀ ered by many dona- tors, but tried to keep the pace with all modern technological standards and innovations. Th is was the beginning of new temptations that had to be endured, but in the long run the better results were expected both for the enterprise and for the users of its services – the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Facing New Challenges

Urgent interventions were conducted within the telephone network in order to provide normal operation of telephone service and to reconstruct the local networks in all regional centers. Th e PTT personnel tried to repair the postal traﬃ c, to reconstruct radio–relay facilities and other PTT infrastructure. Numerous projects were planned: establishing of the mobile GSM system, digital RR systems with SDH technology, as well as ﬁ ber–optic digital transmissions with multiple utilization through the ISDN services, cable television, data transmission and transmission of other forms of information. Th e raising of the blockade began during the war and was continued during the 1996, by means of establishing connections with neigh-

81 Sanacija mjesne TT mreže / Sanation of the telecommunication access network

Britanijom 60). Radiorelejni sistemi povezali su Sarajevo sa Hrvatskom, Mađarskom i Slovenijom. Tako su se vremenom sa Hrvatskom dobila 624 kanala, Mađarskom 180 kanala i sa Slovenijom 180 kanala, koji su omogućavali tranzitni promet prema Italiji, Švajcarskoj i SAD. U okviru radiorelejnog sistema sa Mađarskom realizovano je direktno povezivanje sa Austrijom, Njemačkom, Francuskom, Belgijom, Jugoslavijom, Turskom, Slovačkom, Makedonijom i Norveškom. Do 1998. godine realizirano je ukupno 2.485 međunarodnih vodova. Došlo je do otvaranja novih međunarodnih centrala sa mnogo većim kapacitetom nego do tada (u Sarajevu i Tuzli), kao i tranzitnih centrala Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla, Zenica i Bihać. Izgrađene su, pri tome, kombinirane centrale kao i veliki broj lokalnih telefonskih centrala u svim mjestima, koje su bile spojene na Sarajevo. Počele su se nuditi nove usluge, kao što je ISDN mreža. To su bili začeci tehnološke infrastrukture paketske mreže BH Telecom-a.

82 boring countries. BIH became a part of the project Barry – Dubrovnik Telecom Italia, in which following countries had already participated: Hungary, Greece, Albania, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Poland, Germany and Turkey. Th at year, Bosnia and Herzegovina established a connection with 214 countries, all members of the ITU, and the traffi c was conducted by the Swisscom (Th e Swiss Telecom), Telecom Italia, Swedish Telia or through the ITT for the USA where further distribution of the traffi c was conducted. Th e satellite connection with the Germany started operation with 122 channels, with the possibility of extension to 360 channels, and with the Great Britain a satellite connection with 60 channels started operation through the British Telecom, where Deutche Telekom proved to be a very good partner as well. Reconstruction of the communications with Croatia began through European optical cable system from Mostar to Metkovic and Ploce, over Kupres and Livno with Split, over Srebrenik with Zupanja, and over Bihac with Karlovac. Th e opening of the satellite channel on the television of BIH, contributed to the termination of the blockade, and was made possible by the membership of the PTT BIH in the EUTELSAT by means of which the information were more available for all users. Th is successful cooperation started during the war. Later on, 6 more satellite systems would be installed for the international traffi c, which provided the connection with the rest of the world (Germany – 240 channels, Italy –180, Switzerland – 150, Sweden – 150, the USA – 96, Great Britain – 60). Radio–relay systems connected Sarajevo with Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia. Th us, over the time, 624 channels were obtained with Croatia, 180 channels with Hungary and 180 with Slovenia, which enabled transit traffi c towards Italy, Switzerland and the USA. Within the radio–relay system with Hungary, a direct connection was established with Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Slovak Republic, Macedonia and Norway. Until 1998, totally 2.485 of international links were realized. New international exchanges were put into operation with much larger capacit y (in Sarajevo and Tuzla) as well as transit exchanges Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla, Zenica and Bihac. Also combined exchanges were constructed, and the great number of local telephone exchanges in all places, which were connected with Sarajevo. New services were provided, such as the ISDN service. Th ese were the beginnings of the technological infrastructure of the BH Telecom’s packet–switched network.

83 Nove tehnologije

Gradnja RR objekata U Sarajevu je te 1996. godine instalirana i puštena u rad prva SPC cen- na planinama je bila izrazito zahtjevan posao trala sistema AXE-10 sa hardverom i softverom koji podržavaju ISDN / Construction of Radio-relay servise, čime je postignuto uključenje u svjetski Internet sistem, i to pre- facilities on the mountains was an extremely demanding ko sistema Italije, Njemačke, Švajcarske i Švedske, a čije je čvorište bilo task u Sarajevu. Istovremeno se unutar zemlje obnavljala mreža nekadašnjeg BIHPAK-a, unutrašnje računarske mreže, novim, modernim uređajima NORTEL-a, tako da je kompletna ISDN mreža stajala na raspolaganju korisnicima takvih usluga. Ova mreža se zasniva na digitalnom prijenosu i komutaciji upravljanoj računarima, pa, kao i terminali sastavljeni iz takvih sklopova, pruža sve prednosti ove tehnike u odnosu na analogne. ISDN mreža je bila u razvoju u Evropi pa se od 1993. godine uvodi kao jedinstvena mreža odlukom Evropske unije (EU) uz učešće 20 dr- žava u cilju deﬁ niranja Euro-ISDN-a kao jedinstvene primjene ISDN mreže i uniﬁ kacije proizvodnje telekomunikacione ISDN opreme na Evropskom zajedničkom tržištu. Tako je i Bosna i Hercegovina postala dio ovog evropskog informacionog sistema. U unutrašnjem saobraćaju nastojala se organizirati mreža uz digitalne centrale (EWSD u Tuzli, Mostaru, Zenici, Travniku, Bihaću i Bugojnu), a veza se planirala uspostaviti optičkim kablom (sa Bihaćem, Tuzlom, Travnikom i Mostarom). Za grad Goražde se u prvom mo-

84 New Technologies In 1996 in Sarajevo the fi rst SPC exchange of the AXE–10 system, with hardware and software that support the ISDN services was put into operation, and thus enabled joining to the global Internet system through the systems of Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden whose node was situated in Sarajevo. At the same time, the network of the former BIHPAK, the internal computer network, was reconstructed with new, modern NORTEL devices, so the complete ISDN network was available to the users of such services. Th is network was based on digital transmission and computer controlled switching, thus, as well as terminals composed of such components, provides all advantages of such technique. Th e ISDN network had been in the process of development in Europe, and in 1993 it was introduced as a sole network by the decision of the EU with the participation of 20 countries, with the aim of defi ning Euro–ISDN as an unique application of ISDN network, and unifi cation of the production of telecommunication ISDN equipment on a common European market. Th us, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of this European information system. Th e organization of the network with digital exchanges (EWSD in Tuzla, Mostar, Zenica, Travnik, Bihac and Bugojno) was planned for the national traffi c, and the link was planned to be established with an optical cable (with Bihac, Tuzla, Travnik and Mostar). For Gorazde, installation of the VSAT equipment began with 4 channel–multiplex and satellite modem, traffi c was forwarded by the satellite, because this town did not have any connections with the rest of the world. At the end of the 1996, the new switching system was installed of the Turkish company NETAS DRX–4. Rural areas were not forgotten, nor the demand for the construction of telephony with digital radio–relay, satellite and optical transitional systems and new telephone networks. Mobile Telephony in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the ﬁ rst year after the war, in May of 1996, the Directorate for Telecommunications started more intensive activities on the implementation of the GSM mobile telephony. Th e PTT signed the Contract

85 mentu pristupilo montaži VSAT opreme sa 4-kanalnim multipleksom i satelitskim modemom koji je proslijeđen putem satelita, jer ovo mjesto nije imalo nikakvu telekomunikacionu vezu sa svijetom. Krajem 1996. godine je instaliran novi sistem komutacije turske kompanije NETAŠ DRX-4. Nisu bila zaboravljena ni ruralna područja i potreba izgradnje telefonije sa digitalnim radiorelejnim, satelitskim i optičkim prenosivim sistemima i novim telefonskim mrežama.

Mobilna telefonija u Bosni i Hercegovini

U toj prvoj poslijeratnoj godini, maja 1996, od strane Direkcije telekomunikacija započele su intenzivnije aktivnosti na uvođenju GSM mobilne telefonije. JP PTT saobraćaja je sa Ericssonom potpisalo ugovor 9. jula o uvođenju GSM sistema u Bosnu i Hercegovinu, vrijedan 14.517.753 DEM, čime je defi niran početni instalirani kapacitet kao i oprema za testnu fazu: 24 bazne stanice sa 100 primopredajnika, komutacijom za 20.000 pretplatnika, kontroler baznih stanica – kapaciteta 245 baznih stanica, biling sistem – informacioni sistem, centar za nadzor i održavanje mreže. Bio je povezan sa fi ksnom telefonskom mrežom sa 570 vodova. GSM BiH je sa testnim radom počeo istog mjeseca, a zvanični početak rada je bio 17. decembra 1996. godine, kao i kod ostalih zemalja u regionu. U funkciji su bile tri GSM bazne stanice u Sarajevu. NDC mobilne mreže bio je 90, koji je tokom vremena promijenjen na 66, a nakon toga na 61. GSM na 900 MHz sa kombinacijom celularne mobilne telefonije je bio eksperimentalno primijenjen na fe- deralnim prostorima, a u pitanju je bilo pokrivanje Sarajeva, Mostara, Zenice i Tuzle. Vodilo se računa o kompatibilnosti sa susjednim i svjetskim mrežama, a IFOR je tražio da se uspostavi kompatibilnost i sa mobilnom tehikom SAD. Tako je prvi put došlo do uvezivanja evropskog i američkog mobitela, a među izvođačima radova su bile i sljede- će, svjetski poznate fi rme: Motorola, Mobitel, Ericsson, Alcatel, Siemens, Rocky… Prvi komercijalni roaming ugovor ostvaren je sa slovenačkim operatorom Mobitel 1997. godine i taj broj je kasnije narastao na 169 operatora i sedamdesetak zemalja širom svijeta. JP PTT saobraćaja BiH

86 Montaža GSM kontejnera kod sela Hondići / Montage of the GSM container near Hondici village

with Ericsson on the Implementation of the GSM System in Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the 9th of July, worth 14.517.753 DM; the initial installed capacity was defi ned as well as the equipment for the test phase: 24 base stations with 100 transceivers, switching systems for 20.000 subscribers, base stations controller – capacity 245 base stations, billing system – information system, center for supervision and maintenance of network. It was connected with fi xed telephone network with 570 lines. Th e GSM BIH began with its test activities in the same month, and the offi cial start of an operation was on the 17th of December 1996, the same as other countries in the region. In Sarajevo, three GSM base stations were functional. Th e NDC (National Destination Code) of the mobile network was 90 and later on it was changed to 66, and then to 61. Th e GSM at 900 MHz with the combination of cellular mobile telephony was experimentally applied at the territory of the Federation in Sarajevo, Mostar, Zenica and Tuzla. A compatibility with the neighbor- ing and other countries was taken care of, and IFOR requested compatibility with the USA mobile technique. Th is was the fi rst time that the connection was established between European and American mobile, and among contractors, following prominent companies participated: Motorola, Mobitel, Ericsson, Alcatel, Siemens, Rocky … Th e fi rst commercial roaming agreement was realized with Slovenian operator Mobitel in

87 je oﬁ cijelno primljeno u članstvo GSM Mou Asocijacije 25. septembra 1996. godine na zasjedanju u Hong Kongu. Mobilna celularna radiomreža GSM JP PTT saobraćaja BiH druge generacije je svojim pretplatnicima, a od kraja 1997. godine i svojim “gostujućim pretplatnicima”, obezbjeđivala uz ekonomske i tehničke uvjete, iz ugovora o roamingu sa nizom zemlja pružajući sve osnovne usluge i to prijenos govora, kratkih poruka, podataka, kao i niz dodatnih usluga kroz porodične, privatne i poslovne pakete usluga. Broj kanala prema baznim stanicama sukcesivno se povećavao prema broju baznih stanica, odnosno pretplatnika. Krajem 1997. godine bilo je uključeno 8.310 korisnika. Za kvalitetno uvođenje GSM mreže bila je potrebna izgradnja i modernizacija ﬁ ksne telefonske mreže i napori JP PTT saobraćaja BiH išli su u tom pravcu. Uvođenjem GSM standarda kao prve prave panevropske mobilne telekomunikacione mreže, stvoreni su uvjeti za međunarodni roaming – slobodno kretanje mobilnih pretplatnika unutar GSM mreža različitih operatora, a i usluga GSM je postala svjetski standard, tako da su se telekomunikacije Bosne i Hercegovine približa- vale tim kriterijima.

Poštanski saobraćaj

U lokalnim okvirima, pažnje vrijedno je i ponovno pokretanje “PTT novina”, informativnog glasila JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, koje su informirale kako svoje zaposlenike, tako i sve zainteresirane o plano-

88 1997, and later on roaming agreements were signed with 169 operators from about 70 countries world wide. Th e Public Enterprise PTT BIH offi cially became a member of the GSM MoU Association on the 25th of September 1996 during the Session in Hong Kong. Th e second generation of the mobile cellular radio network GSM PTT BIH provided to its subscribers, and since 1997 to its “visiting subscribers”, in accordance with economic and technical conditions from the agreements on roaming with various countries, all basic services including voice transfer, short messages, data as well as a number of additional services through family, private and business service packages. Th e number of channels towards base stations was successively increasing following the number of base stations, in other words subscribers. At the end of 1997, 8.310 subscribers were activated. For qualitative implementation of the GSM network, a construction and modernization of the fi xed telephone network was required, and eff orts were made in that direction. Introducing the GSM standards as the fi rst proper Pan–European mobile telecommunication network, the conditions were met for the international roaming – free movement of mobile subscribers within networks of diff erent GSM operators, and the GSM service became the global standard, thus the telecommunications of Bosnia and Herzegovina got close to these criteria.

Postal Traﬃ c

Locally, of considerable interest was the reactivation of the “PTT Newspapers”, an informative herald of the PTT BIH, which have provided information to its employees and to all those interested in plans, successes and challenges of the enterprise. Th e Managing Board saw the possibility of expansion of the PTT

89 vima, uspjesima i teškoćama na koje Preduzeće nailazi. Širenje poslovanja JP PTT saobraćaja BiH Upravni odbor je vidio i u osnivanju Poštanske banke, te je odluku o ovom donio 21. decembra 1996. godine, te utvrdio nacrt Statuta, kao i nacrt Odluke o poslovnoj politici Poštanske banke. Vrlo važan segment JP PTT saobraćaja BIH – poštanski saobraćaj imao je također te- žak proces obnove. Tako su 12. decembra 1996. godine u Glavni poštanski centar u Sarajevu sti- gli prvi paketi i pismonosne pošiljke težine veće od 20 grama. Sva pošta iz svih zemalja svijeta, članica Svjetskog poštanskog saveza, obavljala se preko Glavnog poštanskog centra u Nirnbergu u Njemačkoj. Do tada su se u međunarodnom poštanskom saobraćaju distribuirala pisma do pet grama jedanput sedmično, dok su se u unutraš- njem poštanskom saobraćaju pisama prenosila pisma do 2 kg i paketi do 15 kg, tri puta sed- mično. Ipak je krajem 1996. godine većina od Prvi mobilni terminal – 170 poštanskih jedinica JP PTT saobraćaja BiH bilo već adaptirano ili Motorola / The ﬁ rst mobile terminal – Motorola ponovno sagrađeno, a 1997. godine se ovom broju pridružilo i pedese- tak novih. Sve usluge koje su bile dostupne do rata teško su dolazile do svoje realizacije nakon brojnih destrukcija, ali se u obnovi išlo ustrajno i sistematično. Odgovorna za ovu vrstu posla bila je Direkcija PTT saobraćaja Sarajevo, dio JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Sljedbenik je Preduzeća PTT saobraćaja Sarajevo, koje je prije rata činilo gotovo trećinu kapaciteta i prihoda. Nakon rata u ovom sektoru bio je zaposlen 1.231 radnik, što je bilo veliko umanjenje u odnosu na 3.000 predratnih zaposlenika. U 1996. godini Direkcija je obavljala poslove održavanja, izgradnje i eksploatacije telekomunikacionog i poštanskog saobraćaja na području sarajevskih općina. Nakon brojnih adaptacija, Direkcija je raspolagala sa 31 izvršnom PTT jedinicom koje su skupa sa Glavnim poštanskim centrom u Sarajevu obavljale unutrašnji i međunarodni poštanski saobraćaj. Veliki dio uništenih mjesnih mreža je popravljen, a naročito u gradu Sarajevu. Obnovljen je i dio računarske opreme, instrumenata i alata za održavanje PTT kapaciteta. Najvažnije je što je poboljšana kadrovska

90 BIH business activities in the foundation of a Postal Bank, thus on the 21st of December 1996, it made the decision, and determined the Statute of the Postal Bank business policy. A very important segment of the PTT BIH – the postal traffi c – also had a very diffi cult process of reconstruction. Th us, on the 12th of December 1996, the fi rst packages and postal items weighing 20g and more arrived in the Main Post Center in Sarajevo. All post from all world countries, members of the UPU, was transferred through Main Post Center in Nurnberg in Germany. Until then, in international postal traffi c the letters up to 5g were distributed once Svečanost povodom puštanja u funkciju a week, while in local postal traffi c letters up to 2 kg and packages up digitalnog RR sistema to 15 kg were distributed three times a week. Until the end of 1996, the Sarajevo–Tuzla i centrale Tuzla, 1997. god. majority of 170 postal units of the PTT BIH were reconstructed and in / Ceremony on the 1997, to this number 50 new units were added. All services that were occasion of putting into operation digital RR system available before the war were realized with diffi culties due to numer- Sarajevo–Tuzla and the Tuzla ous destructions, but nevertheless, the reconstruction was persistent and exchange, 1997 systematical. Th e PTT Directorate Sarajevo, as the part of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH, was responsible for this part of the work. It was the successor of the Enterprise PTT Sarajevo, which represented one third of the overall capacity and income before the war. After the war, this sector employed 1.231 employees, which was a great deduction compared to 3000 employees before the war. In 1996, the Directorate was responsible for the maintenance, construction and operation of telecommunication and postal traffi c at the territory of Sarajevo municipalities. After numerous renovations, the Directorate had on its disposal 31 PTT executive units, which together with the Main Post Center in Sarajevo conducted local and international postal traffi c. A great deal of destroyed local networks was reconstructed, especially in the city of Sarajevo. Some computer equipment was restored along with instruments and tools for the maintenance of the PTT capacities. Th e most important fact is that the personnel structure was improved in the Directorate, thus it was possible

91 Glavni poštanski centar Sarajevo, 1996. / Main postal center Sarajevo, 1996

stuktura u Direkciji, tako da se moglo prići rješavanju svih zadataka koji su stajali pred njom. Politika ove direkcije bila je jednaka onoj koja se vodila u Sektoru telekomunikacija. Mada su sa svojim ponudama bili prisutni mnogi proizvođači telekomunikacione opreme, nijednom stranom partneru nije ekskluzivno povjerena obnova i izgradnja PTT sistema u Sarajevu i šire. Mnogo se polagalo i na obrazovanje vlastitog kadra, pa su mladi stručnjaci slani na usavršavanje u inostranstvo, a tematske obuke su se obavljale u vlastitoj režiji.

Razvoj ﬁ ksne telefonije

Te 1996. godine kapacitet lokalnih priključaka na ATC bio je 160.156 brojeva, od čega je bilo 3.360 ISDN priključaka. ISDN usluga je, najprije eksperimentalno, bila u funkciji od 1997. godine, a od 1998. godine i komercijalno, kada će biti instaliran kapacitet od 2.416 ISDN linija sa baznim i 26 linija sa primarnim pristupom na 8 telefonskih centrala, odnosno 19 lokacija. Veliki je procenat digitalnih ATC i digitalnih spojnih puteva, a kapacitet krajnje telegrafske centrale je 800-tg priključaka. Obnovljene su radiorelejne veze glavne centrale Sarajevo sa čvor- nim centralama na području Federacije. Također su obnovljene i moder-

92 to realize all tasks and challenges that were ahead of it. Th e policy of this Directorate was identical with the policy of the telecommunication sector. Although many manufacturers of the telecommunication equipment were present with its tenders, the renovation and reconstruction of the telecommunication equipment was not exclusively oﬀ ered to any foreign partner. Personnel education was considered very important, so the young experts were sent abroad to special trainings and specializations, while thematic trainings were conducted within the company.

Development of Fixed Telephony

In 1996, the capacity of local connections at ATC was 160.156, of which 3.360 ISDN connections. Since 1997, the ISDN service was, at fi rst experimentally in function and then since 1998, it began to operate commercially when the capacity of 2.416 ISDN connections with the basic access, and 26 connections with primary access, to 8 telephone exchanges were put into operation, which is totally 19 locations. Th e percentage of digital ATC and digital connection lines was considerable, and the capacity of local telegraph exchange was 800 TG connections. Th e radio–relay connections of the main exchange Sarajevo were reconstructed with node exchanges at the territory of the Federation. Also the links towards Konjic, Mostar, Zenica, Tuzla, Gorazde and Bihac were restored and modernized. With 6 satellite stations and one radio–relay link, the international telecommunication traffi c was established with 1.205 active channels. Th e International ATC–EWSD with 6.240 connections was installed. All these activities started with the restoration of the TT network, which in the case of Sarajevo started from the city surroundings where the network was completely destroyed, and step by step, the restoration progressed to the central part of the city. Th e most diffi cult situ-

93 Potpisivanje ugovora povodom donacije telefonske centrale od 20.000 brojeva od strane Vlade Kraljevine Švedske / Signing of the contract on the occasion of donation of telephone exchange with 20.000 numbers by the Goverment of Kingdom of Sweden

nizirane veze prema Konjicu, Mostaru, Zenici, Tuzli, Goraždu i Bihaću. Sa 6 satelitskih stanica i jednom radiorelejnom vezom uspostavljen je međunarodni telekomunikacioni saobraćaj sa 1.205 aktivnih kanala. Montirana je i međunarodna ATC-EWSD sa 6.240 priključaka. A sve ovo je počelo sistematskom sanacijom TT mreže, koja je npr. u slučaju Sarajeva krenula od rubnih dijelova grada, gdje je mreža u potpunosti bila uništena, i postepeno se sanacijom išlo ka središnjem dijelu grada. Posebno je teška situacija bila na reintegriranim područjima gdje je mreža bila oštećena, uništena ili ju je potpuno trebalo nadomje- stiti. Nestručan i provizoran rad tokom rata je i u samom gradu prozro- kovao mnoga oštećenja, što je također trebalo sanirati. U rekonstrukciji su učestvovali, pored PTT Inženjeringa i mnoge druge domaće ﬁ rme. Izuzetnu pomoć prije početka radova pružala je ekipa za razminiravanje pri Civilnoj zaštiti Sarajevo, bez čijeg udjela uopšte ne bi bilo moguće završiti posao sanacije TT mreže grada Sarajeva do kraja 1997. godine, kako je to bilo urađeno. Naredne godine, 5. septembra 1997, Siemens i Energoinvest dd. Komunikacije potpisali su sa JP PTT saobraćaja BiH ugovore o izgradnji telefonskih centrala EWSD u Bihaću, Zenici i Kaknju. Riječ je o kom- biniranim tranzitnolokalnim centralama u digitalnoj tehnologiji, čiji su početni kapaciteti za Bihać bili 14.028, Zenicu 6.600 i Kakanj 6.400 telefonskih priključaka. Krajnji kapacitet centrala je tada bio: za Bihać – 30.500, Zenicu – 22.600 i Kakanj – 17.100 telefonskih priključaka.

