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España Ante El Reto De La Seguridad Energética

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España Ante El Reto De La Seguridad Energética España ante el reto de la seguridad energética Soledad Segoviano Monterrubio Documento de Trabajo 56/2011 Soledad Segoviano Monterrubio Profesora de Relaciones Internacionales en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información y en la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Doctora Cum Laude en Ciencias de la Información por la UCM. Becaria Fulbright y máster en Relaciones Internacionales por la Universidad de Columbia de Nueva York, Estados Unidos. Diplomada en Altos Estudios de la Defensa por el CESEDEN, Centro de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional, del Ministerio de Defensa de España. Es especialista en las áreas de seguridad, defensa y política exterior de Estados Unidos, temas sobre los que ha escrito numerosos artículos en revistas científicas especializadas. Forma parte del Consejo Editorial de la Revista Estudios Internacionales de la Complutense y es colaboradora habitual del CESEDEN y de la Fundación Fuhem. Ninguna parte ni la totalidad de este documento puede ser repro du cida, grabada o transmitida en forma alguna ni por cualquier pro ce di miento, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, reprográfico, magnético o cual quier otro, sin autorización previa y por escrito de la Fundación Al ternativas. © Fundación Alternativas © Soledad Segoviano Monterrubio ISBN: 978-84-92957-51-4 Depósito Legal: M-2292-2011 2 Índice Abstract 8 Resumen Ejecutivo 9 Siglas y unidades de medida 4 1. Panorama energético de España: dependencia y vulnerabilidad 12 1.1. Panorámica energética 12 2. España en el marco de la seguridad energética de la UE 45 2.1. Cifras 45 2.2. Medidas para incrementar la seguridad energética de la UE 46 3. Un mapa de riesgos, desafíos y amenazas para la seguridad energética de España 55 3.1. Entorno mediterráneo: panorama energético y prospectiva de riesgos, desafíos y amenazas 55 3.2. Protección de las infraestructuras críticas 62 3.3. Seguridad marítima 4. Oportunidades para incrementar la seguridad energética de España: principales recomendaciones 83 4.1. El entorno 83 4.2. Diversificación energética 87 4.3. Infraestructuras de interconexión energética 92 4.4. La opción del GNL 92 4.5. Almacenamientos subterráneos 92 4.6. Solidaridad energética internacional 93 4.7. Autoabastecimiento energético: nuclear y renovables 97 4.8. Información pública 100 3 Raúl Compés López y José María García Álvarez-Coque 5. Conclusiones 102 Bibliografía 104 Anexo 106 Siglas y abreviaturas AFNI Agence France Nucléaire International AIE Agencia Internacional de la Energía ANAVE Asociación de Navieros Españoles APBA Autoridad Portuaria Bahía de Algeciras AQMI Al Qaeda en el Magreb Islámico ATC Almacén Temporal Centralizado BWR Reactor de agua ligera en ebullición CAC Captura y Almacenamiento de CO2 CCG Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo CCN Centro Criptológico Nacional CE Comisión Europea CEEA Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica CEIDEN Plataforma Tecnológica de I+D de Energía Nuclear de Fisión CENER Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina CESEDEN Centro de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional del Ministerio de Defensa CIDEU Centro Iberoamericano de Desarrollo Estratégico Urbano CIEMAT Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tenológicas CIWIN Critical Infraestructura Warning Information Network CLH Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos CMVM Comisión de Mercado de Valores Mobiliarios CNCCS Consejo Nacional Consultivo de Ciberseguridad CNE Comisión Nacional de la Energía CNIE Catálogo Nacional de Infraestructuras Estratégicas CNMV Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores CNPIC Centro Nacional de Protección de Infraestructuras Críticas CORES Corporación de Reservas Estratégicas de Productos Petrolíferos COVAM Centro de Operaciones y Vigilancia de Acción Marítima CRE Commission de Régulation de L´ Energie DOE US Department of Energy E4 Estrategia de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energética en España 4 España ante el reto de la seguridad energética EDC European Development Cooperation EECCEL Estrategia Española de Cambio Climático y Energía Limpia EERA Europe Energy Research Alliance EIA US Energy Information Administration ENRESA Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radioactivos, S.A. ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity EPCIP European Program for the Critical Infraestructure Protection EPR Reactor Europeo de Agua a Presión ERGEG Europeans Regulators Group Electricy and Gas ERM Emergency Response Mechanism ERP Economic Recovery Plan ERSE Entidad Reguladora de Servicios Energéticos EU-ISS EU Institute for Security Studies FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia GALSI Gasdotto Algeria Sardegna Italia GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GMFUS German Marshall Fund of the United States GN Gas Natural GNL Gas Natural Licuado GSPC Grupo Salafista para la Predicación y el Combate GT Gross Tonnage GWh Gigawatios hora IC Infraestructuras Críticas ICE Infraestructuras Críticas Europeas ICEX Instituto de Comercio Exterior IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y el Ahorro de Energía IDEE Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de España IEA International Energy Agency IEEE Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos del Ministerio de Defensa IFRI Institute Français des Relations Internationales IIE Instituto de Ingeniería de España IMP Integrated Maritime Policy INSPIRE Infraestructura for Spatial Information in Europe INTECO Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías de la Comunicación IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LNG Liquefied Natual Gas MARM Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Rural y Marino MEDN Movimiento para la Emancipación del Delta del Níger MIBEL Mercado Ibérico de la Electricidad MIBGAS Mercado Ibérico del Gas MITYC Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio MOX Mixed Plutonium Uranium Oxide NAFO North Western Atlantic Fisheries Organization 5 Soledad Segoviano Monterrubio NAP National Academies Press NAS National Academy of Science NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Convention NESCO EU Network of Energy Security Correspondents NPS NATO Pipeline System NRF NATO Response Force OCDE Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos OFM Oficina de Fosfatos Marroquí OMAL Observatorio de Multinacionales en América Latina OMEL Operador del Mercado de Electricidad de España OMIP Operador del Mercado Ibérico de Portugal ONU Organización de Naciones Unidas OS Open Season OSE Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad de España OTAN Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte PANER Plan de Acción Nacional de Energías Renovables PBIP Código para la Protección Marítima de los Buques y las Instalaciones Portuarias PCSD Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa PER Plan de Energías Renovables PESC Política Exterior y de Seguridad Común PESD Política Europea de Seguridad y Defensa PEV Política Europea de Vecindad PFER Plan de Fomento de las Energías Renovables en España PNPIC Plan Nacional de Protección de las Infraestructuras críticas PWR Reactor de Agua Ligera a Presión REACCESS Risk of Energy Availability: Common Corridors for Europe Supply Security REE Red Eléctrica de España RTE Réseau de Trasnport d´ Electricité SAIS John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies SASEMAR Sociedad Estatal de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SET-PLAN Strategic Energy Technology Plan SIVICEMAR Sistema Integrado de Vigilancia y Conocimiento del Entorno Marino SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea SSER Second Strategic Energy Review TEN-E Transeuropean Energy Networks TFUE Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea TIC Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones TIGF Total Infraestructures Gaz de France TSGP Transahara Gas Pipeline TSO Transmission System Operator TTIA Total Terminal International Algeciras 6 España ante el reto de la seguridad energética UMA Unión del Magreb Árabe UE Unión Europea UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ZAL Zona de Actividades Logísticas ZAIL Zona de Actividades Industriales y Logísticas ZALIA Zona de Actividades Logísticas e Industriales de Asturias UNIDADES DE MEDIDA B.c.: barras de central Bcm: mil millones de metros cúbicos Bep: barriles de petróleo equivalente recuperables Dwt: dead weight tonnage GWh: Gigavatios hora Ktep: kilotoneladas equivalentes de petróleo kV: kilovoltios Mm3: millones de metros cúbicos Mt: millón de toneladas MVA: Megavoltiamperios MW: Megavatios Tpm: Toneladas de peso muerto TRB: Toneladas de registro bruto 7 Abstract La seguridad energética domina la agenda política mundial del siglo XXI. El gas y el petróleo, principales pilares del paradigma energético mundial, se han convertido en recursos estratégicos de singular importancia para los intereses de seguridad energética de los países productores y de los países consumidores. El desajuste geográfico entre los centros de producción y consumo global, el impacto sobre el medio ambiente, derivado de la explotación de este modelo energético, unido al ascenso continuo y acelerado crecimiento en el consumo mundial de energía generan inevitables focos de tensión y vulnerabilidad entre países productores y países consumidores, condicionando la evolución del panorama energético, en el que España está obligada a interactuar desde una posición de dependencia exterior. Energy security is at the top of the political agenda worldwide. Gas and oil, pillars of the world energy paradigm, are considered strategic commodities, crucial to the national interests of both, producing and importing countries. The geographical mismatch between the centers
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