94 Gosti na svečanosti otvaranja centrale, među kojima je i g. Erik Pierre, švedski ambasador u BiH / Among guests at the ceremony of putting into operation of the exchange was the Swedish Ambassador H.E. Erik Pierre

ation was within reintegrated areas, where the network was damaged or destroyed or where total compensation was required. Unprofessional and provisional work during the war caused much impairment in the city that should be repaired. Besides the PTT Engineering many other domestic companies participated in the reconstruction. Th e mine clear- ance team of the Civil Protection Sarajevo provided the considerable help before the start of the works. Without their help it would not be possible to complete the reconstruction task of Sarajevo TT networks until the end of 1997. Th e next year, on the 5th of September 1997, Siemens and Energoinvest dd. Communications signed with the Public Enterprise PTT BIH Contracts on the Construction of Telephone Exchanges EWSD in Bihac, Zenica and Kakanj. It was about combined transit–local exchanges with digital technology, which initial capacities for Bihac were 14.028, Zenica 6.600 and Kakanj 6.400 of telephone connections. Th e overall capacity at that time

95 Obnova telekomunikacione infrastrukture, kao osnovne ekonomske infrastrukture i kao most između različitih entitetskih skupina u BiH, od strane međunarodne zajednice prepoznata je kao ključni element u stabilizaciji i zaživljavanju mirovnog sporazuma iz Daytona. Inicijalni uvid u potrebe i stanje na terenu, bazirano na prijedlogu lokacija datih od strane JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, izvršila je, u ime EU, specijalizirana kompanija Eurostrategies, sa sjedištem u Briselu. Njezin posao je bio da se ispitaju mogućnosti ponovnog uspostavljanja spojnih puteva između eniteta, kao i obnova lokalnih pristupnih mreža. Evropska komisija se složila da obezbijedi ﬁ nansijska sredstva, kao i tehničku pomoć u rekonstrukciji telekomunikacija u BiH, a u okviru programa pomoći za ključne poslove (EAP) iz 1996. i 1997. godine. Među prvim poslovima je bila realizacija projekata EU 1 i EU 2. Riječ je o sredstvima donira- nim od strane Evropske zajednice, za EU 1 u iznosu od 5 mil. DEM i 8 mil. DEM za EU 2. Oba projekta su bila u funkciji rekonstrukcije i izgradnje pristupnih mreža, sa glavnim ciljem da se mreže grade na lo- kalitetima gdje se očekuje povratak prijeratnog stanovništva. Kao rezultat ovog programa iz 1996. godine, u Federaciji BiH, kao posljednji dio, trebalo je izgraditi lokalne pristupne mreže u maksimalnoj vrijednosti od 5 miliona DEM. Odlukom Upravnog odbora JP PTT saobraćaja BiH kompletna donacija je plasirana u Direkciju Bihać, kao direkciju sa najnerazvijenijom telefonskom infrastrukturom. Tender je obuhva- tao isporuku opreme i izgradnju pristupnih mreža u regiji Bihać (Ripač, Pokoj, Vedro Polje) i Ključ (Sanica, Velečevo, Velagići, Krasulje), a dobila ga je kompanija Ericsson. Cjelokupan posao bio je realiziran u proljeće 1999.godine. Ista ﬁ rma Eurostrategies je počet- kom septembra 1999. godine objavila tender kojim je bila obuhvaćena isporuka materijala i izgradnja 22 lokalne pristupne mreže na području Direkcije Bihać (Bužim, Vrhpolje, Gornji Kamengrad, Mala Kladuša, Podzvizd), Direkcije Jajce - Travnik (Prusac, Oborci, Turbe), Direkcije Mostar (Vrapčići, Polje, Bijela, Čelebići), Direkcije Sarajevo (Pazarić, Tarčin), Direkcije Tuzla (Banovići,

96 was: for Bihac 30.500, Zenica 22.600 and Kakanj 17.100 of telephone connections. Th e reconstruction of the telecommunication infrastructure as the basic economic infrastructure, and as a bridge between diff erent entity groups in BIH, was recognized as the key element in the stabilization and eff ective- ness of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Th e initial overview of the overall condition and requirements at the terrain was based at the locations suggested by the PTT BIH, and it was conducted on behalf of the EU, by the special- ized company Eurostrategies with its headquarters in Bruxelles. Its task Centar telekomunikacija Bihać / Telecommunication was to explore the possibilities of reestablishing of connection routes Center Bihać between the entities, as well as the reconstruction of the local access networks. Th e European Commission agreed to provide fi nancial resources, as well as technical support for the telecommunication reconstruction in BIH, within the program of assistance for key activities (EAP – Environmental Action Program) from 1996 and 1997. Among the fi rst tasks was the realization of the EU 1 and EU 2 Projects. Th e European Commission donated the resources for the Project EU 1 in the amount of 5 million DM, and 8 million DM for EU 2. Both Projects were for the restoration and construction of access networks, with the aim to construct networks at localities where the return of population was most expected. As the result of this program from 1996, it was necessary to construct local access networks in the Federation of BIH with the maximum value of 5 million DM. By the decision of the Managing Board of the PTT BIH, the complete donation was forwarded to the Directorate of Bihac, as the Directorate with the most underdeveloped telephone infrastructure. A tender for equipment delivery and construction of access networks in Bihac region (Ripac, Pokoj, Vedro Polje) and Kljuc (Sanica, Velecevo, Velagici, Krasulje), was assigned to Ericsson. Th e overall work was realized during the spring of 1999. At the beginning of September, the same company Eurostrategies announced tender for the equipment delivery and construction of 22 local access networks at the locality of the Directorate of Bihac (Buzim,

97 Brka, Kalesija, Slavinovići) i Direkcije Zenica (Solun, Careva Ćuprija, Čuništa, Matuzići, Šije). Ericcson je preuzeo obavezu da napravi projektnu dokumentaciju na osnovu uvida na terenu, ispo- ruči opremu, izvede građevinske i instalacione radove koristeći lokalnu radnu snagu uglavnom iz privatnog sektora. Obaveza JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je bila da obezbijedi komutacije u na- vedenim mjestima i spojne pu- teve između HOST-a i isturenih stupnjeva. Puštanje u rad donacije U cjelokupnoj organizaciji posla velike zasluge išle su u prilog PIU švicarske donacije centrale Alcatel / Putting (Project Impelemntation Unit – odjeljenju za implementaciju projekta) u into operation donated Swiss okviru Generalne direkcije JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i Sektoru investicija Alcatel exchange JP PTT saobraćaja BiH.

BIHPAK – javna mreža za prijenos podataka

Jedan od projekata koji je pokrenut 1996. godine, a realiziran naredne, u okviru JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je bio BIHPAK, ustvari paketska mreža DPN–100 kanadske kompanije NORTEL, a tom prilikom distributer opreme je bila turska kompanija NETAS - Joint Venture Nortel Canada. BIHPAK se sastojao od tri koncentratora (Tuzla, Zenica i Mostar), sa čvorom i mrežno-upravljačkim centrom u Sarajevu (NMS). U po- četnoj fazi su omogućavali konekciju sa svim osnovnim servisima koje su mreže tog tipa i vremena pružale: X.25, X.28, SNA/SDLC i novi Frame Relay servis. Veze između čvora i koncentratora su bile digitalne (SDH). BIHPAK paketska mreža je omogućio svojim korisnicima izlaz u svijet preko gateway-a sa njemačkom mrežom Datex-P i slovenačkom mrežom SIPAX. Isto tako, i pristup na Internet mrežu, kao i povezivanje različitim host-kompjuterima, terminalima, LAN-ovima i perso- nalnim kompjuterima (PC). Ovaj NORTEL-ov servis je bio u skladu

98 Vrhpolje, Gornji Kamengrad, Mala Kladusa, Podzvizd), Directorate Jajce – Travnik (Prusac, Oborci, Turbe), Directorate Mostar (Vrapcici, Polje, Bijela, Celebici), Directorate Sarajevo (Pazaric, Tarcin), Directorate Tuzla (Banovici, Brka, Kalesija, Slavinovici) and Directorate Zenica (Solun, Careva Cuprija, Cunista, Matuzici, Sije). Ericsson took over the obligation to create project documentation based on terrain insight, to deliver the equipment, conduct construction and installation work using local personnel mostly from the private sector. Th e PTT BIH had the obligation to provide switching systems for the above mentioned places and connection lines between HOSTs and remote units. In regard to entire organization, a great importance should be attributed to the PIU (Project Implementation Unit), being within Th e General Directorate of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH and the Investment Sector of the PTT BIH.

BIHPAK – Th e Public Network for Data Transmission

Among other projects that were initiated in 1996 and realized in 1997 within the PTT BIH, was the BIHPAK Project – the packet network DPN–100 of Canadian Company NORTEL, while the distributor of equipment was the Turkish company NETAS – Joint Venture Nortel Canada. BIHPAK comprised of three concentrators (Tuzla, Zenica and Mostar), with a nod and Network Management Center in Sarajevo (NMS). During the initial phase, they provided connection with all basic services of that time: X.25, X.28, SNA/SDLC and new Frame Relay Service. Th e connections between a node and a concentrator were digital (SDH). Th e BIHPAK packet network provided to its customers an exit to the world through gateway with German network Datex–P and Slovenian network SIPAX. Also, access to Internet network as well as connection with various host–computers, terminals, LANs and PCs were provided. Th e NORTEL Service was compliant with CCITT recom- mendations and it provided the connection of the BIHPAK network with other public network for packet–switched data networks. Th e BIHPAK network provided numerous possibilities to its users, and some of them are characteristic for speciﬁ c services. Th ese are some of them:

99 sa CCITT preporukama i omogućio je povezivanje BIHPAK mreže sa drugim javnim mrežama za prijenos podataka sa komutacijom paketa. BIHPAK mreža je pružila brojne mogućnosti korisnicima, pri čemu su pojedine od njih karakteristične samo uz neke od servisa. Ovo su samo neke od njih: – komutirane virtuelne veze (SVC), – permanentne virtuelne veze (PVC), – PAD komande na više jezika, – direktni pozivi, – skraćeno biranje, – hunt-grupe, – zabrana poziva, – izbor veličine paketa, – dogovaranje parametara poziva, – preusmjeravanje poziva. S obzirom na kvalitet koji ovaj tip mreže nudi, pojedine vlade u Evropi, Sjevernoj Americi i Australiji koriste DPN-100 za povezivanje svojih geografski udaljenih organizacija u jednu mrežu i na taj način brže i eﬁ kasnije obavljaju svoje poslove, sa manje grešaka i sa nižom cijenom. Davaoci javnih usluga koriste DPN mreže za pružanje visokovrijednih usluga svojim korisnicima širom svijeta. S obzirom da ovaj tip mreže stvara široku korisničku, prije svega poslovnu populaciju sa pristupom mnogim aplikacijama koje uključuju elektronsku poštu, videotext, pristup bazama podataka itd, i korisnicima iz Bosne i Hercegovine bile su također ponuđene ove usluge i posredstvom JP PTT saobraćaja BiH su postali dio tog zahtjevnog svijeta. JP PTT saobraćaja BiH još jednom pravi tehnološki napor i krajem 1997. godine pušta prvi profesionalni Internet čvor u BiH, odnosno us- postavlja BIHNET mrežu za pristup komercijalnih korisnika Internetu sa šire regije. Ona je startala kao pilot projekt i imala pretenziju poče- taka profesionalnog i komercijalnog pružanja osnovnih Internet servisa (konekcija, WWW, mail, FTP, itd.) malim korisnicima (dial-up) i velikim korisnicima (leased line), na teritoriji koju svojom infrastrukturnom TF mrežom pokriva JP PTT saobraćaja BIH.

100 – switched virtual circuits (SVC), – permanent virtual circuits (PVC) – PAD multiple language commands, – direct calls, – short dialing, – hunt–groups, – call ban, – choice of packet size, – agreement on call parameters, – diverting calls. With regard to the quality that this network type provides, certain governments in Europe, Northern America and Australia use the DPN–100 for establishing connections between geographically distant organizations into a single network and thus, conduct their work more quickly and eﬃ ciently and with less mistakes and at a reduced price. Public service providers use the DPN networks for providing sophisticated services to its users worldwide. Th is type of network have created a wide scope of business population of users with the access to many applications which includes E–mail, Videotext, access to data bases, etc., and Bosnian–Herzegovinian users have also been provided with these services and by means of the PTT BIH they have became a part of that demanding world.

Montaža opreme za EWSD / Montage of the EWSD

101 BIHNET

Čvor BIHNET-a se sastojao od DNS servera, primarnog i sekundarnog, menagement-account and billing servera, servera za osnovne servise: mail, WWW, FTP, access servera za pristup malih korisnika, access servera za pristup velikih korisnika i backbone servera za pristup Internet mreži preko provajdera UUNET – USA. Od početnih skromnijih karakteri- stika, vremenom se mreža stalno obogaćivala i usavršavala. U Sarajevu je formiran i prvi POP, čime se kao prvim komerci- jalnim ISP stupilo na tržište pružanja usluga pristupa Internetu. Od tada pa sve do danas ostao je BIHNET najveći davalac Internet usluga na području koje će kasnije svojom infrastrukturom pokrivati BH TELECOM i pored činjenice da će se pojaviti i 60-ak licenciranih ISP- a. Prvi mjesec komercijalnog poslovanja BIHNET je doživio januara 1998. godine Pristup za male korisnike je obavljan putem broja 0992800, koji se na cijeloj teritoriji tariﬁ rao kao lokalni poziv, a ﬁ zički preko tri TF komutacije sarajevske mreže. U samom početku se BIHNET udružuje sa BIHPAK-om. Omogućava se određenom tipu korisnika BIHPAK-a da izlaze u Internet mrežu (Frame Relay tip korisnik). Jednostavno se koristila prostornost BIHPAK-a da bude kičma za velike korisnike BIHNET-a. Ova ve-

Svečanost puštanja u rad BiHNet-a / Ceremony of BiHNet’s starting operation

102 Th e PTT BIH once more put technological eff orts and at the Puštanje Interneta u rad / Getting Internet operational end of 1997, the fi rst professional Internet node was put into operation in BIH, in other words, the BIHNET network was established for the commercial user access to Internet. Th is network started operation as a pilot project and it signifi ed the fi rst steps of professional and commercial providing of basic Internet services (connections, WWW, mail, FTP, etc.) to dial–up users and leased–line users, on the territory covered by the PTT BIH’s infrastructural TF network .

BIHNET

Th e BIHNET’s node was comprised of the DNS server, primary and secondary management–account and billing server, and basic service server: mail, WWW, FTP, access server for dial–up users, access server for leased line users and backbone server for access to internet network provided by UUNET–USA. In the beginning, the network had modest characteristics, but in time it became more professional with high quality services.

103 zanost se nastavila u projektu proširenja kapaciteta i usluga ove dvije mreže. BIHPAK-u je podignut kapacitet linkova na 34 Mbps ATM. Čvorišta su dopunjena ATM switch-evima na kojima je pokrenut ATM trunk i FR servis za velike brzine do 2 Mbps. Jednostavno rečeno, napravljena je jedna nova “komutaciona ravan” sa ATM switch-evima i ATM trunkovima među njima, koja je backbone mreža i za DPN čvorove BIHPAK-a i za Cisco čvorove (rutere) BIHNET-a. S obzirom da je došlo do intenzivnog približavanja telefonije i računar- ske tehnologije radi zahtjeva za potpuno novim pristupom rješavanjima multimedijalnih i multiprotokolarnih telekomunikacijskih mreža, kao i do naglog širenja Interneta – ATM tehnologija komutacije paketa na visokim briznama se pokazala moćnom da realizira spektar novih telekomunikacionih usluga. Da bi se omogućio ravnopravan pristup servisima koji su pružale mreže BIHPAK-a i BIHNET-a korisnicima sa teritorije koju je svojim TK sistemom pokrivalo JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, ali i onim izvan do- mašaja čvorišta i koncentratora, iskoristilo se postojanje fl e x - m u x opreme. U svim TK-centrima JP PTT saobraćaja BiH instalirana je Slave fl e x - m u x oprema priključena na pripadajuće Master fl ex-mux komutacione čvorove u kantonalnim središtima. Masteri su vezani na BIHPAK čvorišta, a i redundantnim linkovima su vezani kroz SDH sistem na master u Sarajevu. Time je fl e x - m u x dobio određenu nezavisnost u prijenosu za neki poseban tip korisnika iznajmljenih kanala. BIHPAK-u i BIHNET-u je ovim omogućeno da se u svim većim općinskim središti- ma mogu dati servisi ova dva sistema. Sjedinjenje ova dva sistema je bio bitan preduvjet efi kasnijeg održavanja, nadzora i upravljanja cjelokupnim TK sistemom, ali i preduslov ujedinjavanju i ostalih tehnoloških cjelina TK sistema JP PTT saobraćaja BIH.

104 In Sarajevo the fi rst POP (point of presence) was formed, with which the PTT BIH as the fi rst commercial ISP (Internet Service Provider) entered the market of providing services for Internet access. Since then, the BIHNET remained the biggest internet service provider at the territory, which later on with its infrastructure would be covered by the BH TELECOM, despite of the fact that 60 licensed ISPs appeared. January 1998 was the fi rst month of the BIHNET’s commercial business. Th e access for dial–up users had been established through the number 0992800, which at the entire region had been billed as a local call, and physically conducted by three TF Sarajevo switching networks. At the very beginning, the BIHNET cooperated with the BIHPAK. Th e certain type of BIHPAK’s users was provided with opportunity to access the Internet network (user type – Frame Relay). Th e BIHPAK’s space was simply used as the back bone for the BIHNET leased line users. Th is cooperation continued within the capacity and service extension project for these two networks. Th e link capacity of the BIHPAK was extended to 34 Mbps ATM. Th e nodes were supplemented with ATM switches on which the ATM trunk and the FR service for high speeds to 2Mbps were set in motion. To put it simply, the new ‘’switching plane’’ with ATM switches and ATM trunk between them was made, which served as a back bone network for the BIHPAK’s DPN nodes and the BIHNET’s Cisco nodes (routers). With regard to intensive interaction of telephony and computer technology due to demands for completely new approach for multimedia and multiprotocol telecommunication networks, and due to rapid internet spreading – ATM packet switch technology at high speeds proved capable of realising a wide range of new telecommunication services. In order to enable fair service access, provided by BIHPAK and BIHNET’s network to users from the territory covered by the PTT BIH’s TK system but also to those out of range of nods and concentrators, the existence of fl e x – m u x equipment was utilized. In all PTT BIH’s TK centers the Slave fl e x – m u x equipment, which was connected to support- ing master fl ex–mux switching nods

105 Firma u konstantnom usponu

Napori koje je JP PTT saobraćaja BiH ulagalo tokom prve dvije poslijeratne godine dali su svoje rezultate. Želja da se pruži kompletan asortiman komunikacijskih usluga prema zahtjevima korisnika vođena je ambicioznim ciljem: “Biti vodeći pružalac PTT usluga na Balkanu”. Uspješno poslovanje u ovoj godini predstavljao je korak bliže ovom cilju što se može iskazati i ciframa. U 1998. godini, naprimjer, ostvaren je prihod od oko 310 miliona KM, što je bilo za 29 % više nego u 1997. godini, što je bio rezultat porasta obima pružanja usluga korisnicima. Broj instaliranih priključaka u ﬁ ksnoj telefoniji porastao je za novih 50.000 priključaka u odnosu na broj u 1997. godini, odnosno uvećan je za 13 %, dok je broj uključenih telefonskih priključaka porastao za 31.500. Vrijeme trajanja smetnji smanjeno je za 38 % u odnosu na prethodnu, 1997. godinu. Tome je sigurno doprinijela i potpuna digitalizacija komunikacija u svih sedam kantona koje je JP PTT sa-

Montaža EWSD-a obraćaja BiH obuhvatalo. (Postojalo je i sedam regionalnih direkcija, / Montage of the EWSD organiziranih po kantonima – Direkcija Sarajevo, Direkcija Mostar,

106 installed in cantonal centers. Masters were connected to BIHPAK’s nodes and by redundant links through the SDH system they were also linked to a master in Sarajevo. Th us the ﬂ e x – m u x autonomy in transmission for certain leased line user types and the BIHPAK and BIHNET were enabled to provide services in all larger municapallities. Th e cooperation of these two systems was an important precondition of ef- ﬁ cient maintenance, supervision, and operation of the overall TK system, but also a precondition for the successful cooperation of other technological units of the PTT BIH’s TK systems.

Th e Enterprise Constantly on the Rise

Th e eﬀ orts which the PTT BIH made during the ﬁ rst two years after the war showed results. Desire to provide a complete assortment of communication services in accordance with users’ demands, was led by an ambitious objective: ‘’to become a leading PTT service provider at the Balkans’’. Th e successful operation during this year represented a step closer to this objective, which could be expressed in numbers. For example, in 1998, the income was 310 million KM, 29% more than in 1997, which resulted from the increased volume of services provided to the customers.

107 Direkcija Tuzla, Direkcija Zenica, Direkcija Jajce – Travnik, Direkcija Goražde i Direkcija Bihać). U toj godini broj telefona na 100 stanovnika iznosio je 18,3. Ukupan broj instaliranih lokalnih priklju- čaka je iznosio 408.302, a uključenih 315.000 pretplatnika. Sarajevo i Banja Luka povezani su 1998. godine sa 120 kanala u jednom, i 120 kanala u drugom smjeru. Broj međumjesnih priključaka iznosio je 41.063, što je bilo sasvim dovoljno za kvalitet me- đumjesnog prometa. Međunarodni saobraćaj odvijao se preko 2.700 vodova, a postojali su i direktni tokovi sa 22 zemlje u Evropi, čime je funkcioniranje u telefonskom saobraćaju dobilo na kvalitetu. U mobilnoj telefoniji je 1998. godine instalirano 30.000 novih brojeva, što je bilo povećanje ukupnog kapaciteta za 150 %, dok je broj uključenih mobilnih priključaka porastao za 18.000 u odnosu na prethodnu godinu. Instalirano je 15 novih baznih stanica, čime je pokrivenost područja mrežom baznih stanica mobilne telefonije značajno povećana. Pokrivenost teritorije je iznosila 40 %, a populacije 57 %. Povećanje broja korisnika mobilne telefonije za 206 % bio je zaista veliki uspjeh, baziran na povećanju različitih paketa usluga. Iste, 1998. godine broj korisnika Internet mreže povećan je za 5.000, što predstavlja 1100 % više nego 1997. godine. Mreža je imala mogućnost 100.000 adresa i 32 direktna priključka, a tada je bilo pri- ključeno 3.200 korisnika. Napredak je bio vidljiv i u komutaciji, transmisiji i pristupnim mrežama. Bio je urađen veliki posao na rekonstrukciji unutrašnjih kapaciteta i izgradnji novih. Implementiran je čitav niz sasvim novih usluga. Montirano je više satelitskih sistema, MC, više TC i LC sa ISDN funkcionalnošću, veliki broj RR sistema sa SDH tehnologijom, jedan broj ﬁ ber-optičkih sistema sa odgovarajućim linijskim i multipleksnim sistemima, a realizirana je i regionalna prstenasta mreža-STM-16 u Sarajevu.

108 Th e number of installed connections in fi xed telephony was increased for 50 thousand connections more than in 1997, totally 13%, while the number of activated telephone subscribers was increased for 31.500. Th e disturbance time period was decreased for 38% compared to 1997. Th e overall digitalization of communications in all seven cantons covered by the PTT BIH contributed to this decrease. (Seven regional directorates operated in cantons – the Directorate Sarajevo, Directorate Mostar, Directorate Tuzla, Directorate Zenica, Directorate Jajce – Travnik, Directorate Gorazde, and Directorate Bihac). In that year, the number of telephones per 100 citizens was 18,3. Th e overall number of installed local connections was 408,302, and 315 000 activated subscribers. In 1998, Sarajevo and Banja Luka were connected with 120 chanels in one direction, and 120 in the other. Th e number of long distance connections was 41.063 which was suffi cient for the good quality of the long distance traffi c. Th e international traffi c was conducted through 2.700 lines, and also there were direct routes with 22 countries in Europe, by means of which the telephone traffi c gained quality. In 1998, in domain of mobile telephony 30.000 new numbers were installed, the overall capacity was increased for 150 % while the number of activated mobile Sanacija koaksijalnog central kabla subscribers was increased for 18 000, when compared to the previous / Sanation of Central Coax year. 15 new base stations were installed, which signifi cantly increased cable the area coverage of mobile telephony base station network. Th e area coverage was 40% and population coverage was 57%. Th e increase in number of mobile telephony users for 206% was a huge success, based on increase of diff erent service packets. In 1998, the number of the Internet network users was increased for 5.000 which represents 1.100% more than in 1997. Th e network had

109 Poštanski sobraćaj

Usluge u poštanskom sao- braćaju porasle su u 1998. godini u odnosu na 1997. za 89 % u prijenosu pošiljaka, 97 % u paket- skim uslugama i 13 % u uslugama novčanog poslovanja. Nivo usluga je u prijenosu pošiljaka dostigao nivo evropskih standarda. U unu- trašnjem saobraćaju je organiziran svakodnevni prijevoz. U među- narodnom saobraćaju je uveden potpuni avionski prijevoz tako da je postignut kvalitet prijenosa Pošta u Ferhadiji, D+3 za evropske zemlje i D+5 za prekookeanske. Dirketna razmjena Sarajevo / Post ofﬁ ce in Ferhadija street, Sarajevo pošiljaka zračnim putem se obavljala sa poštanskim upravama Austrije, Australije, SAD, Danske, Engleske, Francuske, Italije, Kanade, Holandije, Njemačke, Slovenije, Hrvatske, Švajcarske i Švedske. U 1998. godini uvedena je i razmjena pošiljaka između entiteta u Bosni i Hercegovini, bazirana na Sporazumu o razmjeni pošte, pot- pisanom u aprilu, i to tri puta sedmično. Na taj način je pošti drugog entiteta otpremljeno milion poštanskih pošiljaka. Krajem 1998. godine, u skladu sa izabranim ciljevima proširiva- nja asortimana usluga i porasta kvaliteta, uvedena je usluga brze pošte – EMS. Sa nižom cijenom i garantiranim rokovima isporuke uspjeli su se zadovoljiti strogi standardi visokozahtjevnih korisnika. Broj instaliranih javnih telefonskih govornica je na kraju 1998. godine bio 576, što je predstavljalo povećanje za oko 118 % u odnosu na prethodnu godinu, kada su instalirane 264 govornice. Nastojalo se da zastupljenost instaliranih javnih govornica bude ravnomjerna po regionalnim direkcijama, u zavisnosti od broja stanovnika. Kvalitet ove usluge se povećao i kroz veću dostupnost i lahkoću nabavljanja kartice. Tokom 1998. godine u vlastitim pogonima PTT Inžinjeringa po- čele su se proizvoditi haube za telefonske govornice. Pušteni su u probni rad pilot-projekti za šaltersko poslovanje u Zenici i Sarajevu.

110 the possibility of 100.000 addresses and 32 direct connections, and at that time 3.200 users were connected. Progress was evident in switching, transmission, and access networks. A demanding task was conducted on the reconstruction of internal capacities and the construction of the new ones. A whole range of new services was implemented. A number of satellite systems, MC, more TC and LC with the ISDN functionality, a great number of RR systems with the SDH technology, a number of optic–ﬁ ber systems with corresponding line and multiplex systems were assembled and the regional ring network STM–16 was realized in Sarajevo.

Postal Traﬃ c

In 1998, the postal traffi c services increased for 89% for transfer of parcels, 97% for package services and 13% for money transactions. Th e services for postal item transfer reached the level of European standards. Th e regular every day transfer was organized within the national traffi c. Within the international traffi c, regular air mail transfer was organized and the quality of transmission D+3 for European countries and D+5 for transatlantic countries was achieved. Th e direct exchange of postal items by air was conducted with postal administrations of Austria,

Australia, the USA, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Italy, Canada, the Pošta Ilidža Netherlands, Germany, Slovenia, Croatia, Switzerland and Sweden. / Post ofﬁ ce at Ilidža In 1998, the exchange of postal items, three times a week, between entities was introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina, based on the Agreement on the Exchange of Postal Items, signed in April. Th us, million of postal items was transferred to the post in the other entity. By the end of 1998, in accordance with selected objectives of service assortment extension and quality strengthening, the Express Mail Service EMS was introduced. With

111 Digitalizacija prenosa i komutacija

Stepen digitalizacije i komutacije je bio 68%, u transmisiji 76%. Na magistralnoj ravni svi sistemi su bili u SDH tehnologiji. Odnos SDH/PDH je 70/30, a odnos radiorelejnih sistema i optike – 90/10. Usluge telefonije (POTS) su se povećavale, a u blagom porastu su bile ISDN usluge, dok su se visokovrijedne usluge realizirale na Komutacija u Banovićima iznajmljenim linijama i na Internetu. / Switching system in Banovići U komutaciji su dominirale elektromehaničke i SPC centrale, a uvodile su se i digitalne. Dakle, tadašnju mrežu telekomunikacija karakterizirala je PSTN i kombinirana PSTN/ISDN tehnologija sa POTS i N-ISDN uslugama, izgrađena u dubokoj hijerarhiji. Od strane JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i ﬁ rme Ericsson, 1998. godine je pokrenuta inicijativa za formiranje Fondacije za hendikepirane osobe. Umjesto u zajedničku promotivnu aktivnost, sredstva su usmjerena u ovu fondaciju, koja je realizirana januara 2001. godine. Dakle, nakon dvije godine intenzivnog rada moglo se reći da se dosta toga realiziralo: instaliranje satelitskih sistema koji su povezivali Bosnu i Hercegovinu sa šest zemalja i radiorelejne veze sa dvije zemlje; uvela se mobilna telefonija u svim glavnim centrima u Bosni i Hercegovini i instalirao se Internet; reali- zirao se prijenosni sistem po optičkom kablu i RR u SDH tehnologiji, odnosno sinhronoj digitalnoj hijerarhiji; mreža za prijenos podataka, kao i ostali projekti iz poštanskog i telekomunikacionog sa- obraćaja bili su u velikoj mjeri ne samo obnovljeni nego u visokom stepenu i modernizirani. Osnovna odrednica ponašanja u JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je orijentacija ka korisniku i zado- voljenje po osnovu asortimana, kvaliteta i cijena

112 reduced price and guaranteed delivery terms, the users’ high demands were successfully met. By the end of 1998, the number of installed public telephone booths (payphones) was 576, which represented the increase for 118% compared to 1997, when 264 payphones were installed. Eﬀ orts were made to equally distribute public payphones within regional directorates, dependant on the number of citizens. Th e quality of this service increased during the time, and telephone cards became more available. During 1998, the PTT BIH started with the production of its own telephone bonnets. Pilot projects for counter operation were introduced in Zenica and Sarajevo.

Transmission and Switching Digitalization

Lokalitet Bistričak, Th e extent of switching digitalization was 68 percent, whereas in the Nemila, Direkcija Zenica, 1999. / Locality Bistričak, transmission it was 76%. Within the transit plane all the systems were Nemila, Directorate Zenica, in SDH technology. Th e relation between the SDH and PDH was 70 / 1999. 30, whereas the relation between radio–relay systems and optics was 90 / 10. Telephony services (POTS) were increasing, and the ISDN services were in temperate growth, while the sophisticated services were realized on leased lines and Internet. Within switching systems the electro–mechanical and SPC exchanges dominated, and digital ones were introduced. Th erefore, the telecommunication network was characterized by the PSTN and combined PSTN/ISDN technology with POTS and N–ISDN services, which was hierarchically constructed. In 1998, the initiative was put forward by the PTT BIH and Ericsson, for establishing the Foundation for Disabled People. Instead of using resources for the joint promotion activities, they were invested in this Foundation, which was realized in January of 2001.

113 usluga. To je bio proces koji je postajao politika ﬁ rme koja je željela da uspije i svesrdno se za to zalagala. U cilju realizacije svih svojih razvojnih projekata trudila se da poveća broj stručnih kadrova, pa se prišlo i stipendiranju studenata. Očigledno je bilo da snaga Preduzeća u budućnosti treba da leži na mladom i obrazovanom kadru. Godine 1998. JP PTT saobraćaja BiH se u tom smislu oslonila na svoja sredstva i realizirala dva projekta u vlastitoj režiji. Pušten je u rad sarajevski optički prsten i radiorelejni sistem Sarajevo-Zenica-Tuzla.

Fiber optika i SDH tehnologija

Fiber optički prsten, pušten u rad 5. septembra 1998, značio je za Bosnu i Hercegovinu i zvanično uključenje u jedinstveni svjetski sistem telekomunikacija po najvišim svjetskim standardima. To je bio prsten namijenjen pouzdanom povezivanju telefonskih centrala u PTT objektima (brzine prijenosa 2,5 Gb/sec) na nivou grada, i služio je za kvalitetan prijenos informacija (radilo se o sistemu izvedenom u digitalnoj SDH tehnologiji, koja je omogućavala najviši kvalitet u prijenosu slike, zvuka i podataka), a njegova pouzdanost se ogledala u dvostrano povezanim telekomunikacijskim centrima, tako da eventualni kvar ili prekid tača- Kompresorsko upuhivanje ka u prstenu nije ugrožavao komunikacije između telefonskih centrala. optičkih vlakana / Compressed blowing of Njegovi raspoloživi kapaciteti bili su sposobni da prihvate sva buduća ﬁ ber optics opterećenja za dugi niz godina, jer će ovaj sistem omogućiti uključenje u budući “telecom prsten” uspostavom kablovskog ﬁ ber-optičkog sistema do Mostara, Zenice i Tuzle. Povezivanje modernih telefonskih centrala optič- kim kablom je povećalo brzinu prijenosa na 622 Mb/sec. Oprema je bila kupljena od najpoznatijih svjetskih proizvođača (Marconi – Italija, Nera – Norveška, 3M i ADC – SAD, Gebauer – Austrija, Askon – Švajcarska, i Energoinvest – BiH). Početkom 1998. godine je u Mostaru, čija je telekomunikaciona

114 Th erefore, after two years or hard work, it could be said that many projects and tasks were realized: establishment of satellite systems which connected Bosnia and Herzegovina with six countries, and radio–relay links with two countries; mobile telephony and Internet were introduced in all major centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina; the optical transmission system was realized, the RR in the SDH technology, (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy); data transmission network, as well as other projects related to the postal and telecommunication traffi c which Centralna radio stanica na Hadžića brdu kod were not only realized but also in the greater part modernized. Goražda / Central radio Th e main code of conduct within the PTT BIH was the satis- station at Hadžića hill near faction of users’ demands, a wide range of services with high quality Goražde services and favourable prices. Th is process became the main policy of the enterprise which put eff orts into successful bussiness orientation. In order to realize its development goals, the eff orts were made to increase a number of experts by providing grants to students. It was obvious that the future strength ofthe enterprise should be on youthful and educated personnel. In 1998, the PTT BIH used its own resources and realized 2 projects. Sarajevo optical ring and radio–relay system Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla were put into operation.

Fiber Optic and SDH Technology

On the 5th of September of 1998, Fiber–optic ring was put into operation and it meant an oﬃ cial integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the world telecommunication system according to high universal standards. Th is ring was intended for the reliable connection of telephone exchanges in the PTT facilities (transmission speed 2,5 Gb/sec) at the city level, and it served for the qualitative information transmission (the system was realized in digital SDH technology, which enabled the highest quality of picture, sound and data transmission), while its

115 mreža bila potpuno uništena u ratu, puštena u rad tranzitna telefonska centrala kapaciteta 7.000 brojeva. Nešto kasnije je završen i prvi ciklus revitalizacije PTT kapaciteta u Bosansko-podrinjskom kantonu. Tranzitna centrala je puštena u rad i u Bihaću (cca. 14.000 priključaka), te centrale u Teočaku (preko 2.000 priključka), Hadžićima (1.152 pri- ključka) i Travniku (9.000 priključa- ka). Telefonske centrale instalirane su u Gornjem Vakufu i Pruscu. Zenica je također dobila svoju digitalnu centralu. Sve je ukazivalo na povećane Centar upravljanja BIHNET zahtjeve društvene zajednice i privrede, naročito za uslugama koje su mreže / The managing center of the BIHNET network doprinosile uspješnijem radu i kvalitetnijim uslovima življenja. Interes društvene zajednice se ogledao i u stupanju na snagu državnog Zakona o telekomunikacijama septembra ove godine. Prva faza razvoja BH telekomunikacija (područja JP PTT sao- braćaja BiH) je, davnim stavljanjem u eksploataciju i posljednje, sedme digitalne tranzite centrale, završena. Tada je slijedila druga faza tokom koje su sagledani osnovni pravci razvoja kako fi ksne mreže, u strukturi plitke hijerarhije, tako i mobilne mreže, koja je obuhvatala terestrijalne i satelitske mobilne komunikacije. Defi nirani su osnovni elementi planskog karaktera za daljnji period izgradnje mreže te unapređenje posto- jećih i uvođenje novih usluga. Uz opredjeljenje za najnovije tehnologije, na svim nivoima mreža, gdje za to postoji i ekonomska opravdanost, redoslijed prioriteta u razvoju je bio od fi ksne mreže preko mobilne do specijalnih mreža (mreže za prijenos podataka, IN mreža itd.), uz maksimalno mogući stepen integralnosti i kriterije za odlučivanje o prioritetima, počevši od stepena razvijenosti (obnovljenosti) postojeće mreže, preko zahtjeva za postojećim i novim uslugama, do mogućno- sti Preduzeća i korisnika.

116 reliability manifested in double connection between telecommunication centers, so the eventual malfunction or abruption of the ring points did not threaten communications between telephone exchanges. Its available capacities were capable of enduring all future loads, for this system would make possible inclusion in the future “Telecom ring” by the establishment of cable fi ber–optic system all the way to Mostar, Zenica and Tuzla. A connection of modern telephone exchanges by means of optic cable increased transmission speed to 622 Mb/sec. Th e equipment was purchased from the most prominent world manufacturers (Marconi – Italy, Nera – Norway, 3M and ADC – the USA, Gebauer – Austria, Askon – Switzerland and Energoinvest – BIH). In the beginning of 1998, in Mostar, where telecommunication network was completely destroyed, a transit telephone exchange was put into operation with the capacity of 7000 numbers. Later on, the fi rst phase of the PTT capacities revitalization was conducted in Bosnian–Podrinje Canton. Also in Bihac, a transit exchange started operation (cca. 14.000 connections), as well as exchanges in Teocak (over 2000 connections), Hadzici (1152 connections) and Travnik (9000 connections). Telephone exchanges were installed in Gornji Vakuf and Prusac. In Zenica, a digital exchange started operation. Everything implied to increased demands of the community and economy. Th e most required services were those that contributed to the better quality of life and successful work conduct. Community’s interest manifested also by the entering into the force of the state Law on Telecommunications. Th e fi rst phase of development of BIH telecommunications was completed by putting into operation the last, seventh, digital transit exchange. Th e second phase followed during which the main directions of fi xed network development were considered, in a structure of low hierarchy, as well as a mobile telephony which included terestrial and satellite mobile communications. Th e main elements of a plan were defi ned for long term network construction, as well as upgrade of existing and implementation of new services. Along with the commitment to use the latest technologies, at all networks’ levels, where economic justifi cation exists, the priority order in the development of fi xed network, from mobile to special networks (data transmission networks, IN network, etc.), with the highest possible rate of integrity and criteria for priority decision making, starting from development (restoration) level of the

117 VSAT u upotrebi

JP PTT saobraćaja BiH je u 1998. godini imalo 6 satelitskih sistema koji su povezivali Bosnu i Hercegovinu sa šest zemalja svijeta (Švajcarska, Italija, Njemačka, USA, Švedska i Velika Britanija) i VSAT sistem za unutrašnji saobraćaj. Ukupan broj raspoloživih kanala za međunarodni saobraćaj je iznosio 876, a za unutrašnji saobraćaj 16 kanala, dakle ukupno 892 kanala. U svrhu povezivanja Internet čvora sa USA koristila se također satelitska veza kapaciteta 2X2 Mbps.

Implementacija ATM mreže

Javno preduzeće PTT saobraćaja BiH nastojalo je da bude ukorak sa

Oprema za ATM procesima globalizacije telekomunikacija i tehnološih razvojnih promje- / ATM equipment na koje su svakodnevno zbližavale svijet. U 1999. godini učinjeni su veliki napreci, prije svega u tehnološkom smislu. Narasle korisničke potrebe, i to ne samo u većim centrima, kao imperativ su nala- gale geografsko širenje kapaciteta mreže, odnosno uspostavu većeg broja geografski distribuiranih POP-ova, čime se svim dialup korisnicima omogućio pristup Internet mreži po tariﬁ lokalnog saobraćaja. Dakle, jedan od osnovnih principa razvoja bio je izgradnja sistema u svim dijelovima zemlje, onim razvijenim, ali i onima gdje je osnovi cilj popularizacija Interneta, čak i ako u inicijalnom periodu ekspoloatacije nije postojala ekonomska opravdanost za dis- tribuciju mreže. Ostvarenje ovog speciﬁ č- nog zadatka podrazumijevalo je izgradnju backbone dijela mreže, te je u ovoj godini izgrađena ATM mreža koja je povezivala Sarajevo, Tuzlu, Mostar, Zenicu, Travnik i Bihać, pri čemu su kapaciteti linkova izno-

118 existing network, through demands for existing and new services, to various possibilities of the Enterprise and users.

Utilization of VSAT

In 1998, the PTT BIH had 6 satellite systems which linked Bosnia and Herzegovina with six countries (Switzerland, Italy, Germany, the USA, Sweden, and Great Britain) and VSAT system for local traffi c. Th e total number of available channels EWSD i BSC na Dolac Malti / EWSD and BSC at for the international traffi c was 876, and for local traffi c – 16 channels, Dolac Malta in total 892 channels. For the establishing of Internet node with the USA, satellite link with the capacity of 2X2 Mbps was used.

Implementation of ATM Network

Th e PTT BIH strived to be up to date with the processes of globaliza- tion of telecommunications and technical development changes which with each day brought the world closer. In 1999, the huge progress was achieved, fi rst of all in technological plan. Users’ demands have increased, not only in larger centers, and they dictated the geographical broadening of the network capacity, in other words, setting up of geographically distributed POPs, by means of which access to Internet would be granted to all dial–up users, at a price of a local call. Th erefore, one of the main development principles was the construction of the system in all parts of the country, in developed areas as well as in those where the main goal was the popularization of Internet, even if during the initial period of exploitation, there was no economic justifi cation for the network distribution. Th e accomplishment of this specifi c task implied the establishment of the backbone network. During 1999, the ATM network which connected Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Zenica, Travnik and Bihac was constructed with the capacity of 34Mbps. Adopted topology of a star type was following

119 sili 34 Mbps. Usvojena topologija tipa zvijez- de pratila je topologiju SDH mreže na čije se resurse oslanjala. Ovim je ostvaren prvi preduslov za daljnji rast BIHNET-a, koji je do najnovijeg vremena široko rasprostranjen Internet servis u Bosni i Hercegovini. Tako je u toku te 1999. i naredne godine, uz zna- čajno proširenje kapaciteta prvog sarajevskog POP-a, uspostavljeno još dvadesetak novih, u svim značajnim centrima koje svojom infrastrukturom pokriva JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Ovaj prvi veliki korak u širenju tehno- loške infrastrukture omogućio je značajno povećanje broja korisnika Interneta, ali istovremeno i širenje baze korisnika paketskih usluga Frame Relay i X.25 servisa koji postaju izuzetno privlačni državnim institucijama i privrednim subjektima kao jeftino, sigurno i kvalitetno rješenje za uspostavu privatnih WAN-mreža. Sami kraj 1999. i cijela 2000. godina su, osim u poslovima na po- stepenom širenju kapaciteta mreže, te poslovima održavanja i eksploatacije sistema koji zbog stalnog porasta broja korisnika postaju izuzetno vremenski zahtjevni, karakteristični i po izgradnji prve velike Internet mreže u Bosni i Hercegovini. Naime, za potrebe uvezivanja informa- tičkih ostrva u preduzeću, izgrađena je privatna mreža realizirana kori- štenjem Frame-Relay-to-ATM Service Internetworkig protokola, čime su bili uvezani svi regionalni centri JP PTT-a, a daljnja distribucija mreže rađena je korištenjem resursa SDH sistema. Mreža je imala punu sigur- nost, neovisan sistem rutiranja, izuzetnu skalabilnost i, što je možda i najvažnije, pružena je do svih uposlenih kojima su radni zadaci nalagali korištenje elektronskih informacionih resursa Preduzeća. Za unapređenje poslovanja 1999. godine napravljen je veliki iskorak kako bi se korisnicima izašlo u susret i organizacijom šalterskog poslovanja (puštenog iz Donjeg Vakufa za čitavu Federaciju), biling sistema GSM-a, uvođenjem dijela informacionog sistema u oblasti pru- žanja usluga ﬁ ksne telefonije, itd. Te godine je bio uspostavljen međunarodni telegrafski saobraćaj i međunarodni novčani promet, a u poštama je ponuđena usluga mije- njanja novca.

120 a topology of the SDH network, and relied on its resources. Th us, the fi rst precondition for the further growth of the BIHNET was met, which have become broadly distributed Internet service in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During 1999 and 2000, along with signifi cant growth of a capacity of the fi rst Sarajevo POP, about 20 new ones were installed in all important centers covered by the infrastructure of the JP PTT BIH. Th is fi rst great step toward broadening of technological infrastructure enabled signifi cant increase in number of Internet users, but at the same time, broadening of users base for packet services Frame Relay and X.25 Service, which have become extremely attractive to the state institutions and economic entities as a cheap, secure and quality solution for the establishment of the private WAN networks. Stručnjaci paketske mreže na održavanju Th e years 1999 and 2000 were very demanding. Not only because / The skill workers of packet of step by step broadening of network’s capacities and system main- network tenance and exploitation activities, which due to constant increase in number of users became extremely demanding, but also by the construction of the fi rst vast Internet network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the needs of uniting informatics units within the enterprise, the private network was constructed and realized by utilization of Frame–Relay to ATM Service of Interworking Protocol, by means of which all regional centers of the PTT were interconnected, and further network distribution was realised by the SDH system resources. Th e network was characterized by the full security, independent routing system, exceptional scalability and the most important, it was available to all employees whose working tasks required usage of the enterprise’s electronic information resources. A big step towards the improvement of business activities was made in 1999, in order to meet the demands of users. Counter activities were organized (for the entire Federation it was put into operation from Donji Vakuf), GSM billing system, introducing a part of information system in the fi eld of fi xed telephony service provision, etc.

121 Poštanski saobraćaj se obavljao posredstvom 220 pošta, sa 548 šalterskih radnih mjesta. Korisnici su bili obradovani i iz- davanjem telefonskog imenika JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Mreža javnih govornica je također proširena i sadržavala je 350 jedinica, uglavnom instaliranih u ruralna pod- ručja, te su funkcionirale prko VSAT sistema koji je imao kapacitet 4x4 kanala. Društvena korist je bila osnovni cilj ovoga projekta JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Godina 1999. završena je sa 502.300 instaliranih brojeva u ﬁ ksnoj telefoniji i 367.921 uključenih pretplatnika. Izgrađeno je novih 45 mjesnih mreža. Istovremeno, bilo je 80.000 instaliranih i 60.000 pretplatnika uključenih u GSM mrežu, te 11.000 korisnika BIHNET-a. Broj primopredajnika je sa 184 u 1998. godini bio povećan na 324 u 1999. godini. Mobilnim signalom su bili pokriveni svi veći gradovi i naselja, te glavne saobraćajnice. U ovoj godini je pokrivenost teritorije iznosila 70 %, a populacije 85 %, što je bio značajan pomak. Zbog navedenih razloga boj pretplanika je bio povećan za 106 %, te je iznosio 52.507. Tokom 1999.godine realiziran je projekat proširenja BIHPAK-a, čime je omogućeno podizanje kvaliteta usluga. Omogućen je prijenos svih vrsta digitalnih informacija kapaciteta 34 Mbps, što je bilo kvanti- tativno povećanje od 540 puta. Kapaciteti BIHNET- a su bili ta- kođer značajno unaprijeđeni. Broj pristupnih portova za male korisnike povećan je sa 120 na 1.100, tako da je 1999. godine broj korisnika po pristupnom portu iznosio 9, umjesto dotadašnjih 44, mada je broj korisnika porastao za 83%. Za velike korisnike je broj pristupnih portova bio povećan na 242, od čega je njih 60 imalo brzinu od 2 Mbps. Pušteno je u funkciju i 8 novih servera.

122 Th e international telegraph service was establish during 1999 as well as the international money transfer, and within the posts, money exchange service was introduced. Postal service was carried out through 220 post offi ces, with 548 counter working places. Users were pleased with the issuance of the PTT BIH directory. Th e network of public telephone booths was also increased and it included 350 units, mainly installed in rural areas. Th ey functioned by the VSAT system with the capacity of 4x4 channels. Community’s benefi t was the main aim of this project. Th e year 1999 was completed with 502.300 activated numbers of fi xed telephony and 367.921 activated subscribers. 45 new local networks were constructed. At the same time, there were 80.000 installed numbers and 60.000 subscribers of the GSM network, as well as 11.000 BIHNET users. Th e number of transceivers in 1998 was 184, and during 1999 it increased to 324. All larger towns, communities and main roads were covered by the signal of mobile telephony. In 1999, the territorial coverage was 70%, whereas population coverage was 85%, which was a signifi cant progress. Th us, the number of subscribers was increased for 106%, so the total number was 52.507 subscribers. During the same year, the project of the BIHPAK’s expansion was realized, providing the strengthening of service quality. A transmission of all types of digital information with the capacity of 34 Mbps, was enabled, which represented the quantita- tive increase for 540 times. BIHNET’s capacities were also signifi cantly improved. Th e number of access ports for dial–up users was increased from 120 to 1.100, thus in 1999, the number of users per access port was 9, instead of 44, although the number of users was increased for 83%. For leased

123 Optički prijenosni sistemi su postali bogatiji za novih 615 km optičkog kabla, čime je ostvaren cilj – 100 % digitalizacija prijenosa i povezivanje svih većih urbanih centara teritorije na kojoj je JP PTT saobraćaja BiH djelovala. Istovremeno, digitalizacija komutacija dostiže preko 50 %. Posebno zadovoljstvo je pružilo puštanje u funkciju optič- kog kabla na relaciji Sarajevo – Mostar, 4. augusta 1999. godine, što je predstavljalo jedan od najvećih poslova urađenih u poslijeratnoj obnovi PTT sistema BiH. Dužina kabla sa 24 niti iznosila je 130 km, a radovi su trajali oko 3,5 godine, čime je omogućen tada najkvalitetniji digitalni prijenos između Međunarodne automatske telefonske centrale u Sarajevu. Ove centrale su omogućile realizaciju ISDN-a i međunarodnih poziva sa dodatnim zahtjevima, te su bili prošireni ISDN kapaciteti za bazni dostup za 27 %, a za primarni dostup za 250 %. Sve veća je bila zainteresiranost poslovnih i rezidencijalnih korisnika za ovu uslugu. U međunarodnom saobraćaju JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, pored mnogih drugih aktivnosti, uspostavilo je terestrijalnu vezu, umjesto satelita sa telekomom Italije. PTT inženjering, poslovna jednica koja djeluje kao organizacioni dio Generalne direkcije i ima poseban status, u 1999. godini je imala uspješan rad. Polaganje, spajanje i umjeravanje optičkih kablova u dužini od 300 km, izgradnja optičkih spojnih puteva po samonosivim optičkim kablovima na dalekovodima u dužini od 30 km, montaža malih sistema prijenosa, izgradnja TT mreže, pa do projektiranja 200 km

Servis TT uređaja / The service of TC devices

124 Montaža 60 m GSM stuba / Installation of 60 m GSM tower

line users, the number of access ports was increased to 242, of which 60 had the speed of 2 Mbps. Eight new servers were put into operation. Optical transmission systems were enriched for 615 km of optic cable, by means of which the aim – 100% digitalization of transmission as well as a connection of all larger urban centers of territory on which the PTT BIH operated – was realized. At the same time, a switching digitalization exceeded 50%. A special pleasure was putting into operation of optical cable on the direction Sarajevo – Mostar, on the 4th of August 1999, and it was one of the most demanding tasks realized in the after war reconstruction period of the PTT BIH. Th e length of cable with 24 ﬁ bers was 130 km, and the activities lasted for 3,5 years. By utilization of this cable the highest quality digital transmission was made possible from the International Automatic Telephone Exchange in Sarajevo. Th e exchanges provided the realization of the ISDN and of the international calls with additional demands. Th e ISDN capacities were

125 optičkih spojnih puteva ili isprojektiranih TT mreža kapaciteta 20.000 pretplatnika. To su samo najvažnije aktivosti ovog sektora koji se te godine bavio i uvođenjem sistema kvaliteta u PTT Inženjeringu, ali i aktivnostima kao što su montaže protuprovalne, protupožarne i sigur- nosne tehnike, montiranje računarskih mreža, atestiranje elektro, gro- mobranih i protupožarnih instalacija, te mnoge druge usluge u oblasti metaloprerađivačke djelatnosti.

Razvoj informatičkog sistema

U domenu informatičke podrške razvoju poslovnog sistema JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, 1999. godina je imala značaj zbog zaokruženja ciklu- sa strateškog razvoja informacionog sistema Preduzeća. Deﬁ nirane su sve bitne komponnente WAN konﬁ guracije svih segmenata sistema sa relacionom bazom Oracle kao informacionom osnovom. Oslanjajući se na ovu informatičku platformu, sopstveni kadar, te na funkcionalnu i komplemenatarnu saradnju sa drugim dijelovima sistema, u toku 1999. izgrađena je jaka IT podrška neophodna za ostvarivanje strateških opredjeljenja preduzeća. Od mnogih važnih novih aplikativnih rješenja izdvaja se billing sistem mobilne telefonije koji je u potpunosti bio prila-

Call centar / Call Center

126 extended for basic access for 27% and for primary access for 250%. Interest of business and residential users for this service was increasing. Within the international traffi c of the PTT BIH, along with many other activities, a terrestrial link was established instead of satellite link with Telecom Italia. Th e PTT Engineering, a working unit that have been functioning as a organizational part of the General Directorate with a special status, had a very successful operation in 1999: setting, connecting and calibration of optical cables of 300 km length, construction of optical connection lines at transmission lines of 30 km length, assemblage of small transmission systems, construction of TT network, designing of 200 km long optical connection lines or designed TT networks with the capacity of 20.00 subscribers. Th ese were only the most important activities of this sector, which also worked on introducing of quality systems in the PTT Engineering such as – installation of burglary–prevention, fi re–prevention and safety techniques, installation of computer networks, certifi cation of electro installations, lightening conductors and fi re prevention installations, as well as many others services in the fi eld of metal–processing activities.

Development of Information System

Due to closing of strategic development cycle of the enterprise’s information system, the year 1999 was signifi cant in the fi eld of informatics support to economic system development of the PTT BIH. All important components of WAN confi guration of all system segments were defi ned with the relational database Oracle as the information basis. Leaning on this informatics platform, personnel and successful cooperation with other parts of the system, the strong IT support necessary for the realization of strategic decisions of the enterprise was constructed in 1999. From various new application solutions, the billing system was a sole system of mobile telephony, which was completely adapted to specifi c demands of domestic mobile telephony system. However, in 1999, the PTT BIH was particularly pleased, and it received numerous compliments, on the occasion of providing organizational support for the Stability Pact Summit for the southeastern Europe, held on the 29th and 30th of July, by means of which the readiness for execution of complicated and demanding tasks was expressed,

127 gođen specifi čnim zahtjevima domaćeg sistema mobilne telefonije. Međutim, pravu satisfakciju do- živjelo je JP PTT saobraćaja BiH 1999. godine, te s pravom doživjelo sve po- hvale, povodom podrške organiziranju Samita Pakta stabilnosti za Jugoistočnu Evropu, održanog od 29. do 30. jula, čime se iskazalo spremnim i za najkom- pliciranije i najzahtjevnije zadatke, i pri čemu je na njih odgovorilo sa vlastitim snagama, zalaganjem, profesionalnošću i, prvenstveno, znanjem. U vrlo krat- kom roku od 30 dana organiziralo se na području: fi ksne, paketske, mobilne telefonije, unutrašnjeg razvoda telefonskih instalacija i elektro instalacija, terminalnih uređaja, potrebe TV, javne Konferencija za štampu govornice, PTT centra i drugih pratećih poslova za potrebe održavanja u povodu uspješnog rada Samita Samita Pakta stabilnosti. Maksimalno zalaganje svih zaposlenih re- / Press conference on the zultiralo je pozitivnom slikom Bosne i Hercegovine, koja se pokazala occasion of successfully held Summit dostojnim organizatorom ovako velike manifestacije. Brzina razvoja, povećanje broja i asortimana usluga, povećanje prihoda, visina ostvarene dobiti, te stepen socijalne sigurnosti zaposlenih i fi nansijska stabilnost preduzeća govorili su o uspješnom poslovanju JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Međutim, pojava konkurencije i liberalizacija tržišta nisu dali prostora za odmor, već se zahtijevalo još veće angažira- nje svih zaposlenih. Od direktora, preko savjetnika za pojedine oblasti (telekomunikacija, pošta, pravo, ekonomija i informatika, te regionalnih direkcija i PTT Inženjeringa), pa do onih najmanje odgovornih, izražavali su odanost fi rmi i osjećali obavezu prema vlastitoj poziciji i statusu ovog bosanskohercegovačkog telekomunikacionog sistema. Svi zajedno su vodili računa o osnovnim smjernicama programa rada Preduzeća – o poslovnim aktivnostima na međunarodnom planu, o aktivnostima u odnosu prema državnim organima i organima Federacije, te o poslovnim aktivnostima u oblasti osnovne djelatnosti JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Namjera ovih programskih ciljeva je bila da se smanje troškovi i poveća kvalitet usluga i pri tome su se u većoj mjeri poduzele aktivnosti da se

128 Samit Pakt stabilnosti / Stability Pact Summit

and the same were realized by its own personnel, eff orts, professionalism and fi rst of all – knowledge. In short term of 30 days, the following was organized: fi xed data and mobile telephony, internal telephone installations and electro installations, terminal devices, TV requirements, public payphones, the PTT centers and other additional activities for the Summit requirements. Maximal eff orts made by all employees resulted in positive representation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which proved to be a worthy organizer of such a huge manifestation. Th e development speed, increase in number and assortment of services, increase of profi t, income rate and the extent of social security of employees and fi nancial stability of the enterprise, clearly represented a successful operation of the PTT BIH. However, competition and liberalization of market, contributed to even stronger engagement of all employees. From directors to counselors for certain areas (telecommunications, posts, law, economy, informatics) and regional directorates and the PTT Engineering and those with least responsibility, they all felt loyalty to the enterprise and had an obligation towards their own position as well as to the status of this Bosnian–Herzegovinian telecommunication system. All together they took care about basic guidelines of the enterprise’s working program – about working activities at the international level, activities in relation to state bodies and authorities of the Federation, business activi-

129 Sa svečanosti puštanja u rad sarajevskog optičkog “prstena” / Ceremony on the occasion of putting into operation Sarajevo optical ring

više koristi timski rad, maksimalno primijene informacione tehnologije u radu, da horizontalna i vertikalna komunikacija bude potpuna i da se pravovremeno može prići potrebnim informacijama. Stalno se radilo na boljoj organizaciji rada, jer su zahtjevi za uslugama postali sve sofi sticiraniji, u svjetskim okvirima tehnologija je na- metala nove standarde, a i nova zakonska rješenja i regulative usluga su se mijenjali. U tom cilju je promijenjen nivo odgovornosti u pojedinim oblastima telekomunikacija i poštanskog saobraćaja, izvršena je nova kategorizacija pošta, centara pošta, centara telekomunikacija, direkcija, utvrđen je stepen stručnosti osoblja, a kao jedna od osnovnih strateš- kih odrednica – formiran je Centar za edukaciju sa ciljem da organi- zira obuku za menadžment JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i da bude u stanju prepoznati nove tržišne tokove, da odgovori nastupajućoj konkurenciji, da poveća znanje stručnjaka, te da se na obukama prepoznaju pojedinačne sposobnosti stručnjaka u cilju selekcije budućih nosioca razvoja i upravljanja fi rmom, kao i organizacija potrebne prekvalifi kacije za radnike zbog uvo- đenja novih tehnologija. Spremnost na reogranizaciju pokazivala je visok nivo svijesti o pro- mjenama i odlučnost da se Preduzeće organizirano suoči sa njima.

130 ties in the main ﬁ eld activities of the PTT BIH. Th e purpose of these program objectives was to reduce expenses and increase the quality of services. Within this process, eﬀ orts were made to utilize teamwork to a greater extent, to apply information technology in the work, to secure that horizontal and vertical communication is perfect, and that on time access to required information is provided. It was constantly worked on the better organization. Service demands became more and more sophisticated, a world technology dictated new standards, and new law and regulations of service were changing. In regard to this, a level of responsibility was changed in certain areas of telecommunications and postal service, the new categorization of posts, post centers, telecommunication centers and directorates was conducted, the grade of personnel expertise was determined, and one of the basic strategic guidelines – the Center for Education was founded. Its aim was to organize the training for the management of the PTT BIH and to be responsible to identify new market courses, to answer the competition, to increase the expertise, and to recognize within the training a respective skills of experts, in order to select the future personnel responsible for development and managing, as well as to organize required retraining for employees due to introducing new technologies. Th e readiness to reorganize represented a high–level of awareness about the changes, as well as the determination to face them in organized and professional manner.

Gen. Vesly Clarck čestita osoblju J.P. PTT saobraćaja – Sarajevo na uspješno urađenom poslu / Gen. Vesly Clarck congratulates to the staff of P.E. PTT trafﬁ c – Sarajevo, on the well done job

131

Razvoj PTT-a nakon 2000. godine

Development of the PTT BIH after 2000 ormalizacija društvenog života u Bosni i Hercegovini imala je svoje pozitivne posljedice i po JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. Međutim, prilagođavanje svjetskim tehnološkim tokovima, sve složenijim zahtjevima korisnika za kvalitetnijim Nuslugama, nalagalo je daljnju i bolju organizaciju rada. Privredni razvoj zemlje također, je zahtijevao podršku informacionih sistema, prvenstveno pri razvoju ekonomije i industrije i Preduzeće se osjećalo dužnim da odgovori na brojne zahtjeve proistekle iz ubrzanijeg tempa društvenog života u cjelini. Slogan: “Bolji kvalitet komunikacija za bolji kvalitet života” bio je vodilja za JP PTT saobraćaja BiH, te znak prihvatanja odgovorne uloge u ovim teškim vremenima. Zahtijevana primjena savremenih tehnoloških rješenja i bolje poslovanje nisu se mogli ostvariti u dotadašnjim okvirima i u dotadašnjem sistemu rada. Zbog toga je još 8. decembra 1999. godine Upravni odbor Preduzeća na svojoj 57. sjednici usvojio Elaborat o razdvajanju pošte i telekomunikacija JP PTT-a. Elaborat je bio rezultat gotovo jednogodišnjeg struč- nog rada petočlane komisije, formirane na osnovu rješenja generalnog direktora, a proistekle iz navedenih razloga. U Elaboratu je navedeno oko desetak razloga koji su govorili o Deﬁ nisanje principa podjele PTT Sistema na svrsi razdvajanja ova dva sektora, a među najznačajnijim su bili sljedeći: BH Telecom i BH Poštu to je bila povoljna prilika da se oba nova privredno-pravna subjekta iska- / Deﬁ ning principles of division of the PTT sistem to žu na tržištu u onom što su njihove djelatnosti i da izađu pred korisnike BH Telecom and BH Post sa dodatnim uslugama. Naravno, ništa manje značajan razlog nije bio

134 ormalization of social life in Bosnia and Herzegovina posi- tively infl uenced the PTT BIH. However, adaptation to world technological progress and more complicated users’ demands for qualitative services, dictated further and more Nsophisticated organization of activities. Economic development of the country also required a support of informatics systems, fi rst of all due to the growth of economy and industry, and secondly the enterprise felt responsible to meet the requirements which came out of rapid tempo of social life. A slogan “A better quality of communications for a better quality of life” was leading idea for the Public Enterprise PTT BIH, as well as a signal of acceptance of a responsible role in those hard times. Required implementation of up to date technological solutions and better business activity, could not be realized in the existing frame- works and working systems. As a result, on the 8th of December 1999, the Management Board at its 57th Session adopted Th e Elaboration on Separation of Post and Telecommunications of the PTT BIH. It was the result of almost a year long professional work of a commission comprised of 5 members, which was formed according to the decision of the General Director. In the Elaboration, 10 reasons were specifi ed for the separation of these two sectors, and among the most important ones were the fol-

Obilazak nove ATC u Hadžićima / Visiting new ATC in Hadzici

135 ni evropski uzor, jer je ovakva vrsta reorganizacije telekomunikacionih preduzeća u Evropi bila već odavno izvršena. Osim toga, WTO – Međunarodna trgovinska organizacija je zahtijevala od bosanskoher- cegovačke Vlade da se ovaj problem riješi. Uzeta je u obzir predstoje- ća privatizacija ove izuzetno značajne i vrlo ugledne fi rme. Stoga su u Elaboratu bila određena 24 principa za podjelu imovine između Pošte i Telekoma, a dogovoreno je da alimentacija u vidu pomoći telekomunikacija pošti bude defi nirana na dogovoreni način i uz pružanje među- sobnih usluga između ova dva privredno-pravna subjekta. Tako je nastupio period od šest mjeseci (januar – juni 2000.) probnog praćenja poslovanja dva nova “prividna” privredno-pravna subjekta. Nakon toga perioda, tačnije 1. jula 2000. godine počeo je od- vojeni prikaz poslovanja, kao da su u pitanju dvije fi rme: Pošta i Telekomunikacije, da bi, konačno, početak razdvojenog rada preduzeća BH Telecom nastupio od 1. 1. 2002. godine. U obje fi rme su nastavili sa radom svi dotadašnji radnici Javnog preduzeća PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine Ta, 2000. godina u mnogočemu je bila uspješna za telekomunikacioni sistem u Bosni i Hercegovini. Treba napomenuti da je “infor- macijski problem 2000. godine”, koji nije uzbudio duhove samo na ovim prostorima, nego i u čitavom svijetu, uspješno bio riješen vlastitim znanjem, upornim radom i zalaganjem. Ono što je realizirano u 2000. godini u tehnološkom dijelu bila je promjena numeracije, proširenje digitalizacije komutacija i proširenje kako prijenosne tako i pristupne mreže, kao i proširenje GSM sa novom IN čvorom i Prepaid uslugom i novom Siemensovom MSC-2 komutacijom koja je puštena u paralelan rad sa postojećim Ericssonovim MSC-1 sistemom, što je sve imalo kritične periode za normalno funkcioniranje i operatorsko vođenje sistema. Nešto prije zvaničnog razdvajanja, preduzeće je postiglo vrijedan uspjeh – svečano je puštena u rad čvorna telefonska centrala u Brki, 3. maja, i na taj način ozvaničen uspješan završetak instaliranja sedam lokalnih telefonskih centrala u Bosni i Hercegovini, kapaciteta od oko 83.000 telefonskih priključaka. Gradnju ovih centrala – četiri na po- dručju Federacije (u Nemili, Velikoj Kladuši, Banovićima i Brki) i tri na području Republike Srpske (Mrkonjić-Grad, Derventa i Teslić) – reali- zirali su JP PTT saobraćaja Bosne i Hercegovine i Telekom Republike Srpske. Ovoj realizaciji prethodio je međuoperatorski ugovor za me-

136 Telefonskim razgovorom sa malezijskim premijerom Dr. M. Mohathirom, ministar N. Rečica je simbolično pustio u funkciju roaming PTT BiH sa Maxisom (mobilnim operaterom iz Malezije) / By a telephone call with Prime Minister of Malaysia Dr. M. Mohathir, Minister N. Rečica has put into operation roaming between PTT BiH and Maxis (mobile operator from Malaysia)

lowing: this was the convenient opportunity for both legal–economic entities to demonstrate on the market what their specifi c activities were, and to provide their users with extra services. Indeed, European role model played a signifi cant part in this, because this type of reorganization of telecommunication enterprises was long ago implemented in Europe. Besides, WTO – World Trade Organization demanded from the Bosnian–Herzegovinian Government to solve this problem. A privatization of this prominent enterprise was considered. In the Elaboration, 24 principles were determined for the division of assets between the Post and the Telecom, and the certain help was agreed, by means of which the telecommunications were obliged to provide the fi nancial assistance to the Post, together with service provision between these two entities. Th us, the period of 6 months began (January – June 2000) of tentative monitoring of these two legal economic entities. After this period, on the 1st of July 2000, a separate presentation of business activity began, as if two distinct enterprises were in question: Th e Post and Th e Telecommunications. Th e separate activity of the BH Telecom started on the 1st of January 2002. Both enterprises kept the employees from the Public Enterprise PTT BIH.

137 Menadžment Regionalne Direkcije Sarajevo prilikom puštanja RSS-a u Raštelici – Hadžići 2001. godine / Management of Regional Direction Sarajevo during ceremony operational of RSS 2001

đupovezivanje na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine između JP PTT-a BiH i Telekoma Srpske. Gradnja pristupnih mreža u Bosni i Hercegovini bila je realizirana u sklopu značajnog Projekta hitne obnove telekomunikacija u Bosni i Hercegovini, tzv. TERP projekta, a fi nansijska sredstva, potrebna za realizaciju navedenog projekta obnove, bila su obezbijeđena djelomično iz kredita Evropske banke za obnovu i razvoj (EBRD), a djelomično su to bile tzv. “uslovljene“ donacije, tj. fi nansijska sredstva dobivena po osnovu bilateralnih ugovora Bosne i Hercegovine i nekih evropskih zemalja, pod pokroviteljstvom Evropske banke. Bila je tu i vrlo značajna fi nansijska pomoć zemalja –donatora: Švajcarske, Holandije, Japana i Italije. Centrale je donirala vlada Švajcarske, a sredstva koja su trebala biti vraćena išla su u bosansko-švajcarski fond za humanitarne namjene. Ovaj projekt je jedan od najvećih koji je vlada Švajcarske imala u Bosni i Hercegovini. S obzirom da je dotadašnji stepen razvoja fi ksne mreže pokazivao zaostajanje za stvarnim potrebama društva, to je ovaj projekt bio prilog naporima da se na tome sve angažiranije radi. Na nivou generalne direkcije i sedam regionalnih direkcija uloženi su dodatni napori na poboljšanju usluga – montirane su čvorne centrale (Brka, Konjic), montirani su i pušteni u rad istureni pretplatnički mo-

138 Th e year 2000, was a successful for the telecommunication system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It should be mentioned that “the informational problem of the year 2000”, was successfully solved by its own expertise, eff orts and intensive work. During the year 2000, the following tasks were fulfi lled: a change of numbering, extension of switching digitalization, broadening of transmission and access network as well as an extension of the GSM with the new IN node and prepaid service and new Siemens MSC 2 switching system which was put into operation in parallel with the existing Ericsson MSC 1 system, and all these tasks had critical periods for normal functioning and operation of the system. Before the offi cial separation, the enterprise achieved a great success – a node exchange was put into operation on the 3rd of May in Brka, and thus, the successful assemblage of seven local telephone exchanges with the capacity of 83.000 telephone connections was completed. Th e construction of these exchanges, four on the territory of the Federation (Nemila, Velika Kladusa, Banovici, Brka) and three on the territory of the Republic of Srpska (Mrkonjic Grad, Derventa i Teslic) were realized by the Public Enterprise PTT BIH and Telekom Srpske. Th is realization was preceded by inter–operator agreement for interconnection of the PTT BIH and Telekom Srpske on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th e construction of the access networks in Bosnia and Herzegovina Sistem informacionih was realized within the signifi cant Telecommunication Emergency tehnologija Reconstruction Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina (TERP), where- / IT system as necessary fi nancial resources were partly provided from the loan of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and partly they were “conditioned” grants, that is, fi - nancial resources granted on the basis of bilateral agreements of Bosnia and Herzegovina and some European countries, under the patronage of the European Bank. A signifi cant fi nancial help was provided by country–donors: Switzerland, Netherlands, Japan and Italy. Th e exchanges were donated by the Swiss government, and resources which

139 duli (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Nemila, Travnik), proširen je kapacitet centrale u Tuzli, dužina optičkog kabla se povećavala (Tuzla – Srebrenik – Okresnica – Brka u dužini od 70 km, Zenica – Nemila – Zavidovići, Mostar – Konjic i Goražde – Sarajevo), povećan je broj pristupnih mre- ža, povećavan je broj automatiziranih centrala, montirane su nove bazne stanice mobilne telefonije (Bosanska Krupa, Urkuni za pokrivenost GSM signalom putne komunikacije Goražde – Ustikolina), broj javnih govornica je također uvećan (za 279 govornica), izgrađeni su mnogi novi PTT objekti, a mnogi sanirani, na područjima mnogih direkcija iz- vršena je potpuna automatizacija šalterskog poslovanja, implemeniran je i projekt Telekomunikacioni informacioni sistem na svim nivoima nekih direkcija.

Modernizacija PTT sistema

Kada je fi ksna telefonija u pitanju, 2000 godina je bila u znaku kvalita- tivnih i kvantitativnih unapređenja. Došlo je do porasta instaliranih kapaciteta, kao i porasta stepena iskorištenosti koji je dostigao obim od 75 %. U kvalitativnom smislu, uspjeh je izražajniji jer strukturu tehnologije komutacija čine 60 % digitalnih, 34,4 % analognih i 5,1 % elektrome- haničkih komutacija. Od ukupno 333 komutacije, 158 je bilo HOST, a 175 su izdvojeni stepeni. Uvođenjem novih tehnologija, organizacija fi ksne telefonske mreže dobija strukturu “plitke” mreže koja ima bolje iskorištenje, jeftinije izdržavanje i veći dijapazon usluga atraktivnih IN čvor / The IN node korisnicima, što je bilo u cilju Javnog preduzeća PTT saobraćaja BiH. Te godine zabilježeno je novih 40.406 korisnika fi ksne mreže. Instalirani ISDN kapaciteti u 2000. godini bili su veći za 1.470 pri- ključnih tačaka. Od ukupno instalira- nog ISDN kapaciteta, koji je iznosio 4.588 priključaka, u upotrebi je bilo 1.130, a od toga 1.100 su bili BRA, a 39 PRA. Ostvaren je porast broja ISDN korisnika za više od dva puta u odnosu na prethodnu godinu. Za unapređenje mobilne telefonije postavljeno je novih 26 baznih sta-

140 should be returned went to Bosnian–Swiss Found for humanitarian purposes. Th is is one of the greatest projects that the government of Switzerland conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Considering that the development rate of fi xed network did not match existing social demands, this Project was a kind of contribution to the eff orts in order to intensify the activities. At the level of the General Directorate and seven regional directorates the additional eff orts were made in order to improve services – node exchanges were assembled (Brka, Konjic), remote subscribers modules were put into operation (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Nemila, Travnik), the capacity of exchange in Tuzla was extended, the length of optical cable was increasing (Tuzla – Srebrenik – Okresnica – Brka of 70 km length, Zenica – Nemila – Zavidovici, Mostar – Konjic and Gorazde – Sarajevo), the number of access networks was increased as well as the number of automatic exchanges, new base stations of mobile telephony were assembled (Bosanska Krupa, Urkuni for the GSM signal coverage of a road communication Gorazde – Ustikolina), the number of public telephone booths was also increased (for 279 telephone booths), numerous new PTT facilities were built and many were repaired; at the territory of many directorates the complete automatization of counter activities was conducted, the Telecommunication–Information System Project was implemented at all levels of certain directorates.

Modernization of the PTT system

During the year, the fi xed mobile telephony was also qualitatively and quantitatively upgraded. Th e installed capacities increased as well as the utilization rate which reached 75%. Th e success was more evident in qualitative sense, for the switching technology structure comprised of 60% of digital, 34,4% of analogue and 5,1% of electro–mechanical switching systems. Out of 333 switching systems, 158 were Hosts and 175 were remote units. By introducing new technologies, the organization of fi xed telephony network gained the structure of “shallow” network with better utilization, cheaper maintenance, broader assortment of services, exactly what was the objective of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH. During this year, 40.406 new users of fi xed network were recorded.

141 nica, tako da im je ukupan broj bio 106, a time je zemaljska pokrivnost značajno porasla. Aranžman sa Globalstarom omogućio je korisnicima mobilne usluge stopostotnu pokrivenost područja BiH. U listu roaming partnera bilo je upisano novih 24 operatora i novih 11 zemalja, uključujući i roaming partnere – druge operatore u BiH. Instalacijom novog komutacionog centra kapaciteta 180.000 priključaka, mobilni kapaciteti su povećani na 290.000 priključaka. Broj korisnika mobilne usluge se povećao sa 52.507 na 117.886, ili za 124 %. U septembru 2000. godine započeo je komercijalni start satelitske mobilne telefonske usluge, a u oktobru je lansirana nova pre-paid mobilna usluga ULTRA, i do kraja te godine ostvaren je prirast od 24.500 novih pre-paid korisnika. Pravilnim koncipiranjem nove usluge pokušala se spriječiti kanibalizacija post-paid mobilne telefonske usluge, tako da je u 2000. godini zabilježen prirast novih 40.879 post-paid pretplatnika. Mada je u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao posljedica rata, došlo do razdvajanja u tri operatora ﬁ ksne i mobilne telefonije, ipak je postepeno, a mnogo prije nego u drugim zemljama regiona, dolazilo do saradnje, pa tako i između dva bosanskohercegovačka entiteta. Između JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i Telekoma Srpske 13. aprila 2000. godine je potpisan međuoperatorski ugovor za njihovo međusobno povezivanje. U julu je JP PTT saobraćaja BiH bila uvezana u nacionalni roaming sa Telekomom Srpske. Isti ugovor je potpisan i između JP PTT saobraćaj BiH i Hrvatske pošte i telekomunikacija d.o.o. Mostar. Realizacija ovih ugovora omogućila je bolju pokrivenost i kvalitet telekomunikacijskih veza na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine, te unapređenje međuope- ratorske saradnje i mrežnog povezivanja. PTT Inženjering je u novem- bru plasirao na inostrano tržište prvi univerzalni metalni kontejner za smještaj GSM baznih stanica. U ovoj godini pokrenuta su tri značajna projekta sa ciljem da se odgovori na sve izazove vremena i kako bi se problemi sveli na najma- nju mjeru. Prvenstvo je imao pojekt za unapređenje telekomunikacionih usluga koji je podrazumijevao izgradnju savremenog Call Centra sa Customer Care softverom za sve telekomunikacione sisteme. Zatim projekt za uvođenje sistema osiguranja kvaliteta u svim procesima koji bi u planiranoj formi predstavljao potpuni sistem upravljanja kvalitetom

142 Detalj sa prezentacije ULTRA usluge / At the presentation of ULTRA service

In 2000, the installed ISDN capacities were increased for 1.470 connection points. From the total ISDN capacity, which was 4.588 connections, only 1.130 were in use, out of which there were 1.100 BRA and 39 PRA. Th e increase in number of ISDN users was realized, which was doubled compared to previous year. In order to improve the ﬁ xed telephony, 26 of new base stations were assembled, so the total number was 106, by means of which the territorial coverage was signiﬁ cantly increased. Th e arrangement with Globalstar provided the mobile service users with 100% of territorial coverage of BIH. 24 new operators and 11 countries were enlisted in the roaming partner list, as well as the roaming partners – other operators within BIH. With the installation of new switching center with the capacity of 180.000 connections, the mobile capacities were increased to 290.000 connections. Th e number of the mobile service users was increased from 52.507 to 117.886, which is 124%. In September of 2000, the commercial start of satellite mobile telephone service began, and in October, a new pre–paid mobile service – the ULTRA – became available, and until the end of that year, 24.500 new pre–paid users were activated. With proper concept of this service it

143 (Total Quality Management). Treći projekt koji je pokrenut je integralni reinženjering poslovnih procesa, koji je podrazumijevao instalaciju i primjenu jedinstvenog softvera kojim će se kontrolirati svi procesi u Preduzeću od ekonom- sko-fi nansijskih poslova, investicija, upravljanja i održavanja, do brige o kadrovima. Krajem 2000. godine nastavljen je period analitičkog i studioznog rada. To je period planskog prestruktuiranja kompanije za njen daljnji dinamički rast i razvoj. Izrađena je strategija razvoja, uz brojne fi zibiliti studije, programe, projekte i biznis planove koji će biti osnova za dugoročni razvoj oba sektora – poštanski i telekomunikacijski. 2001. godina će sigurno biti upamćena po još jednom značajnom Obnovljena Glavna pošta u Sarajevu / Reconstructed momentu – svečanosti povodom završetka radova na obnovi i rekon- Main Post Offi ce in Sarajevo strukciji Glavne pošte u Sarajevu. Ovaj svečani čin, koji se desio 3. maja

144 was attempted to prevent a mutila- tion of post–paid mobile telephone service , thus, during 2000, 40.879 new post–paid users were recorded. In November, the PTT Engineering placed the fi rst universal metal container for the setting of the GSM base stations, on foreign market. Although, as a consequence of the war, three operators of fi xed and mobile telephony were present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sooner than in other countries of the region they began to cooperate. On the 13th of April, 2000, the inter–operator agreement was signed between the PTT BIH and the Telekom Srpske for their interconnection. In July, the PTT BIH was integrated in national roaming with the Telekom Srpske. Th e same agreement was signed between the PTT BIH and Croatian Posts and Telecommunications doo Mostar (HPT). Th e realization of these agreements provided the better coverage and quality of telecommunication links at the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the upgrade of inter–operator cooperation and network connection. Th e PTT Engineering launched at foreign market the fi rst universal metal container for location of the GSM base stations. During the year, three signifi cant projects were initiated with the aim of meeting all challenges of the time and reducing the problems. Th e most important was the Project for Improvement of Telecommunication Services, which implied a construction of modern Call Center with Customer Care Software for all telecommunication systems. A project for introducing of quality secure system, which in the right confi guration in all processes, would represent the Total Quality Management System. Th e third initiated Project was the Integral Re–Engineering of Business Processes, which implied installation and implementation of unique software which would control all processes within the enterprise, from economic and fi nancial activities, investments, managing and maintenance to personnel care.

145 Usluga brze pošte – EMS / Express Mail Service

2001. godine, simbolično je označio pobjedu nad destrukcijom i deka- dencijom, ali je istovremeno bio otjelotvorenje ustrajnosti, volje za ko- municiranjem, strpljivosti i nepokolebljivosti u obnovi. To je bio simbol novog početka u novom mileniju, simbol nade u novu, bolju i čovjeka dostojniju budućnost, kako za zaposlenike u BH Telecomu tako i za građane Sarajeva. Veliki napori uprave, poslovodstva i stručnih službi u 2001. godini bili su usmjereni na razdvajanje poštanske i telekomunikacijske djelatnosti i osnivanje novih preduzeća. Ovaj krupan zadatak je uspješno obavljen i razdvajanje je izvršeno sa 31. decembrom 2001. godine. Ovo je urađeno na osnovu saglasnosti Vlade Federacije BiH na Plan reorganizacije Javnog preduzeća PTT saobraćaja BiH na dva pravna subjekta: Javno preduzeće BH Pošta i Javno preduzeće BH Telecom. Paralelno sa ovim aktivnostima i dalje se vodila jedinstvena poslovna politika koju je već dugo godina obilježavalo usmjerenje ka primjeni savremenih tehnologija, stalnom podizanju kvaliteta usluga, uvođenjem novih usluga prema potrebama korisnika, povremenom sni- žavanju cijena, te aktivnom učešću u radu međunarodnih udruženja.

146 Sa svečanosti puštanja u rad centrale u Brki / Ceremony of putting into operation an exchange in Brka

By the end of 2000, the period of analytical and study work was continued. Th is was the period of plan restructuring of the enterprise for its further dynamic growth and development. Th e development strategy was made, along with numerous feasibility studies, programs, projects, business plans which would serve as the base for both sectors, postal and telecommunications. Turbulent 2000 was replaced with the stable 2001, which certainly would be remembered by a signiﬁ cant moment – a ceremony Javne govornice anent the completion of reconstruction works of the Main Post Oﬃ ce / The public phones in Sarajevo. On the 3rd of May, this ceremonial event, symbolically represented the victory over destruction and decadency, and at the same time it represented persistency, a will for communication, patience and im- perturbability in reconstruction. Th is was the symbol of a new beginning in new millennium, symbol of hope in new and better future, both for the BH Telecom employees and citizens of Sarajevo City.

147 PTT Inženjering

Pažnju u 2001. godini skrenuo je na sebe i integralni dio preduzeća Telecom Inž enjering. Ovaj sektor se bavi projektiranjem, proizvodnjom i izgradnjom telekomunikacionih mreža i postrojenja. Svojim višego- dišnjim radom u ovoj oblasti stekao je i očuvao reputaciju najkvalitetnije organizacije ovog proﬁ la u Bosni i Hercegovini. Opredjeljenje Telecom inženjeringa je da svojim kupcima nudi usluge i proizvode najvišeg nivoa kvaliteta, smatrajući da kvalitet ne predstavlja samo tehničku kategoriju nego i način razmišljanja i rada, te sigurnu osnovu za daljnji razvoj i uspješno poslovanje. Shodno usvojenoj politici kvaliteta, Telecom inženjering poduzima brojne aktivnosti kako bi u potpunosti zadovoljio zahtjeve i očekivanja kupaca svojih proizvoda i usluga. Ovakva politika pokazala se izuzetno uspješnom, te je ovaj sektor od 03. jula 2001. godine postao zaslužni vlasnik certiﬁ kata, iz- datog od strane Lloyd’s Registar Quality Assurance, za uspostavljeni sistem upravljanja kvalitetom u skladu sa međunarodnim standardom ISO 9001. Vodeći se svojom utvrđenom vizijom menadžment Telecom Inženjeringa je razvio i dokumentovao sistem koji obuhvatala sve glavne

148 Great eﬀ orts of management and professional oﬃ ces in 2001, were directed to a separation of postal and telecommunication activities and founding of new enterprises. Th is big task was successfully conducted and the separation was performed on the 31st of December 2001. Th is was conducted according to decision of the government of the Federation BIH on the Plan of Reorganization of the Public Enterprise PTT BIH on 2 legal entities: Th e Public Enterprise BH Post and Th e Public Enerprise BH TELECOM. Along with these activities, a unique business policy was conducted in parallel, which was characterized by the implementation of modern technologies, constant increase of service quality, periodic reduction of prices and active participation in the activities of international organizations.

Th e PTT Engineering

In 2001, the focus was shifted to integral part of the enterprise the Telecom Engineering. Th is sector has been responsible for the designing, production and construction of telecommunication networks and plants. With its multi–annual work in this area, the Telecom Engineering gained reputation of the most qualitative organization of this proﬁ le in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Th e Telecom Engineering’s objective was to provide services to its customers and products of the highest quality, having in mind that quality is not represented solely by the technical category, but also by the way of thinking and working, as well as by the stable basis for further development and successful business. According to adopted quality policy, the Telecom Engineering took over numerous activities in order to satisfy the demands and expectations of its customers. Th is sort of policy proved to be very successful, and on the 3rd of July 2001, this sector became owner of the certiﬁ cate issued by Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance, for the established Quality Management System in accordance with the international standard ISO 9001.

149 procese, čiji se parametri permanent- no kontroliraju. Kao rezultat takvog načina razmišljanja i djelovanja, proistekli su i pozitivni efekti iskazani u službenoj ocjeni za preispitivanje sistema kvaliteta: “Implementirani sistem kvaliteta u izvještajnom periodu je održan i unaprijeđen, te kontinuirano prilagođavan potrebama Telecom inženjeringa. Isti predstavlja dobar alat menadžmentu za lakše upravljanje procesima, uočavanje problema i njihovo eﬁ kasnije otklanjanje.” U 2003. godini postao je ovaj sektor dobitnikom i međunarodne nagrade za kvalitet “Zlatna zvijezda”. Nominiran je i izabran da primi ovo Sa prezentacije nove značajno priznanje od strane međunarodnog komiteta sastavljenog mobilne satelitske usluge / At the prezentation of the od grupe kompanija i prestižnih profesionalaca, a dodjela priznanja je new mobile satellite service obavljena u Ženevi, 27. oktobra 2003. godine. “Zlatna zvijezda” je treće priznanje Telecom inženjeringu za uspješno implementirani sistem upravljanja kvalitetom, nakon zlatnih medalja za kvalitet dobivenih u Parizu 2002. godine i u Meksiku 2003. godine.

U društvu najmodernijih svjetskih telekomunikacijskih korporacija

2001. godine pristupilo se primjeni Ericssonovog tzv. ENGINE mode- la, koji je omogućavao maksimalno iskorištavanje postojećih kapaciteta ﬁ ksne mreže. Ovaj model je podrazumijevao određene intervencije na dijelovima komutacija, čiji je efekat da signali i upravljanje idu preko komutacija, a sam saobraćaj se ostvarivao direktno. U Sarajevu je u no- vembru 2001. instalirana i puštena u saobraćaj automatska telefonska centrala EWSD tehnologije, kapaciteta 49.332 porta. BH Telecom je u 2001. godini imao instalirane 353 komutacije i to: 137 komutacija kao HOST, a 216 kao udaljeni stepen. Broj instaliranih priključaka je iznosio 570.362, od čega 563.682 POTS-a, a 6.680

150 Governed by its vision, the management of the Telecom Engineering constructed and documented a system that includes all major processes whose parameters are constantly monitored. As a result of such an operation and thinking, positive eff ects resulted in offi cial evaluation for assessment of quality system: “An implemented quality system was preserved and further upgraded during the report period, and adapted to the needs of the Telecom Engineering. It represents a good management tool for easier managing of processes, identifying problems and solving them in effi cient and professional manner.” In 2003, this sector got the international award for quality “Th e Golden Star”. It was nominated and chosen to receive this prestigious award by the international committee comprised of a group of companies and prominent professionals, and the awarding took place in Geneva on the 27th of October, 2003. “Th e Golden Star” is third ac- knowledgement of the Telecom Engineering for implemented Quality Management System, after the golden medals for the quality obtained in Paris in 2002, and in Mexico in 2003.

In the Company of Modern Telecommunication Corporations

In 2001, the implementation of Ericsson’s ENGINE model began, which enabled maximal utilization of existing capacities of ﬁ xed network. Th is model implied certain interventions on parts of switching systems, which directed the signals and managing through switching systems, and the traﬃ c itself was realized directly. In November 2001, in Sarajevo, an automatic telephone exchange of the EWSD technology with the capacity 49.332 ports was installed and put into operation. During 2001, the BH Telecom had 353 switching systems already installed:137 switching systems as HOSTs, 216 as remote subscriber switch units. Th e number of installed connections was 570.362 of which 563.682 POTSs and 6.680 ISDN connections. Th e number of activated connections was 452.788 of which 450.433 POTSs and 2.355 ISDNs. Th e aim of the construction of shallow network was to get closer to the user by switching system, in order to reduce distance and create basic technical preconditions for provision of wide–range services. With this

151 ISDN priključaka. Broj uključe- nih priključaka je iznosio 452.788, od čega 450.433 POTS-a, a 2.355 ISDN-a. Izgradnjom „plitke“ mre- že cilj je bio bliže prići korisniku usluge sa komutacionim sistemom, kako bi se smanjila udaljenost do korisnika i stvorili osnovni tehnički preduvjeti za pružanje šrikopojasnih usluga. Ovakvom tehnološkom organizacijom mre- že istovremeno se ostvarivao po- zitivan efekat i u pogledu cijene održavanja i iskorištenja kvaliteta usluga za korisnika. Sljedeći cilj s kojim se krenulo u ovoj godini bio je nastavak digitalizacije. Do tada su jedino regionalne direkcije u Mostaru i Zenici izbacile elektromehanič- ke komutacije, dok je njihov po- stotak u Direkciji Zenica bio 21 %, a u Direkciji Sarajevo 16 %. Digitalizacija komutacija u obi- Obnovljena pošta – Obala mu 100 % bila je urađena jedino u Direkciji Goražde, dok je recimo u Sarajevo / Reconstructed post building – Obala Direkciji Sarajevo iznosila 58 % u 2001. godini. Sarajevo Međunarodni saobraćaj se odvijao preko međunarodne centrale MnC SA1 – EWDS i u funkciji je bilo 20 direktnih smjerova. (MnC Sa2-AXE 10 je bila iskorištena u obimu 34 %, zbog nemogućnosti nje- nog rada u sistemu signalizacije No.7.) Međumjesne veze ojačane su u proljeće 2001. godine puštanjem u rad nove automatske telefonske centrale u Konjicu. To je bila najsavreme- nija Siemensova HOST centrala, tipa EWSD, vrijedna 2,5 mil DEM., koja je omogućavala 2.392 pretplatnička broja i 64 ISDN priključka. Druge regionalne direkcije su također na svome terenu nastojale da poboljšaju usluge i da korisnicima izađu u susret. Gradili su se objet- ki za smještaj telekomunikacijske opreme; mjesne pristupne mreže su se i dalje širile; građeni su i optički spojni putevi, instalirane nove GSM

152 technological network organisation at the same time the positive ef- fect was realised both regarding maintaining the price and utilisation of service quality for users. In 2001, the next aim was the continuation of digitalization. Until then, only regional directorates in Mostar and Zenica had quit using electro–mechanical switching systems, while their percentage in the Directorate Zenica was 21%, and in the Directorate Sarajevo 16%. Th e 100% digitalization of switching systems was only conducted in the Directorate Gorazde, while the percentage in the Directorate Sarajevo was 58% in 2001. Th e international traﬃ c was conducted through the international exchange MnC SA1–EWDS, and 20 direct routes. (Th e usage of the exchange MnC SA2 AXE10 was 34 %, due to impossibility of its work in the signaling system No7.) In the spring of 2001, long distance connections were intensi- ﬁ ed with a new automatic telephone exchange in Konjic. Th at was modern SIEMENS HOST exchange, of the EWSD type, worth 2,5 million DM, which enabled 2.392 subscriber numbers and 64 ISDN connections. Other regional directorates also have tried to improve services and to meet the users’ requirements. Th e facilities were built for the location of telecommunication equipment; local access network were further expanded; the optical connection lines were constructed, new GSM base stations were installed and a number of remote subscribers modules were continuously installed; telephone exchanges were expanded and the number of public telephone booths was increasing. Th e symbol of the growth and improvement of telecommunications was the event of putting into operation

153 Svečani koncert prilikom bazne stanice, a nastavilo se instaliranje više isturenih pretplatničkih otvaranja obnovljene pošte Obala Sarajevo modula; proširivane su telefonske centrale i povećavao se broj javnih / Solemn Concert on the telefonskih govornica. occasion of opening of reconstructed Post Obala Tako su rast i razvoj telekomunikacija simbolično obilježeni u Sarajevo Sarajevu 2001. godine puštanjem u rad hiljadite javne govornice. Krenulo se u preuređenje GSM sistema, tako da je poslije pređene faze prijenosa informacija i podataka stvorena pretpostavka za postepeno uvođenje GPRS, preko EDGE-a do UMTS-a ili prijelaz na tzv. 3G (treću generaciju u mobilnih komunikacija). Suština ovih pothvata je bila da se u mobilnoj komunikaciji pruže sve usluge koje su dostupne putem ﬁ ksne mreže i računarske terminalne opreme. Dodjelom licence za operatora mobilne telefonije, 30. aprila 2001. godine, za područje BiH od strane CRA BiH, dodatno je stimulisalo proširenje kapaciteta i pokrivenosti teritorije signalom GSM BiH.

Razvoj mobilne mreže ide izuzetnim tempom: • 2001. godine – MSC2S početnog kapaciteta 180K, BSC2E početnog kapaciteta 850 TRU i BSC2S početnog kapaciteta 250 TRU, IN PPS sistem kapaciteta 100 KBHC;

154 the 1000th public telephone booth in Sarajevo in 2001. Reorganization of the GSM system began, thus upon the completion of the phase of information and data transmission, conditions were met for gradual introduction of the GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or transition to 3G (third generation of mobile communications). Th e aim of these activities was to provide all services in the mobile telephony, which are available within the fi xed network and computer terminal equipment. Svečani prijem / Solemn Reception Th e CRA BIH assigned a license for a mobile telephony operator for the whole territory of BIH, on the 30th of April 2001, which stimu- lated the additional expansion of the capacity and territorial coverage of the GSM signal. A rapid development characterized the mobile network : • Th e year 2001 – MSC2S with the initial capacity of 180K, BSC2E with the initial capacity of 850 TRU and BSC2S with the initial Služba PTT-a BiH koja je pratila izvođenje radova capacity 250 TRU, IN PPS system with the capacity of 100KBHC; na rekonstrukciji • Th e year 2002 – MSC2S with the initial capacity of 200K, BSC2E i adaptaciji Glavne pošte / Department of PTT with the initial capacity of 696 TRU and BSC2S with the initial BiH which supervised capacity of 250 TRU; perfomance of construction • works related to Th e year 2004 – BSC4E with the initial capacity of 696 TRU. reconstruction of Main Post offi ce building Th us, the capacity was almost doubled with each following year with parallel increase in the number of users. Th e direction of development of the mobile network progressed towards providing suffi cient number of GSM base stations, so that after the second phase of 300.000 numbers it was possible to move on to the next 600.000 in 2002. Th e construction and modernization of the fi xed and mobile

155 • 2002. godine – MSC2S početnog kapaciteta 200K, BSC2E početnog kapaciteta 696 TRU i BSC2S početnog kapaciteta 250 TRU; • 2004 godine – BSC4E početnog kapaciteta 696 TRU.

Tako se kapacitet mreže gotovo udvostručuje svake naredne godine uz istovremeno povećanje broja korisnika u istom omjeru. Pravac razvoja mobilne mreže išao je ka osiguravanju dovoljnog broja GSM baznih stanica, pa se, poslije druge faze od 300.000 brojeva, moglo ići na sljedećih ciljnih 600.000 brojeva u toku 2002. godine. Izgradnjom i modernizacijom fi k- sne i mobilne infrastukture stvarale su se pretpostavke za uspostavljanje dva, po svom značaju, izuzetna sistema, a to su širokopojasni Internet i sistem multimedijalnih usluga. Ovo će se odraziti na sinergijske efekte fi ksne i mobilne mreže što će za rezultat imati povećanje prihoda koji nisu samo rezultat povećanja kapaciteta i uvođenja novih tehnologija. I u 2001. godini je nastavljeno sa Kombinirani Node za daljnjim postepenim širenjem kapaciteta fi ksne mreže, ali i planiranjem podršku GPRS / Combined Node for GSM support i pripremom za realizaciju pilot projekta uvođenja širokopojasnog pristupa Internetu. Razvoj i pružanje usluga baziranih na ovoj tehnologiji su prepoznati kao poslovna mogućnost, te su postali osnovna odrednica razvoja BH Telecoma. Naredne godine ovi planovi su i realizirani, tj. instalirana su prva dva xDSL koncentratora postavljena na dva najveća čvorišta BH Telecoma u Sarajevu, gdje je lociran i procentualno najveći broj korisnika Interneta. Ovo će olakšati i ubrzati aplikativnu primjenu telekomunikacijske infrastrukture i posebno Interneta u poslovne svrhe. Razvoj servisā koje koristi Internet (Business to buiness, Business to government, Business to customer) predstavljali su razvoj tzv. EMB-a, a s

156 infrastructure have created conditions for the establishment of two ex- Plenarna skupština PostEurop-a održana u ceptional systems: the broadband Internet and multimedia services sys- Sarajevu, oktobra 2001. tem. Th is would refl ect to synergic aff ects of fi xed and mobile network, god., domaćin PTT BiH / PostEurop Plenary which resulted in increase of incomes that are not only the consequence Assembly held in Sarajevo, of expanded capacities and new introduced technologies. October 2001, hosted by PTT BiH Also during 2001, further gradual expansion of network capacity was continued, as well as preparation for the realization of broadband Internet access pilot project. Th e development and service provision based on this technology were recognized as a business solution, therefore they have become a basic development determinant of the BH Telecom. During the next year, all these projects were realized: the fi rst two xDSL concentrators were installed and set up on two largest nodes of the BH Telecom in Sarajevo, where the greatest number of the internet users was located. At the same time this contributed to easier and faster implementation of telecommunication infrastructure and especially Internet for business purposes. Th e development of services used by the Internet (Business to Business, Business to Government, Business to Customer) represented, on the one hand, the development of so called EMB (Electronic Mobile Business), and on the other, with the EMB the conditions were met for a development of small and medium fi rms on the basis of so called, home business. Th is model was already tested in the world, and it was also acceptable for the BH Telecom, thus in the future this trend would be supported.

157 druge strane, s EMB-om su se stvarale pretpostavke za razvoj malih i srednjih ﬁ rmi, kao i ﬁ rmi na bazi tzv. kućnog biznisa. Takav, u svijetu već viđen i provjeren model, bio je prihvatljiv i za BH Telecom, te će se ubuduće podržavati ovaj poslovni trend. JP PTT saobraćaja će podržavati razne vrste pomoći naučnim, kulturnim, sportskim i drugim aktivnostima, a posebno će 2001. godina biti obilježena i humanitarnim akcijama u kojima je JP PTT saobra- ćaja BiH nesebično učestvovao: – 2000. godine formiran je bosansko-švajcarski fond za humanitarne namjene; – u januaru 2001. godine u Sarajevu je osnovan Fond za hendikepirana lica; JP PTT saobraćaja BiH i Ericsson d.o.o. Sarajevo bili su inicija- tori osnivanja Fonda, te dali početnih 140.000 DEM; – data je podrška programu povratka Ministarstvu za izbjeglice i rase- ljena lica u iznosu od 350.000 KM; – u julu 2001. godine PTT saobraćaja BIH uručena je Zlatna povelja Internacionalne lige humanista, u znak zahvalnosti za pruženu potporu u radu ovoj međunarodnoj organizaciji; – za podršku razvoja informatizacije društva donirana je ove godine informatička oprema, 76 računara, sa ruterima za priključak na Internet i besplatnim šestomjesečnim radom za 12 škola u Federaciji BiH;

158 Th e PTT BIH would support all kinds of assistance to scientiﬁ c, cultural, sport and other activities, and especially the year 2001, would be marked with humanitarian activities in which the Public Enterprise PTT BIH altruistically participated: – In 2000, the Bosnian–Swiss Found for humanitarian activities was founded; – In January 2001, the Foundation for Disabled Persons was established in Sarajevo; the PTT BIH and Ericsson d.o.o. Sarajevo were the initiators for the establishing of the fond, and they provided 140.000 DM; – Th e program of return of displaced persons of the Ministry for Refugees and Displaced Persons was supported with the amount of 350.000 DM; – In July 2001, as a symbol of gratitude for provided assistance in its work, Th e International League of Humanists awarder the PTT BIH with the Golden Charter; – In order to assist informatization of society, an informatics equipment 76 computers with routers for access to the Internet, as well as gratis 6 months operation were donated for 12 schools in the Federation; – On the basis of the Federal Government’s decision, 40 million KM were set aside from the PTT BIH’s realized income in 2000, for the construction of the ﬁ rst section of the highway Sarajevo – Podlugovi of 12 km length.

159 – na osnovu zaključka Vlade Federacije, iz dobiti JP PTT sa- obraćaja BiH za 2000. godinu izdovjeno je 40 miliona KM za izgradnju prve dionice autoputa Sarajevo – Podlugovi u dužini 12 km. Pored poboljšanja kapaciteta, proširenja i usavršavanja kvaliteta usluga, odgovorni u BH Telecomu su bili svjesni da je u novoj organizaciji potrebno napraviti takav koncept poslovne politike koji će ići ukorak sa svijetom, te istovremeno odgovarati bosanskohercegovačkom društvu, biti mu podrška, a i potpuno pri- Delegacija BiH na hvaćen od strane zaposlenika koji su morali osjetiti odgovornost spram Plenarnoj skupštini PostEurop-a / Delegation sebe i onih kojima su neophodni. Prvenstvo nad kratkoročnim ciljevima of Bosnia and Herzegovina (goal approach) dato je metodu strateškog djelovanja (strategic behavior) at the PostEurop Plenary Assembly koji je na najbolji način odgovarao zadatim ciljevima i osiguravao stabilnost, mjerenu savremenim tempom promjena i prilagođavanja svjetskim tehnološkim tokovima. S obzirom na ubrzani rast svih kapaciteta i usluga, uvođenje ekonomije razmjere kao poslovne fi lozofi je, povećanje profi tabilnosti i fi nansijske samostalnosti Preduzeća, uspostavljanje pravila sistem- skog djelovanja, te obezbjeđenje međunarodne revizije u cilju potvrde rezultata poslovanja, bili su oni elementi novog koncepta poslovanja koji nisu mogli ostati bez rezultata. Ali i projektiranje vlastitih osnova za informatičku podršku poslovanju, povećanje vrijednosti sistema kao pripreme za predstojeću privatizaciju, trasiranje promjene kulture sistema kroz postepeno uvođenje orijentacije ka marketingu, odnosno korisniku, osiguranju sistema kvaliteta, obrazovanju itd, također su bile bitne karakteristike kojima se trebao osigurati kvalitet, zadobiti poziciju u odnosu na konkurenciju i, u širim razmjerama, steći ugled racionalnog i planskog poslovanja.

160 Besides the quality improvement, expansion and perfecting of Ceremonija puštanja u rad MPLS-a / Ceremony of services, responsible persons in the BH Telecom were aware that within MPLS starting operation the new organization, a new concept of business policy was required. Th is new concept had to be compatible with the world policies, and also it had to be satisfactory to Bosnian–Herzegovinian society, as well as completely accepted from the responsible employees. Priority over goal approach was given to strategic behavior, which at the best way responded in order to set objectives and provide stability, measured by the modern pace of changes and adjustments to the world technological trends. Due to accelerated growth of all capacities and services, the introduction of the proportion economy as a business philosophy, the increase of profi tability and fi nancial independence of the enterprise, the establishing of systematic activity rules and provision of the international revision with the aim of certifi cation of business results, were the elements of new business concept which gave signifi cant results. Also the important characteristics were: designing of our own bases for informatics business support, the increase of system value as a preparation for the forthcoming privatisation, determination of the culture system change through gradual introduction of orientation towards marketing, in other words a user, insurance of the quality system, education, etc. Th ese characteristics were to insure the quality, establish a strong position with regard to competition and win reputation of rational and planned business conduct.

161 Bilans uspjeha (U hiljadama konvertibilnih maraka “KM”)

Bilješka 2001. 2000.

Prihodi od telekomunikacijskih usluga: Domaći 321.849 269.473 Bruto međunarodni prihod 111.685 112.800 Prihodi od poštanskih usluga 25.669 23.353 Ostali prihodi 18.780 14.249 Ukupno prihodi 477.983 419.875

Operativni troškovi (179.284) (155.511) Otpis potraživanja (19.894) (24.841) Bruto međunarodni troškovi (66.216) (59.962) Amortizacija 2.7 (67.610) (62.711) Ostali operativni troškovi (6.112) (6.546) Ukupno operativni troškovi (339.116) (309.571) Prihod od redovne djelatnosti 138.867 110.304 Prihod od kamata 2.747 595 Neto ostali fi nansijski prihod 35 1.754 Neto prihod od tečajnih razlika 15 1.893 5.793 Trošak kamata (916) (1.200) Ukupno fi nansijski prihod, neto 3.759 6.942 Dobit prije poreza na dobit 142.626 117.246 Porez na dobit 16 (20.884) (9.063)

Neto dobit 121.742 108.183

Raspodjela neto dobiti: Dio dobiti za reinvestiranje 32.264 27.188 Dio dobiti za isplatu vlasnika kapitala 24.000 – Dio dobiti raspoređen u vlasnički kapital 65.478 – Zadržana dobit – 80.995 121.742 108.183

Bilješke uz fi nansijske izvještaje čine sastavni dio ovih izvještaja i trebaju se posmatrati zajedno sa ovim fi nansijskim izvještajima.

162 Statements of Income (In thousands of Convertible Marks “KM”)

Note 2001 2000

Revenue from Telecommunications Services: Domestic 321.849 269.473 Gross International Revenues 111.685 112.800 Revenues Postal Services 25.669 23.353 Other Revenues 18.780 14.249 Total Revenues 477.983 419.875

Operating Costs (179.284) (155.511) Write-off of Accounts Receivable (19.894) (24.841) Gross International Expenses (66.216) (59.962) Depreciation 2.7 (67.610) (62.711) Other Operating Expenses (6.112) (6.546) Total Operating Expenses (339.116) (309.571) Income from Operations 138.867 110.304 Interest Income 2.747 595 Other Financial Income 35 1.754 Net Foreign Exchange Income 15 1.893 5.793 Interest Expense (916) (1.200) Total Net Financial Income 3.759 6.942 Income before Income Taxes 142.626 117.246 Income Taxes 16 (20.884) (9.063)

Net Income 121.742 108.183

Part of net profi t for reinvestment 32.264 27.188 Dividends paid 24.000 – Part of net profi t distributed to state capital 65.478 – Retained earnings – 80.995 121.742 108.183

The Notes to the fi nancial statements form an integral part of, and should be read in conjuction with these fi nancial statements.

163 J.P. BH Telecom - Sarajevo

U novu, 2002. godinu, 7. januara, sektor telekomunikacija ulazi kao samostalno Javno preduzeće BH Telecom – Sarajevo, sa tri hiljade zaposlenika. Već u početku kompaniju obilježavaju nizak nivo zadu- ženosti, razvijena tehnološka infrastruktura u svim mrežama i vlastiti ljudski i stručni potencijal. Poslovna politika BH Telecoma je nastavak dobro promišljene i uspješne politike JP PTT saobraćaja BiH. U tom smislu je 2002. godine izgra- đena prva (IP) MAN mreža na području Sarajeva, koja je realizirana korištenjem resursa optičke mreže, uz odabir prstena- ste topologije i sa ehternet tehnologijom. Ovakvo rješenje se pokazalo kao izuzetno pouzdano i bilo je dobar primjer za realizaciju sličnih mreža koje će biti implemen- tirane i u drugim bosanskohercegovačkim centrima. U radio-dijelu su instalirane 92 bazne stanice, od čega čak 45 na novim lokacija- ma u Republici Srpskoj i Hercegovini, što predstavlja povećanje od oko 75 % u odnosu na ukupni kapacitet koji je postojao do sredine 2001. godine (140 baznih stanica). Mada su i ranije postojali tehnički preduvjeti za kvalitetnije povezivanje operatora unutar BiH (pripremljeni optički kablovi), do međuoperatorskog rada na komercijalnoj osnovi između JP BH Telecoma i Telekoma Srpske je došlo u aprilu 2002. godine. Daljnji razvoj u ﬁ ksnoj mreži postig- Izgradnja mjesnih mreža nut je uz visok stepen digitalizaije komutacija, te je sa ranijih 54 % po- / Instalation of access network većan na preko 67 %. Broj malih korisnika usluga mreže za prijenos podataka je povećan za 24 %, i iznosio je 630. 849 priključaka. Krajem 2002. godine BH Telecom je imao 426 ukupno instaliranih komutacija sa 630.849 priključaka (9.884 su ISDN priključci), od toga 489.002 uključenih priključaka (3.888 su ISDN priključci), stepen digitalizacije ukupno instaliranih komutacija – 77 %.

164 Public Enterprise BH Telecom – Sarajevo

On the 7th of January 2002, the telecommunication sector oﬃ cially became the Public Enterprise BH Telecom – Sarajevo with 3000 employees. At the very beginning the company was characterized by low level of debt, advanced technological infrastructure in all networks and its own personnel and professional potential. Business policy of the BH Telecom has been the continuation of successful policy of the PTT BIH. Th us, in 2002, the ﬁ rst (IP) MAN network was built in Sarajevo area which was realised by exploitation of the optical network resources, Javna govornica NORTEL with the selection of ring topology and with ethernet technology. Th is – Netas / Public telephone solution proved to be extremely reliable and was a good example for the booth NORTEL – Netas realisation of the similar networks which would be implemented in other Bosnian–Herzegovinian centers. In the radio section, 92 basic stations were installed, of which 45 at new locations of the Republic of Srpska and in Herzegovina which represents the increase of 75% with regard to total capacity until the mid 2001 (140 basic stations). Although the technical preconditions for the better operator connection within BiH (prepared optical cables) were earlier met, the capacities on commercial base between the BH Telecom and Telekom Srpske started with inter–operator operation in April 2002. Th e high level of digitalization of switching systems was realised, thus the earlier 54 % was increased to 67 %. Th e number of dial–up users of data transmission network services was increased for 24 % and the total number of connections was 630.849. By the end of 2002, the BH Telecom had 426 installed switching systems with 630.849 connections (9.884 were ISDN connections), of which 489.002 activated connections (3.888 were

165 Direkcija Bihać Goražde Mostar Sarajevo Travnik Tuzla Zenica Ukupno Instalirano 67 25 51 238 51 67 95 594 Iskorišteno 35 7 32 187 26 51 50 388 2001/2002 52% 28% 63% 79% 51% 76% 53% 65%

Za odvijanje telekomunikacijskog saobraćaja u ﬁ ksnoj mreži u 2002. godini je u funkciji bilo 48.583 vodova kao i 1.591 2M-bitnih grupa na HOST-ovima, te 1.267 2M-bitne grupe sa udaljenih stupnjeva. Međunarodni saobraćaj se odvija preko međunarodne centrale MnC SA 1-EWSD, sa znatno povećanim brojem vodova. Za magistralni saobraćaj raspoloživi su još i kapaciteti MnC SA2- AXE 10 i nove centrale MnC SA-EWSD. Istovremeno je nastavljen razvoj BIHPAK i BIHNET mreža. Broj malih korisnika BIHNET paketske mreže iznosio je 24.528, a BIHPAK-a 463 (Frame Relay 266 korisnika i X.25 – 201 korisnik). Jedan od najvećih uspjeha BH Telecoma u 2002. godini je pove- ćanje broja pretplatnika GSMBiH mreže od 100 %, uz povećan kapacitet komutacije koji je, na kraju godine, iznosio 600.000 priključaka. To je, dakle, proširenje za 300.000 novih priključaka, sa procesorom koji omogućava daljnje proširenje do milion novih priključaka. Post- paid korisnika je bilo 150.466, a pre-paid korisnika 247.204. Roaming se ostvarivao sa 110 operatora iz 55 država. Projekat uvođenja tzv. reinžinjeringa poslovnih procesa ili komp- juteriziranog računovodstvenog sistema SAP je također jedan od kapi- talnih projekata BH Telecoma, koji je započet septembra 2002. godine

166 ISDN connections), the digitalization degree of installed switching systems was 77 %. For the conduct of the telecommunication traffi c within fi xed network in 2002, there were 48.583 functional lines as well as 1.591 2Mb groups at HOSTs, and 1.267 2Mb groups with remote subscriber switch units. Th e international traffi c was conducted through international exchange MnC SA1–EWSD with signifi cantly increased number of lines. For the transit traffi c the available capacities were MnCSA2–AXE and new exchanges MnC SA–EWSD. At the same time the development of BIHNET and BIHPAK networks was continued. Th e number of dial–up users of BIHNET’s packet 1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. network was 24.528, and BIHPAK’s instalirani was 463 (266 users of Frame Relay priključci 80.000 290.000 290.000 600.000 and X.25 – 201 users). post paid 52.607 93.386 139.565 150.466 One of the greatest accomplish- pre paid 24.500 93.696 247.204 ments of the BH Telecom in 2002, uključeni priključci 52.607 117.886 233.261 397.670 was the increase in the number of users razlika 27.393 172.114 56.739 202.330 of the GSMBIH network for 100%, procenat with increased number of subscrib- iskorištenosti ers 600.000 – therefore, the switch- kapaciteta 65,8% 40,7% 80,4% 66,3% ing system capacity was increased for 300.000 of new connections, with processor that ensures the extension up to one million of new connections. Th e total number of post–paid Pokazatelji razvoja razvijenosti mobilne users was 150.466, and of pre–paid users were 247.204. mreže / Growth indicator Th e roaming was realized with 110 operators from 55 countries. of the mobile network Th e Project of introduction of reengineering of business processes, development the computerized accounting system SAP, was also one of the major projects of the BH Telecom which started in September 2002 and was successfully implemented. Th us the business processes within the com-

167 i koji je uspješno implementiran. Na taj način su stvoreni preduslovi za konsolidiranje poslovnih procesa unutar fi rme i uspostavljanje njihove kontrole uvođe- njem interne revizije. Za BH Telecom jedan od značajnih datuma bio je 1. april 2002. godine, kada je ovo preduzeće postalo vlasnik licence za pružanje Internet usluga na period od 10 godina. Širenje mreže kao i kapaciteta kojima se raspo- lagalo, te stalno rastući broj korisnika koji su koristili specifi čne palete usluga koje su nuđene, kao i izuzetno zahtjevno tržište, prinudili su Preduzeće da krene u proces prestrukturi- ranja. To je rezultiralo objedinjavanjem cjeline koja se bavi planiranjem, održavanjem i eksploatacijom na nivo direkcije. Ovakva organizaciona transformacija bila je pravi poslovni potez i jedan od osnovih generatora daljnjeg uspješnog razvoja. Uspješan razvoj BH Telecoma nastavljen je i u 2003. godini. Tokom te godine BH Telecom je imao 454 instalirane komutacije (98 HOST-ova i 356 udaljenih stepena, sa ukupno 648.527 instaliranih i 509.094 iskorištenih priključaka) i procentom digitalizacije od 86,3%, dok su prijenosni sistemi digitalizirani čak 100%. Važno je istaknuti da od 509.094 iskorištena priključka čak 456.802 koriste fi zička, a 45.936 pravna lica. Međunarodni saobraćaj se odvijao preko dvije međunarod- ne centrale putem direktnih vodova sa 19 država.

Daljnji razvoj telekomunikacijskih kapaciteta

U 2003. godini u funkciju je u ﬁ ksnoj mreži uključen IN čvor koji omo- gućava pružanje novih usluga korisnicima. Na IN platformi implemen- tirana su tri NTS servisa. – freephone – usluga besplatnog poziva (FPH), – premium rate – usluga posebne tarife (PRM), – televoting – usluga telefonskog glasanja (VOT). Freephone i premium rate su eksploataciji od oktobra 2002. godine, a televoting je komercijalno pušten u septembru 2003. godine.

168 pany were consolidated and their control was established by introduction of internal revision. One of the important dates for the BH Telecom was the 1st of April 2002, when this enterprise became the owner of license for the internet service provision for the period of 10 years. Th e network and capacity expansion, the growing number of users who utilize speciﬁ c provided services as well as very demanding market, forced the enterprise to start the process of restructuring. Th is resulted in the integration of a unit, which deals Proces edukacije zaposlenika je stalan with planning, maintenance and exploitation, at the directorate level. / Process of education of Th is organizational transformation was the right business move and one employes is permanent of the basic generators of further successful development. Th e successful development of the BH Telecom was continued in 2003. During that year, the BH Telecom had 454 installed switching systems (98 HOSTs and 356 remote subscriber switch units, with total 648.527 installed and 509.094 used connections) and digitalization percent of 86,3%, while transmission systems were digitalized 100%. It is important to emphasize that 509.094 used connections, 456.802 was used by private customers and 45.936 by business customers. Th e international traﬃ c was conducted through 2 international exchanges by direct lines with 19 countries.

Further Growth of Telecommunication Capacities

In 2003, within the ﬁ xed network the IN node was activated which enabled provision of new services to users. At IN platform 3 NTS services were implemented. – freephone – free call service (FPH), – premium rate – premium rate service (PRM), – televoting – televoting service (VOT). Freephone and premium rate have been in use from October 2002, and televoting was commercially activated in September 2003.

169 Tokom 2003. BH Telecom je uveo novih 41 telefonsku govornicu sa automatskom naplatom (tasan govornice), tako da je krajem te godine u funkciji bilo ukupno 1.549 takvih govornica. U saobraćaju mobilne mreže pušte- no je u rad 65 novih baznih stanica (9 u Sarajevu, 5 u Tuzli, 4 u Zenici, 14 u Bihaću, 2 u Travniku, 3 u Goraždu, 8 u Mostaru, 14 na prostoru Republike Srpske i 6 na prostoru koji operatorski pokriva HT d.o.o. Mostar), pa se saobraćaj odvijao preko ukupno 246 baznih stanica i tri komutacije ukupnog kapaciteta 740.000 pretplatnika. Ukupan broj korisnika mobilne mreže krajem 2003. dostigao je brojku od 696.703 instalirana, od Svečanost prilikom čega 515.272 aktivna korisnika. Sklopljeno je 17 novih komercijalnih puštanja u rad 1000 javne govornice / Ceremony on ugovora o roamingu. the occasion of putting into Saobraćaj u paketskoj mreži odvijao se preko centra u Sarajevu i operation of the 1000th public telephone booth rutera smještenih u šest regionalnih direkcija BH Telecoma. Prva polovina 2003. godine obilježena je novom BIHNET-ovom stranicom, a u okviru servisne mreže je podignut tucows server. Sve izra- ženije potrebe i zahtjevi korisnika dalje su nalagali planiranje široko- pojasne pristupne mreže, kao i usluga baziranih na njoj. Krajem 2003. broj aktivnih korisnika Interneta (BIHNET-a) bio je 34.213 korisnika. Ubrzani porast korisnika i njihovih potreba nalagao je projektiranje novog sistema koji bi značajno unaprijedio performanse ovog osnovnog i najkorištenijeg Internet servisa. U tom smislu, uspostavljen je mrežni operativni centar namijenjen praćenju kvaliteta usluga za velike korisnike BH Telecoma, za otklanjanje kvarova, i svim vidovima tehničke pomoći. Značajni pomaci su zabilježeni i u kvalitetu rada help-deska najmijenjenog podršci malim, dial-up korisnicima. Rastuće potrebe za prijenosom podataka, GSM-om, i pružanje ostalih usluga, pred mrežu sistema prijenosa postavljale su potpuno druge zahtjeve. Već od 2003. godine planiraju se i uvode u mreži SDH uređaji nove generacije koji imaju mehanizme koji su omogućavali istovremeno postojanje egzistirajućih i novih servisa na istoj mreži bez me- đusobnog ometanja.

170 During 2003, the BH Telecom introduced 41 telephone booths with automatic charge (tasan payphones), so that at the end of the year, totally 1.549 of such telephone booths were functional. In the mobile network traffi c 65 new base stations were put into operation (9 in Sarajevo, 5 in Tuzla, 4 in Zenica, 14 in Bihac, 2 in Travnik, 3 in Gorazde, 8 in Mostar, 14 on the territory of the Republic of Srpska, and 6 on the area covered by HT d.o.o. Mostar), so the traffi c was conducted through 246 base stations and 3 switching systems with the overall capacity of 740.000 subscribers. Th e total number of mobile network users at the end of 2003, reached the number of 696.703, of which 515.272 active users. 17 new commercial agreements on Puštanje u rad optičkog spojnog puta BiH– roaming were concluded. Hrvatska ispod Save Th e traffi c within packet–switched network was conducted / Optical connection line Bosnia and Herzegovina through a center and router located in 6 regional directorates of the BH – Croatia under the Sava Telecom. River

171 Dioničko društvo BH Telecom - Sarajevo

Godinu 2004. BH Telecom je započeo kao Javno preduzeće da bi od 12. marta, okončavši krajem 2003. godine započete aktivnosti na transformaciji preduzeća, nastavio poslovanje kao Dioničko društvo BH Telecom. Već 4. maja 2004. održana je Prva skupština dioničara. Iste je godine podijeljena dividenda vlasnicima iz dobiti za 2003. go- Montaža GSM antena dinu u iznosu od 90 miliona KM, a 2005. godine dioničarima je po- 1800 MHz / Installation of the 1800 MHz GSM dijeljena dividenda od dobiti za 2004. godinu u iznosu od 100 miliona antennas KM. Kao odgovor na pozitivne reakcije i tražnju tržišta za uslugama razvijenim na širokopojasnoj pristupnoj mreži, cijela 2004. godina je bila posvećana daljnjem širenju ove platforme kao i pripremama za naredne faze koje će dovesti do prestrukturi- ranja cijele mreže za prijenos podataka, što je uvjetovano očekivanim porastom opterećenja koje generiraju širokopojasni korisnici. U ovoj godini je izgrađen nukleus sistema koji će biti okosnica daljeg rasta BH Telecoma. U ﬁ ksnoj mreži je nastavljen trend povećanja stepena digitalizacije instaliranih kapaciteta sa 77,1 % na kraju 2003, na preko 85,5 % na kraju 2004. godine. Krajem ove godine BH Telecom d.d. je imao 491 instalirane komutacije, i to 75 komutacija kao hostovi, a 416 kao udaljeni stepeni. U poređenju sa 2001. godinom broj ho- stova je smanjen za 62, dok je istovremeno povećan broj udaljenih stepena za 200, što je, uz prikazani stepen povećanja digitalizacije komutacija, očit dokaz realizacije ciljeva, čime će se smanjiti broj čvorova u mreži.

172 Th e fi rst half of 2003 was marked with new BIHNET website and within the service–network the tucows server was started up. Greater user’s demands and requirements dictated planning of wide range access network, as well as services based on it. At the end of 2003, the number of the active Internet users (BIHNET) was 34.213 users. Th e accelerated increase of users and their demands dictated designing of a new system which would signifi cantly improve performances of this basic and widely used Internet service. In regard to this, the new network operation center was established for the monitoring of the service quality for leased–line users of the BH Telecom for repair work, and all aspects of technical assistance. A signifi cant progress was recorded in the quality of help–desk operation designed as a support to dial–up users. Greater requirements for data transmission, the GSM, and service provision set up new demands for the transmission network system. From 2003 the new generation devices are introduced in the SDH network, with the mechanisms which enabled the coexistence of the present and the new service without inter–disturbance.

173 Osnivačka skupština dioničara BH Telecom d.d. Sarajevo / Founding assembly of the shareholder company BH Telecom d.d. – Sarajevo

Broj korisnika u ﬁ ksnoj mreži krajem 2004. godine iznosio je 691.604 instaliranih, od čega 534.260 iskorištenih priključaka. Na nivou BH Telecoma napravljen je daljnji pomak u smanjenju broja dvoj- nih priključaka. Cilj je bio u najkraćem mogućem periodu ukinuti sve dvojne priključke, kako bi svi korisnici usluga BH Telecoma bili jednaki kad su u pitanju osnovne, odnosno dodatne usluge. Krajem 2004. bilo je 42.060 dvojnika u radu, što čini 8% od ukupno uključenih korisnika. Direkcije Mostar i Goražde nisu imale dvojnika, a u ostalim direkcijama procent dvojnika je bio: Tuzla 16%, Travnik 9,8%, Zenica 10,7%, Bihać 3,4% i Sarajevo 2,5%. Za odvijanje saobraćaja u ﬁ ksnoj mreži u funkciji je bilo 45.053 vodova kao i 1.827 2M-bitnih grupa na hostovima, te 1.780 2M-bitnih grupa na udaljenim stepenima. U 2004. godini pušteno je u rad 91 novih tasan govornica, a de- instalirano ih je 98, što znači smanjenje za 7 u odnosu na 2003. godinu. Smanjenje broja govornica u odnosu na kraj prethodne godine ostva- reno je u gotovo svim direkcijama, izuzev direkcije Sarajevo, gdje se broj govornica povećao za 14 i direkcije Travnik gdje se broj govornica povećao za 1. Ukupan broj javnih govornica koje su krajem 2004. bile u radu iznosio je 1.542.

174 Joint Stock Company BH Telecom – Sarajevo

Th e year 2004 the BH Telecom started operation as the Public Enterprise and from the 12th of March it continued operation as the Joint Stock Company BH Telecom. On the 4th of May 2004, the First Stockholders Assembly was held. In the same year, the fi rst dividend was allocated to stockholders from the realized profi t, in amount of 90 million KM in 2003 and in 2005, the dividend from the realized profi t, in amount of 100 million KM in 2004 was allocated. As a response to positive reactions and demands for services developed at broadband access network, the entire 2004 was dedicated to further expansion of this platform as well as arrangements for next phases that would lead to restructuring of the entire data transmission network, which is conditioned by the expected load increase generated by the broadband users. In that year the nucleus of the system was constructed which would be a backbone for the further development of the BH Telecom. Within the fi xed network the trend of increase of digitalization degree of installed capacities was continued from 77.1% at the end of 2003 to over 85.5% at the end of 2004. At the end of that year, BH Telecom d.d. had 491 installed switching systems, of which 75 switching systems as HOSTs and 416 as remote subscriber switching units. When compared with 2001, the number of HOSTs was reduced for 62 while, at the same time, the number of the remote switching units was increased for 200, which together with presented degree of digitalization increase of switching units was the evident proof of the realisation of the aims, by means of which the number of nodes in the network would be reduced. Th e number of users in the fi xed network at the end of 2004 was 691.604 of installed connections of which 534.260 used connections. At the BH Telecom level the further progress was made in a reduced number of two–party lines. Th e aim was to cancel all two–party lines, so that all users of the BH Telecom services would be equal when basic and additional services are concerned. At the end of 2004, the number of two–party lines was 42.060 which was 8% of the total number of active users. Th e directorates Mostar and Gorazde did not have two–

175 Mobilna 2001. 2002. 2003. Pl. 2004. I-XII 2004. INDEKS

1 23456 7(6/3) 8(6/4) 9(6/5)

INSTALISANI 290.000 600.000 740.000 950.000 990.000 165 134 104

Postpaid-aktiv. 139.565 116.467 105.605 132.722 98.570 85 93 74

Prepaid-aktiv. 93.696 247.204 409.667 612.307 551.000 223 134 90

UKLJUČENI 233.261 363.671 515.272 745.029 649.570 179 126 87

Razlika 56.739 236.329 224.728 204.971 340.430 144 151 166

% isk.kapac. 80,4% 60,6% 69,6% 78,4% 61,4% 108 94 84

Odnos instaliranih i iskorištenih kapaciteta

Međunarodni saobraćaj se odvijao preko dvije međunarodne centrale MnC SA1 i MnC SA2, putem direktnih smjerova sa 19 država preko 3.657 vodova. Magistralni i međuoperatorski saobraćaj se odvijao preko istih komutacija MnC SA1 i MnC SA2. Broj vodova na magistralnoj ravni zabilježio je rast od 129 voda, a međuoperatorske veze unutar BiH su proširene za 62 voda. U saobraćaju mobilne mreže u 2004. godini puštene su u rad 43 nove bazne stanice, od kojih je u Republici Srpskoj pušteno u rad 17, a na teritoriji koju operatorski pokriva HTP Mostar 11 baznih stanica, tako da se saobraćaj odvijao preko ukupno 389 baznih stanica i tri

176 party lines and in other directorates the percentage of two–party lines was: Tuzla 16%, Travnik 9,8%, Zenica 10,7%, Bihac 3,4%, and Sarajevo 2,5%. For traffi c conduct in the fi xed network 45.053 lines were functional and 1,827 2Mb groups at HOSTs, as well as 1.780 2Mb groups at remote subscriber switch units. In 2004, 91 new telephone booths (tasan payphones) were put into operation and 98 were dismantle which represented a decrease by 7 when compared to 2003. Decrease in number of payphones with regard to the end of the previous year was realized in almost all directorates except in the Directorate Sarajevo, where the number of payphones increased for 14, and the Directorate Travnik where the number of payphones was increased for 1. Th e total number of public payphones which were functional by the end of 2004 was 1.542. Th e international traffi c was conducted through 2 international exchanges MnC SA1 and MnC SA2 by direct routes with 19 countries through 3.657 lines. Th e transit and inter–operator traffi c was conducted through the same switching systems MnC SA1 and MnC SA2. Th e number of lines at transit plane was increased for 129 lines, and inter–operator connections within BiH were increased for 62 lines. And the mobile network traffi c in 2004, 43 new base stations were put into operation of which in the Republic of Srpska 17 were ac- ISDN terminal tivated and on the territory which was covered by HTP Mostar 11 base / ISDN Terminal stations were activated, thus the traffi c was conducted through 389 base stations and 3 switching systems with the capacity of 990.000 subscribers. Th e overall number of the mobile network users at the end of 2004, within the system was 781.962 (169.462 postpaid and 612.500 prepaid), of which 649.570 active users (98.570 postpaid and 551.000 prepaid). In the mobile telephone network the IN node was functional. Th e roaming traffi c was conducted with 61 countries, in other words, with 129 operators.

177 komutacije kapaciteta ukupno 990.000 pretplatnika. Ukupan broj korisnika mobilne mreže krajem 2004. godine iznosio je u sistemu 781.962 (169.462 post-paid i 612.500 pre-paid), od čega aktivnih 649.570 korisnika (98.570 post-paid i 551.000 pre-paid). U mobilnoj telefonskoj mre- ži u funkciji je IN čvor. Roaming saobraćaj se odvijao sa 61 državom, odnosno sa 129 operatora. BH Telecom je dobio obnovljenu GSM licencu Regulatorne agencije za komunikacije - RAK za narednih 10 godina. U paketskoj mreži saobraćaj se odvijao preko centra smještenog u Sarajevu i rutera smještenih u regionalnim direkcijama, kao i u 2003. godini. Pristup malih internet korisnika se odvijao preko 3.286 pristupnih tačaka – DIALUP. Broj malih internet korisnika iznosio je krajem 2004. godine 42.560.

xDSL tehnologija

DSLAM uređaji su vezani u ATM, odnosno u ehternet mrežu u Sarajevu. Sistem ima jednu centralnu tačku na kojoj terminiraju sve xDSL konekcije, BRAS server povezan sa Radius bazom korisnika. Osnovni kvalitet ovako izgrađenog sistema bio je u punom korištenju svih prednosti postojećih biling sistemā koji je web orijentiran i pružao je mogućnosti web autentiﬁ kacije korisnika, promjene lične lozinke, ali i pregleda detaljnog izvještaja o konekcijama. Sredinom 2004. godine završene su sve aktivnosti oko ﬁ nalizacije projekta mail-sistema, koji je realiziran sa 100 % redundansom, antivirus i antispam zaštitom. Ovaj je sistem postao jedno od najboljih i najpouz- danijih rješenja u okruženju. Najbolji pokazatelji napora i želja da se udovolji potrebama suvre- menog življenja i poslovanja bio je, svakako, stalni rast korisnika i prihoda ostvarenih prodajom usluga mobilne mreže. Sve ove godine postojanja ove tehnološke platforme porast je bio preko 20 % na godišnjoj osnovi, što istovremeno iskazuje, s jedne stra-

178 Th e BH Telcom have gained renewed GSM license from the Regulatory Agency for Communications – for the following 10 years. Within the packet network the traffi c was conducted through the center located in Sarajevo and the routers located in the regional directorates, the same as in 2003. Th e access of dial–up internet users was conducted through 3.286 access points – DIALUP. Th e number of the dial–up internet users at the end of 2004, was 42.560. Centar za nadzor i upravljanje / The Center for Th e xDSL Technology Telecommunication Management Network Th e DSLAM devices were connected with ATM, in other words to ethernet network in Sarajevo. Th e system had one central point to which all xDSL connections were terminated, and BRAS server was connected with Radius user base. Th e basic quality of the system built like this, was in the full utilization of all advantages of the existing billing system which was web oriented and which provided a possibility of user web authentication, change of password and as well as detailed review of connection reports. In the mid of 2004, all activities regarding fi nalization of the mail system project were completed and the project was realised with 100% redundancy, antivirus and anti–spam protection. Th is system became one of the best and the most reliable solutions in the area. Th e best indicators of eff orts and desires to meet demands of con- temporary life and business activities certainly was a constant growth of users and incomes realised by the sale of mobile network services. During all these years of the existence of this technological platform, the increase was over 20% per year what represents, at one hand, still underdeveloped market and at the other, a perspective, off ered by the future development of business activities and planed future working guidelines.

179 ne, još nerazvijeno tržište, a sa druge strane, perspektivnost koje ono nudi u daljnjem razvoju poslovanja i planira- nja budućih smjernica rada. Zavisno od porasta broja korisnika, strukture mreže i zahtjeva tržišta, kontinuirano su proširivani i kapaciteti čvorova, a poboljšavane su i softverske mogućnosti za razvoj mobilne mreže, kao i uvođenje novog pristupa kroz uvođenje servisne mreže. Početak takvog pristupa predstavljalo je uvođenje GPRS čvora u jezgro mre- Podrška korisnicima že i elemenata infrastrukture servisne mreže. / Customer care Konﬁ guracija ﬁ ksne mreže, radi veće pouzdanosti, napravljena je sa tandem međunarodnim centralama i djelomično tandem tranzitnolokalnim centralama (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica i Bihać). Mreža je dimenzionirana tako da se saobraćajno opterećenje što ravno- mjernije rasporedi, kako u međunarodnom, tako i nacionalnom saobraćaju. To je proces koji će se završiti sa izmjenom postojećih analognih sistema. U završnoj fazi je instalacija i puštanje u rad STP-ova u Sarajevu i Zenici. Ovim je napravljen veliki pomak u pogledu kapaciteta i sigurnosti signalizacione mreže BH Telecoma. Sve aktivnosti izgradnje i rekonstukcije pristupne mreže BH Telecoma su se izvodile sa ciljem stvaranja preduvjeta za prijenos širo- kopojasnih signala.

Izgradnja prenosne backbone informatičke magistrale

Akcenat izgradnje sistema prijenosa u periodu 2001 – 2005. bio je na izgradnji i puštanju u rad magistralnih i međunarodnih kapaciteta kao i lokalnih kapaciteta gdje god je trebalo pružiti telekomunikacione usluge korisnicima, obezbijediti kapacitet sistema prijenosa za potrebe GSM-a BH Telecoma i drugih licenciranih operatora, usluga prijenosa podataka, iznajmljivanja kapaciteta velikim korisnicima, kao i potreba interko- nekcije. Najvažniji su sljedeći:

180 Plan I –XII INDEKS R. br. Vrsta usluge 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004 7:5 7:6 12 3456789 1.1. Fiksna impulsi 4.896.368 5.322.341 5.698.841 6.078.276 5.715.889 100 94 1.2. NTS –min-pos.tarifa 1.304 2.1. GSM –min -postpaid 108.782 137.503 151.465 161.390 154.167 102 96

2.2. SMSporuke -postpaid 76.147

2.3. SMSporuke -prepaid 425.000

3.1. BIHNET 457.637 584.497 507.619 111 87

3.2. BIHPAK K-segmenti 24.716 72.597 107.640 132.570 173.443 161 131

Ostvarenje ﬁ zičkog obima usluga po mrežama (u 000).

Depending on the increase of the number of users, network structure and market demands, the capacities of nodes were continuously expanded and software possibilities for the improvement of the mobile network as well as the introduction of new access through introduction of service network were improved. Th e beginning of such access was the introduction of the GPRS nodes in the networks center and infrastructure elements of service network. Th e conﬁ guration of the ﬁ xed network in order to achieve greater reliability was made with tandem international exchanges and partly tandem transit local exchanges (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica, and Bihac).

Th e network was constructed so that the traffi c load was fairly Međunarodna centrala distributed, both in international and national traffi c. Th is process / International exchange would end with a change of the existing analogue systems. Th e installation and putting into operation of STPs in Sarajevo and Zenica were in the fi nal phase. Th us the great progress was made in terms of capacities and security of signaling network of the BH Telecom. All activities of construction and reconstruction of the BH Telecom’s access network were conducted with the aim of creating preconditions for broadband signal transmission.

181 1. Izgrađen je 2,5 Gbit/s sistem prijenosa Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla - Sarajevo po optičkom kablu sa 155 Mbit/s zaštitom RR sistemima prijenosa; 2. Izgrađen je 2,5 Gbit/s sistem prijenosa Sarajevo – Konjic – Mostar; 3. Izgrađen je 2,5 Gbit/s sistem prijenosa Brka – Osijek sa položenim optičkim kablom ispod korita rijeke Save (Brka - Gunja) za dir- ketnu vezu BH Telecom – HT Zagreb, 4. Pušten je u eksplotaciju 155 Mbit/s i 2x622 Mbit/s sistem prijenosa BH Telecom – HT Mostar za vezu sa HT Mostar i HT Zagreb sa STM-1 linkom za potrebe Interneta; 5. Pušten je 622 Mbit/S sistem prijenosa Sarajevo – Kladanj – Tuzla – Klokotnica –Banjaluka za vezu prema Telekomu Republike Srpske; 6. Izgrađen je RR 15 Mbit/s sistem prijenosa Okresanica – Cer za vezu prema Telekomu Srbije, 7. Po pitanju interkonekcija sa HT Mostar su realizovane sljedeće veze: – Veza Orašje – Mostar 155 Mbit/s (za HT Mostar preko BH Telecoma); Rad na pristupnoj mreži / Construction work on the – Veza Vitez – Mostar 155 Mbit/s (za HT Mostar preko BH access network Telecoma);

182 Construction of the Informatics Transmission Backbone

Th e emphasis of transmission system construction in the period 2001 – 2005 was on the construction and the operation of transit and international capacities as well as local capacities where telecommunication services should be provided to users and ensure transmission system capacity for the requirements of the GSM BH Telecom and other licensed operators, data transmission services, renting of capacities of leased– line users as well as the needs of interconnection. Th e most important are the following:

1. 2,5 Gbit/s transmission system Sarajevo – Zenica – Tuzla – Sarajevo, was constructed across optical cable with 155 Mbit/s protection of RR transmission systems; 2. 2,5 Gbit/s transmission system Sarajevo – Konjic – Mostar was constructed; 3. 2,5 Gbit/s transmission system Brka – Osjek with laid optical cable beneath the banks of the river Sava (Brka – Gunja) was constructed for direct link BH Telecom – HT Zagreb; 4. 155 Mbit/s and 2x622 Mbit/s transmission system BH Telecom – HT Mostar was activated for the link with the HT Mostar and HT Zagreb with STM–1 link for the internet requirements; 5. 622 Mbit/s transmission system Sarajevo – Kladanj – Tuzla – Klokotnica – Banja Luka was activated for the link with Telekom of the Republic of Srpska; 6. Th e RR 15 Mbit/s transmission system Okresanica – Cer for the link with the Telekom of Serbia was constructed; 7. Regarding interconnections with HT Mostar, the following links were established: – link Orasje – Mostar 155 Mbit/s (for HT Mostar through BH Telecom);

183 – Veza Sarajevo – Mostar 155 Mbit/s (zaštita za postojeći 155 Mbit/s link BH Telecoma); – Veza Sarejevo – Posušje 155 Mbit/s (kao zaštita za postojeći međuoperatorski 155 Mbit/s link).

Satelitske veze

Čitavo ovo vrijeme razvijao se i sistem satelitskih veza. Sredinom 2005. godine u funkciji su bili sljedeći satelitski linkovi: - Sarajevo – New York (AT&T), - Sarajevo – London, - Sarajevo – München. U međunarodnim sistemima prijenosa, satelitski link Sarajevo – Zürich je još 2001. godine prebačen na terestrijalni link, a naredne godine je to isto urađeno sa satelitskim linkovima Sarajevo – Frankfurt i Sarajevo – Stockholm. Satelitski link sa Amerikom je primarni link i cijena zakupa ovog satelitskog linka je jeftinija nego terestrijalnog, zbog velike udaljenosti. Link sa Njemačkom je back-up postojećim prijenosnim sistemima sa ovom zemljom, s obzirom da sa Njemačkom postoji najveći broj vodova i najveća količina saobraćaja. Sa Engleskom je back-up međunarodnim sistemima prijenosa, jer je London jedan od najvećih svjetskih tranzitnih centara.

184 – link Vitez – Mostar 155 Mbit/s (for Ht Mostar through BH Telecom); – link Sarajevo – Motar 155 Mbits/s (protection for the existing 155 Mbit/s link of the BH Telecom); – link Sarajevo – Posusje 155 Mbit/s (as the protection for the existing inter– operator 155 Mbit/s link).

Satellite Links

During this time, satellite link system was developed as well. Th e following satellite links were functional by the mid 2005: – Sarajevo – New York (AT&T) – Sarajevo – London – Sarajevo – Munich In the international transmission systems, the satellite link Sarajevo – Zurich was transferred to terrestrial link in 2001, and during the following year the same was done with the satellite links Sarajevo–Frankfurt and Sarajevo–Stockholm. Th e satellite link with America is the primary link, and the price of its lease is much cheaper than terrestrial one due to greater distance. Th e link with Germany serves as back–up to existing transmission systems with this country, having in mind that the highest number of lines exists with Germany as well as the largest quantity of the traﬃ c. Th e link with the Great Britain serves as the back–up for the international transmission systems, because London is one of the largest world transit centers.

185 Poslovni aspekt razvoja mobilne mreže BH Telecoma

Mobilna mreža je u svijetu odavno pokazala prednost kako po broju korisnika tako i po broju usluga koju daje, čime je prevazišla onu izvornu – fi ksnu mrežu, kao i sve druge vrste komunikacija. U ovom trenutku posebna pažnja BH Telecoma usmjerena je na segment razvoja mobilne mreže. BH Telecomova mobilna mreža trenutno u sistemu ima oko 800.000 korisnika, od čega su oko 650.000 pre-paid korisnici. U poređenju sa druga dva operatora u Bosni i Hercegovini, BH Telecom je u pogledu broja korisnika mobilne mreže na prvom mjestu. Po ostva- renom prihodu 2004. godine, sa 220 miliona KM iz ovog segmenta, što u ukupnom prihodu fi rme iznosi negdje preko 40 %, također je na prvom mjestu. Treba imati u vidu naglašenu tendenciju dimaničke promjene u kapacitetima svih elemenata sistema, kako zbog povećanja broja korisnika koje se godišnje kreće do veličine od 150.000 do 200.000 korisnika, tako i zbog uvođenja novih usluga i tehnologija. Očekuje se i naredne 2-3 godine, da će godišnji priliv korisnika mobilne mreže biti na istom nivou. BH Telecom d.d. Sarajevo, kroz svoju misiju i viziju želi da zadrži lidersku poziciju u odnosu na druga dva operatora sa najmanje 50% učešća u tržištu. Kapaciteti krajem 2004. godine su uvećani za 220.000 priklju- čaka u komutacijama i HLR-u, tako da je ukupno dostignut kapacitet jezgra mreže za 990.000 korisnika. U radio dijelu sa novih 120 baznih stanica (VIII faza) značajno će se poboljšati pokrivenost GSM radio signalom stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine. 24. decembra 2004. godine uveden je GPRS i već u sljedećem mjesecu, tokom probnog rada, ostvaren je broj priključaka na GPRS od više hiljada korisnika. GPRS je po završetku probnog rada pušten u komercijalnu upotrebu 17. maja 2005. godine. Paralelno sa GPRS-om u urbanim sredinama je instaliran EDGE. On omogućava kapacitete i brzine 3 puta veće od GPRS- a. EDGE je ustvari po brzini ekvivalentan ISDN priključku u fi ksnoj mreži. Testiranjem je ostvarena brzina download-a od 120 Kb/s (od mogućih 360 Kb/s). Paralelno, ADSL širokopojasnom pristupu u fi ksnoj mreži, razvija se i široko pojasna usluga u mobilnoj mreži – pristup putem WLAN, odnosno WiFi-a. BH Telecom je potpisao donatorski ugovor

186 Business Aspect of BH Telecom’s Mobile Network Development

Mobile network has proved its advantages with regard to the number of users and provided services, by means of which it had surpassed the fi xed network as well as all other forms of communications. In this moment, the special attention of the BH Telecom is focused to the mobile network development. BH Telecom’s mobile network, in this moment, has approx. 800.000 users, of which 650.000 are pre–paid users. When compared to two other operators in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the BH Telecom is the fi rst operator regarding the number of users. By realized Ceremonija puštanja u rad GPRS-a profi t in 2004, with approx. 220 million KM in this segment, which is / Ceremony of GPRS starting 40% of overall company profi t, it is also on the fi rst place. Having in operation

187 sa Amerčkom agencijom za trgovinu i razvoj TDA za izradu fi zibiliti studije, po kojoj se već radi i priprema pilot projekat za dva do tri hot-spota. Ona će pomoći da dođemo do izbora kvalitetnih tehno- loških i tehničkih, odnosno ekonomskih rješenja i opredjeljenja za realizaciju pilot projekata, koje će se realizovati u kampusu Univerziteta u Sarajevu, hotelu Holiday Inn. Paralelno je i na poslovnom objektu UNITIC-a, završena montaža 40-tak antena, koje će imati funkcije da, osim unutarnjeg po- krivanja objekta GPRS signalom, pruže mogućnost korištenja bežičnog pristupa Internetu brzinama 2 Mb/s pa i većim. Ova dva pilot projekta će nas uvjeriti u opravdanost i način realizacije takvih projekata širom BiH. BH Telecom ima jasnu viziju što se tiče svog razvoja sa poslovnog aspekta. Tako se u fi ksnoj mreži planira povećanje na oko 30 % pene- tracije, a u mobilnoj mreži preko 70 %. Planirano je da se to ostvari u naredne 2-3 godine, kada će kapacitet naše mobilne mreže biti 1,8 miliona korisnika u komutacijama, a broj naših korisnika se procjenjuje da će biti 1,4 – 1,5 miliona. Izradom Strategije razvoja i planskih doku- menata srednjoročnog karaktera te drugih, kao što su koncepti razvoja fi ksne, mobilne i paketske mreže značajno je unaprijeđena slika daljnjeg razvoja BH Telecom-a.

Razvoj telekomunikacijskih usluga

Usluge ﬁ ksne mreža su: – osnovne usluge, – dodatne usluge i – usluge sa dodatnom vjernošću Osnovne usluge ﬁ ksne mreže su vezane za uspostavu veze, dok su dodatne usluge također rado prihvaćene od strane korisnika. Oni se mogu pretplatiti i na njih, čime se znatno proširuju mogućnosti telefonskog priključka, omogućavajući korisniku usluge kao što su: prikaz broja pozivaoca, preusmjerenje poziva, čekanje u redu, skraćeno biranje, konferencijska veza, “odsutan pretplatnik”, “ne uznemiravaj pretplatnika”, povratni upit, veza bez biranja (HOT line), izdavanje listinga po-

188 mind emphasized tendency of dynamic change in the capacities of all elements of the system, due to the annual increase in the number of users from 150.000 to 200.000, as well as introduction of new services and technologies. It is expected that in the following 2–3 years, the annual intake of users will be at the same level. Th e BH Telecom d.d. Sarajevo, with its mission and vision, wants to keep the position of a leader in regard to two other operators, with the least 50% market share. Near the end of 2004, the capacities were increased for 220.000 connections in switching systems and the HLR, so the total capacity of core network reached 990.000 users. In radio segment with new 120 base stations (VIII phase) the GSM coverage with radio signal will be signifi cantly increased in BIH. On the 24th of December 2004, the GPRS was introduced, and already during the fi rst month of trial period, the number of connections to GPRS was realized of few thousand users. After ending of its trial period, the GPRS was put into commercial use on the 17th of May, 2005. In urban areas, EDGE was installed together with GPRS. It enabled capacities and speeds up to 3 times enhanced when compared to the GPRS. In other words, the EDGE was equivalent to the ISDN connection in fi xed network in the matter of speed. By testing, the download speed of 120Kb/s was reached ( of feasible 360Kb/s). In parallel to the ADSL broadband access in fi xed network, the broadband mobile network service was developing – access through WLAN, in other words WiFi. Th e BH Telecom has signed the grant agreement with the U.S. Trade and Development Agency for the feasibility study, which is already being in use for preparation of a pilot project for two to three hot–spots. It will help in choosing qualitative technological and technical solutions for the pilot project realization, which will be realized within the University of Sarajevo and Holiday Inn Hotel. In parallel, at the business building of UNITIC, the installation of 40 antennas is completed, which will along with covering of the facility’s internal space with GPRS signal, provide possibility of Internet wireless access utilization at the speed of 2 Mb/s and higher. Th ese two pilot projects will convince us of justifi ability and the method of realization of such projects in BIH. Th e BH Telecom has a clear vision regarding its development looking from the business aspect. Within the fi xed network, the 30% increase of penetration is planned, and within the mobile network more than 70 % increase. It is planned to achieve this in the next 2–3 years

189 zivanih brojeva itd. Neke od usluga zahtijevaju da korisnikov telefonski aparat posjeduje mogućnost tonskog biranja. Instalacijom IVR platforme, te njenom implementacijom u aprilu 2005. godine, omogućit će se upotpunjavanje usluga premium servisa i ma- sovniji pristup medijalnim projektima nagradnih igara i kvizova. Uvođenjem IVR usluga će se dati mogućnost i content providerima tj. pretplatnicima (TV kuće, radiostanice, marketinške agencije i dr.) da koriste IVR platformu i kreiraju sadržaj za krajnje korisnike. Za korištenje IVR usluga od strane korisnika je potrebno posjedovati telefonski aparat sa DTMF biranjem. IVR platforma svojom funk- cionalnošću se može iskoristiti u sljedeće svrhe: – organizovanje nagradnih igara i kvizova; – pružanje javnih informacija koje se često mijenjaju (vozni red, TV/ﬁ lmski programi, meteorološki podaci, turističke informacije…); – za bilo koje događaje u kojima se zahtijeva interak- cija korisnika i IVR sistema.

Testna oprema SIEMENS Istovremeno se razvijaju i usluge BIHNET mreže na servisnoj / Test equipment Siemens ravni. Uvodi se e-mail 2SMS, SMS2 e-mail, Web 2SMS, novi BIHNET sadržaji na Web portalu itd. Multimedijalne usluge, TV i radio programi pristupom Internetu preko širokopojasne mreže ADSL-a, omogućiti će preko jednog sistema pružanje svih usluga: govor, podaci, video. U pogledu usluga mobilne mreže situacija se brzo mijenja kako po broju, tako i vrstama uvedenih servisa i aplikacija. Relativno zakašnje- nje što se tiče GPRS-a, kompenzirano je paralelnom implementacijom GPRS-a, EDGE-a i WLAN-a. To je značajan iskorak BH Telecoma u tehnološkom smislu. Važan je usvojeni princip da se svi servisi pružaju i za pre-paid kao i za post-paid korisnike. Svim našim korisnicima biti će omogućeni sve servisi, i neće se praviti diskriminacija među korisnicima prema načinu plaćanja, nego će ih dijeliti samo veličina i vrsta servisa koje koriste – paketa. Dakle, sadašnje opredjeljenje je ulaganje najve- ćih napora i inventivnosti u dijelu servisa i u dijelu izgradnje sistema servisne mreže i podrške korisnicima. Mora biti izgrađena iz temelja potpuno nova ﬁ lozoﬁ ja koja ranije nije postojala, a to je otvorena ser-

190 period, when the capacity of our mobile network will be 1.8 million users in switching systems, and the number of our users is estimated to be 1.4 – 1.5 million. With creation of Development Strategy and middle term planning documents, and others such as concepts of ﬁ xed, mobile and data network development, the future development of the BH Telecom is signiﬁ cantly improved.

Development of Promocija usluga BH Telecoma / The promotion Telecommunication Services of BH Telecom services

Th e services provided by the fi xed network are: – basic services – additional services and – value added services. Basic services of the fi xed network relates to connection establishing, while additional services are also readily accepted by the users. Th e users have the possibility to subscribe, by means of which the possibilities of telephone connections are extended, providing services such as: call- ing line identifi cation, call divert, call waiting, short dialing, conference call, “subscriber absent”, “do not disturb the subscriber”, return call, hot line, issuance of dialed numbers listing, etc. Some services require that the users telephone has a possibility of tone dialing. By the installation of the IVR platform and its implementation in April of 2005, a completion of premium services and wider access to media projects of prize contest and quiz. Introducing of the IVR services will make possible for the content providers (TV companies, Radio stations, Marketing Agencies, etc.) to use the IVR platform and create contents for end users. For the usage of the IVR services a telephone device with the DTMF dialing is required. Th e IVR platform with its functionality can also be used for the following purposes: – organizing of prize contents and quiz; – providing of the public information that are often changed (bus/plane timetable, TV programs, weather conditions, tourist information...); – for any events/purposes that require a interaction between users and IVR system.

191 Uporedni podaci o ostvarenju osnovnih pokazatelja u odnosu na ostvarenje u 2003. godini i u odnosu na Plan poslovanja za 2004 godinu.

Indeks Red POKAZATELJI I - XII PLAN I - XII br. POSLOVANJA 2003. 2004. 2004. 5:3 5:4 12 3456 7 I TELEKOMUNIKACIONI KAPACITETI 1. Telefonska mreža 1.1. Fiksna telefonska mreža – Instalisani telefonski priključci 648.527 697.090 691.604 107 99,2 – Iskorišteni telefonski priključci 509.094 550.720 534.260 105 97,0

– Stepen iskorištenosti kapac. u % 78,5 79,0 77,2 98,3 97,7

1.1.2. Javne telefonske govornice 1.549 1.694 1.542 100 91,0

2. Mobilna telefonska mreža Instalisani priključci 740.000 950.000 990.000 134 104,2 Iskorišteni priključci, od tog – postpaid – u sistemu 161.803 200.388 169.462 105 85 – postpaid – aktivni 105.605 132.722 98.570 93 74 – prepaid – u sistemu 534.900 660.021 612.500 115 93 – prepaid – aktivni 409.667 612.307 551.000 134 90 – ukupno – u sistemu 696.703 860.409 781.962 112 91

– ukupno – aktivnih 515.272 745.029 649.570 126 87 2. Paketska mreža 2.1. BIHNET Dial up 34.213 49.800 42.560 124 85,5 Fiksni / ADSL 444 1.291 1.327 299 103 2.2. BIHPAK – broj korisnika – Frame Relay 444 676 516 116 76,3 – X.25 375 471 381 102 80,9 II BROJ ZAPOSLENIH 3.016 3.056 3.056 101 100,0 III USLUGE ( U 000)

1 Fiksna -impulsi 5.698.841 6.078.276 5.715.889 100 94 2 NTS –minute – posebna tarifa 1.304 3 GSM-minute – postpaid 151.465 161.390 154.167 106 96 4 SMS poruke –postpaid 76.147

5 BIHNET 457.637 584.497 507.619 111 87 BIHPAK – K segmenti 6 107.640 132.570 173.443 161 131

192 Red I – XII Plan I – XII INDEKS br. 2003 2004 2004 5:3 5:4

12 34567 I PRIHOD OD OSNOVNE AKTIVNOSTI 495.380 540.487 524.885 106 97 A Vrijednost pruzenih usluga ( a-d) 495.380 540.487 524.885 106 97 a FIKSNA MREZA 296.536 321.697 303.881 102 94 b GSM MREZA 189.142 206.934 209.363 111 101 c PAKETSKA MREZA 9.402 10.838 10.896 116 101 d OSTALE USLUGE IZ OSN.AKT(1-3) 300 1.018 745 248 73

B Vrijednost prodate robe 0 0 0 0 0

II PRIHOD OD ULAGANJA 523 0 2.563 490 0

III PRIHOD OD FINANSIRANJA (1-3) 6.175 5.449 7.565 123 139

IV OSTALI PRIHODI (1-8) 24.746 23.040 34.011 137 148

V VANREDNI PRIHODI 00000

VI UKUPNI PRIHODI (I –V) 526.824 568.976 569.024 108 100

VII Tekecom Inzenjer.- interna realizacija 11.898 18.000 11.381 96 63

VII UKUPNO (VI+VII) 538.722 586.976 580.405 108 99

Ostvareni prihod po vrstama prihoda, po mrežama (ﬁ ksna, mobilna paketska) i po vrstama usluga

Furthermore, in parallel other BIHNET network services are developed at service plane. E–mail2SMS, SMS2e–mail, Web2SMS, new BIHNET contents at Web Portal, etc are introduced. Multimedia services, TV and radio programs by Internet access through ADSL broadband network, will enable provision of all services : voice, data and video through a single system. In regard to mobile network service, the situation changes rap- idly in number and in forms of introduced services and applications. Th e relative delay concerning GPRS, was compensated with parallel implementation of the GPRS, EDGE and WLAN. Th is was the signiﬁ cant step forward for the BH Telecom in technological aspect. Th e important principle has been adopted – that all services are to be provided both for pre–paid and post–paid users. All services will be provided to our users, and distinction will not be made between the users regarding payment methods, but by the size and kind of service

193 visna mreža. Uz postojeće govorne usluge, te servisne platforme SMS, MMS, Wap/Web portal, razvijaju se VAS usluge. Istovremeno se već pripremaju nove, kao m-commerce, LBS-lokacijski bazirane usluge, te- lemetrija i telekomanda koje će poslužiti da se na njima primjene razne aplikacije.

Servisna mreža

Servisna mreža podrazumijeva jedan kompletan hardverski i softver- ski uređen sistem koji će omogućivati razvoj, testiranje, implementaciju i produkciju servisa i aplikacija, bez obzira da li su vanjski davaoci sadržaja ili je sadržaj kreiran unutar BH Telecoma. U dijelu servisa pristupa se razradi sistema portala slično kao NTT -„DoCoMo“ ili „Planet“ Mobitela Slovenije, gdje ima veliki broj aplikacija i servisa u njihovom domenu koji se pripremaju i ažuriraju. Sada je jasno da će se BH Telecom otvoriti prema vani, prema vanjskim davaocima sadržaja i ostvariti kontakt sa servis provajderima. BH Telecom je prepoznao da se mora kreirati otvorena infrastruktura za sve moguće sadržaje. Ovim

194 they use – package. Th erefore, present commitment is the putting of ef- forts and inventiveness, in the segment of services and in the segment of service network system construction and support to the customers. Th e complete new philosophy has to be invented, and that is – open service network. Together with voice services and service platforms SMS, MMS Wap/Web Portal, the VAS services are developed. At the same time, new m–commerce, LBS–location based services, telemetry and telecommand are being prepared, which will serve for the implementation of various applications.

Service Network

Th e Service Network is a complete hardware and software arranged system, which will enable the development, testing, implementation and production of services and applications, regardless of whether there are external content providers or the content is created within the BH Telecom. Th e construction of portal system similar to NTT DoCoMo or Slovenian Mobitel’s “Planet”, have began with a great number of applications and services which are prepared and updated. Now, it is clear that the BH Telecom will open its doors towards the external content

Rafting na Uni / Rafting on Una River

195 se postavlja objektivna uloga raznih segmenata našeg sistema koji u realizaciji imaju ogroman zadatak. U budućnosti da će biti izgrađena takva ICT - informaciono ko- munikacijska infrastruktura i otvorena servisna platforma u smislu primjene sistema za podršku u svim oblastima društva, koji će biti toliko prisutan u životima ljudi, da će ga oni shvatati, ne samo kao servisnu infrastrukturu, nego kao jednu životnu potrebu. Očekuje se da i ostale usluge fi ksne, mobilne mreže i Internet-a, svojim sinergijskim djelova- njem, uz zajedničku primjenu svih vrsta aplikacija, omoguće neslućene promjene i u samom BH Telecomu. Ovakav pristup značajno će oboga- titi ponudu usluga BH Telecoma preko svih mreža. Servisne platforme će, preko tzv. enejblera, omogućiti pristup zajedničkim aplikacijama koji čine osnovu konvergencije fi ksne-mobilne-data mreže, kako Internet tako i multimedijalnih sadržaja. Prilagođavanje formata, ažuriranje i tehnički aspekt treba prila- goditi tako da se to može napisati u određenom broju karaktera - redova, riječi, slika itd. Konkretno - servisi se razvijaju, implementiraju, aktiviraju, mjere, obračunavaju i testiraju u tijesnoj vezi sa tehnologijom. Marketing je u funkciji istraživanja tržišta, analiza cijena, promocije i prodaje, i, ono što je najvažnije, marketing će ubuduće biti spona i generator kontakata sa davaocima sadržaja, sa medijskim kućama, ugo- varanjem autorskih prava, defi nisanjem samog sadržaja. Regionalne direkcije, će dobiti novu ulogu, kako u dijelu tehnološke podrške, gdje moraju održavati bazne stanice, prijenos itd., tako i u dijelu lokalne promocije, unapređenja prodaje i, posebno, u dijelu odnosa sa korisnicima. Dakle, u segmentu odnosa sa korisnicima, multipliciniranjem distribu- tivnih kanala, i za prodaju i za kontakte sa korisnicima, oni su na prvoj liniji. U tom smialu podrazumijeva se da će imati maksimalnu podrš- ku tehnoloških direkcija i marketinga. To znači da se moraju urediti procedure te dati jasna uputstva i sve informacije za njihov rad. U BH Telecomu će već od iduće godine - tako je zamišljeno - svaki korisnik imati mogućnost kontrole stanja na računu u svakom trenutku, istoriju troškova sa računa, te koliko ima sredstava uz personalizaciju usluga. Sve to će pratiti edukacija naših korisnika u razumjevanju korištenja servisa i aplikacija, i to postaje prioritet. Povećanjem aplikacija sve se višestruko usložnjava. To je jedan od ključnih problema u budućnosti, posebno u regionalnim direkcijama, pa i onim najvećim - sarajevskoj, tuzlanskoj itd., jer ljudi koji su zaduženi i vezani za ove poslove još nisu adekvatno osposobljeni.

196 providers and establish contact with service providers. Th e BH Telecom 25. Generalna skupština ETNO, Sarajevo 18–19 has recognized that an open infrastructure for all possible contents has novembar 2004., domaćin to be created. Th us, the objective role of various segments of our system, BH Telecom / The General Assembly ETNO, Sarajevo which have a huge task, is set. 18–19 November, 2004, In the future, the ICT – information communication infrastruc- host – BH Telecom ture and open service platform will be constructed as means of imple- menting the support system in all fi elds of society, which will be present in people lives in that extent, that it will be understood not only as service infrastructure but as a life necessity. It is expected that other services of fi xed, mobile and Internet network with its synergic operation and joint implementation of all kinds of applications, will enable great changes within the BH Telecom. Th is approach will signifi cantly enrich the BH Telecom’s ser v ice off er across all networks. Th e service platforms will, through so called enablers, provide access to joint applications that form the base of convergence of fi xed–mobile–data network, both of Internet and multimedia contents. Th e adjustment of a format, updating and technical aspect should be adapted so that it is possible to write it in certain number of char- acters, lines, words, pictures, etc. Services are developing, implement- ing, activating, measuring and testing in close relation to technology.

197 Planinari BH Telecoma na vrhu Bukovika / BH Telecom mountaineers on the Mount Bukovik Budućnost – šta mi vidimo u budućnosti?

Kako organizirati i osmisliti tzv. business intelligence na bazi CRM-a koji donosi brojne probleme koje treba u svijesti o konceptu, u oragnaizaciji i kadrovskoj popuni rješavati. Nedostatak kvalitetnih ljudi prisutan je gotovo u svim cjelinama. Zamisao je da se izvrši krupno prestruktuiranje u korist visoko obrazovnog kadra prijemom mladih i završenih stručnjaka – izvršilaca, stim da bi iduće godine udio VSS kadrova trebalo povećati sa sadašnjih 15 % na najmanje 25 %, sa krajnjim ciljem da 30 % kadrova budu visoke spreme već do 2007 godine. U domenu investicija, u zadnjih deset godina realizirani su brojni projekti u koje je investirano više od jedne milijarde KM direktnih investicija, od čega se 142 miliona odnosi samo na GSM licencu. Treba imati u vidu da se investicije u telekomunikacije veoma brzo vraćaju, praktično već za par godina, a neke, kao na primjer u mobilnoj mreži za kraće od godine dana. To znači da se apsolutno isplati ulagati u sektor

198 Marketing has the function of market assessment, price analyses, promotion and sale, and what is most important, marketing will be the link and generator of contacts with content providers, media institutions, de- ﬁ ning copyrights and the content itself. Regional Directorates will have a new role, in segment of technological support, where base stations, transmission and etc. have to be maintained, and in the segment of local promotion, sale growth and especially in relations with the users. Th erefore, in this segment users are the ﬁ rst priority. It is understood that they will have full support of technological directorates and marketing. Th is implies that the procedures have to be created, clear guidelines and all information for its work provided. From the following year, in the BH Telecom each customer will have the possibility to control the account status, history of expenses, and resources available with the personalization of services. Th is will be followed by education of our users in understanding and utilization of services and applications, and it becomes a priority. With the increase in applications all this becomes much more complicated. Th is is one of the key problems for the future, especially within regional directorates, even the larger ones – Sarajevo, Tuzla, etc., because personnel dealing with these tasks is still not adequately enabled for the realization of these tasks.

Th e future – How do we see it?

Th e question is how to organize so called business intelligence based on CRM, which brings numerous problems which need to be solved in the concept, organization and personnel. Th e deﬁ ciency of professionals is present in almost all sectors. It is planned to conduct a major restructuring, for the increase of highly educated personnel, by recruitment of young professionals. Th e percentage of personnel with university degree should be increased from 15% to at least 25%, with the end goal of 30% until 2007. In segment of investments, in the last ten years numerous projects have been realized, in which more than 1 billion KM have been invested, of which 142 million relates to GSM license. It should be understood that there is a rapid return of the invested in telecommunications, practically in few years, as for example in the mobile network in a period shorter than a year. Th is means that it is proﬁ table to invest in telecommunication sector, especially when a total liberalization of a market

199 telekomunikacija, posebno kada je na pragu potpuna libarlizacija tržišta, gdje je već prisutna jaka konkurencija koja primjenjuje nove tehnologije i usluge. S druge strane, uloga telecoma u razvoju informatizacije društva, a samim tim i ukupnog razvoja zemlje je nemjerljiva. Dugo i stručno planiran razvoj poslovanja, te uspješnost BH Telecoma mogu s pravom biti ocijenjeni kao jednako vrijedna rješenjima velikih evropskih telekom kuća. Možda je jedna od najvažnijih činjenica i uspjeha fi rme samostalni razvoj tehnoloških rješe- nja, postignut etapnim razvojem mrežne i servisne infrastrukture, praćenjem najmodernijih tehnološ- kih trendova i, ponajprije, kontinuiranim prilago- đavanjem cijeloga tehnološkog sistema potrebama BOSNA ASA BH Telecom i specifi čnostima bosanskohercegovačkog tržišta. Upravo ovo opredje- osvojena dupla kruna / Bosna ASA BH Telecom ljenje jeste uvijek bilo garancija uspjeha i putokaz za budućnost. double crown winner Značaj BH Telecoma za razvoj industrije i privrede u Bosni i Hercegovni, kao i cjelokupan razvoj bosanskohercegovačkog društva, je nesumnjiv i neupitan. U izvjesnom smislu, rast i uspješnost ovog ugled- nog preduzeća može biti samo uzor za mnogobrojne poslovne poduhva- te i projekte onih čija je ambicioznost jednaka želji za boljim životom. BH Telecom svoju uspješnost duguje oslanjanju na vlastite ka- drove, uvažavanju njihovog znanja i permanentnom samoispitivanju i samoprovjeri svojih vlastitih planova; praćenju savremenih tokova u svjetskim razmjerama i vizijama u budućnosti. Zbog toga govor o BH Telecomu ne može imati defi nitivan kraj, jer je to priča koja traje i koja će trajati.

200 lies ahead, with a strong competition which ap- plies new technologies and services. At the other hand, the role of the Telecom in development of informatics, and at the same time of the overall development of the country is incalculable. Professionally planned business development progress and the success of the BH Telecom can rightly be assessed as solutions of the same value as of prominent European companies. Th e one of the most important facts is its own development of technological solutions, achieved by step–by–step development of the network and service infrastructure, by following modern technological trends, and by continual adjustment process of the entire technological system to the requirements and specifi c needs of Bosnian–Herzegovinian market. Th is very commitment has always been the guarantee of success and a guideline for the future. Th e signifi cance of the BH Telecom for the industry and economy progress in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the overall development of Bosnian–Herzegovinian society is un- questionable and without a doubt. Th e growth and success of this respectable company can only serve as a role model for numerous business projects of those whose ambition is equal to the will for the better life. Th e BH Telecom owes its success to its personnel, their expertise and continuing reeval- uation and verifi cation of its own plans; the following of world con- temporary trends and future visions. Th us, the speech about the BH Telecom can not have a defi nite end, for it is a narrative that lasts, and remains.

201

Skraćenice / Abverations

ATC Automatic Telephone exchange – Automatska telefonska centrala ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode – asinhroni transfer mod AXE Telefonska centrala proizvođača Ericsson BiHNET Intenet mreža BH Telecoma BIHPAK Javna mreža za prenos podataka BRA Basic Rate Access – pristup osnovnom brzinom BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server – server za udaljeni širokopojasni pristup CCITT International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee – raniji naziv tijela ITU-a koje se bavio deﬁ nisanjem standarda CRA BiH Communication Regulatory Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Regulatorna agencija za komunikacije BiH (RAK BiH) CRM Customer relations management – upravljanje odnosima sa korisnicima DCME Digital circuit multiplication equipment – oprema za multiplikaciju digitalnih kanala DNS Domain Name Server – server imena domena DSLAM digital subscriber line multiplexers – multiplekseri digitalne pretplatničke linije DTMF Dual-tone multi-frequency (vrsta telefonskog biranja) EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – Evropska banka za rekonstrukciju i razvoj EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution – povećane brzine prenosa podataka za GSM evoluciju EMB Electronic Mobile Business – elektronsko mobilno poslovanje EMS Express mail service – najbrža poštanska usluga ﬁ zičkim sredstvima EU European Union – Evropska unija EUTELSAT European Telecommunications Satellite Organization – Evropska telekomunikaciona satelitska organizacija EWSD Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital – digitalna centrala proizvođača Siemens

203 FTP File transfer protocol – protocol za razmjenu fajlova putem Interneta GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HLR Home Location Register HOST Komputer koji sadrži podatke, kojima se može pristupati sa udaljenih korisničkih kompjutera, svaki host ima jedinstvenu IP adresu IN Intelligent network – inteligentna mreža INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization – Međunarodna telekomunikaciona satelitska organizacija ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network – digitalna mreža integrisanih usluga ISO International Organization for Standardization – Međunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju ISP Internet Service provider – davalac Internet usluga ITC International Transit Exchange – međunarodna tranzitna centrala ITU International Telecommunication Union – Međunarodna telekomunikaciona unija IVR Interactive Voice Response LAN Local Area Network – mreža lokalnog područja LBS Location based services – lokacijski bazirane usluge MAN Metropolitan Area Network – mreža na području glavnog grada MoU Memorandum of Understanding – sporazum o razumijevanju NDC National Destination Code – nacionalni odredišni kod NMS Network Management System – sistem za upravljanje mrežom NTS Number Translation Services MMS Multimedia Messaging Service – usluga slanja i primanja multimedijalnog sadržaja MSC Mobile services switching centre – komutacioni centar mobilnih usluga PAD Packet assemble/disassemble – asembliranje i disasembliranje paketa PC Personal computer – personalni računar PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy

204 PIU Project Implementation Unit – odjeljenje za implementaciju projekata POP Point of presence – lokacija konekcije lokalne centrale sa kerijerom POTS Plain old telephone service – osnovna telefonska usluga bez poboljšanja PRA Primary Rate Access – pristup sa primarnom brzinom PSTN Public Switched Telecommnications Network –javna komutirana telekomunikaciona mreža PVC Permanent virtual circuit – permanentna virtuelna veza RSS Remote subscriber switch – izdvojeni pretplatnički stupanj SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy – sinhrona digitalna hijerarhija SMS Short message services – usluga prenosa kratkih poruka SNA/SDLC Systems Network Architecture / synchronous data link control STP Signalling transfer point – čvor koji rutira signalizacijske poruke SVC Switched virtual circuit – komutirana virtuelna veza TDA U.S. Trade and Development Agency – Agencija za trgovinu i razvoj iz SAD TERP Telecommunications Emergency Reconstruction Project – projekat urgentne rekonstrukcije telekomunikacija TK Telekomunikacioni - telecommunication TT Telegraf, telefon – telegraph telephone UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – univerzalni mobilni telekomunikacioni sistem UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees – Agencija Ujedinjenih nacija za izbjeglice UPU Universal Postal Union – Svjetski poštanski savez VAS Value added services – usluge sa dodatom vrijednošću VSAT Very small aperture terminal – satelitski terminal malog kapaciteta xDSL Svi tipovi DSL-digital subscriber line (ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, VDSL) WAN Wide Area Network – mreža na širem području WTO World Trade Organization – Svjetska trgovinska organizacija WWW World Wide Web

205 Dioničko društvo / Joint Stock Company BH Telecom Sarajevo 2005

Izdavač BH Telecom d.d. Sarajevo

Za izdavača mr. Hamdo Katica

Računarska obrada TDP d.o.o., Narcis Pozderac

Štampa CPU Sarajevo

Tiraž 5000

Sarajevo, 2005. CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine

061.5:621.39] (497.6 Sarajevo) (091)

DIONIČKO društvo BH Telecom Sarajevo 2005 = Joint Stock Company BH Telecom Sarajevo 2005 / [glavni i odgovorni urednik Nedžad Rešidbegović ; prevodilac Ida Delić] , – Sarajevo : BH Telecom, 2005. – 208 str. : ilustr. ; 24 cm

Tekst uporedo na bos. i engl. jeziku

ISBN 9958–9697–2–6 1. Rešidbegović, Nedžad COBISS.BH–ID 14381062