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Anàlisi Del Metabolisme Energètic De L’Economia Catalana (AMEEC)

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Anàlisi Del Metabolisme Energètic De L’Economia Catalana (AMEEC) Anàlisi del Metabolisme Energètic de l’Economia Catalana (AMEEC) Bloc 2: Energia Primària a Catalunya Jesús Ramos Martín, Sílvia Cañellas Boltà i Daniela Russi Juny de 2007 Estudi encarregat pel Consell Assessor per al Desenvolupament Sostenible (CADS). Generalitat de Catalunya. Equip de recerca: Jesús Ramos Martín (coordinador) i Sílvia Cañellas Boltà Institut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC) Anàlisi del Metabolisme Energètic de l’Economia Catalana (AMEEC) Bloc 2: Energia Primària a Catalunya Juny 2007 ii Continguts Resum Executiu................................................................................................1 Consum d’energia per sectors econòmics...................................................2 Generació d’energia de fonts renovables....................................................4 Costos de la generació amb energies renovables.......................................6 Origen de l’energia primària i consideracions de risc ..................................6 El cas del biodièsel......................................................................................9 Conclusions finals......................................................................................10 1. Introducció ..................................................................................................11 2. Evolució de la producció i consum d’energia primària a Catalunya......13 2.1. Algunes definicions ................................................................................13 2.2. Consum d’energia primària a Catalunya en el període 1990-2005 ........14 2.3. Producció d’energia primària a Catalunya en el període 1990-2005......16 2.4. Saldo d’intercanvis internacionals d’energia primària a Catalunya 1990- 2005..............................................................................................................18 2.5. Comentari sobre les dades d’energia primària a Catalunya...................20 3. Evolució del consum dels diferents vectors energètics per sectors.....23 3.1. El sector de l’energia..............................................................................23 3.2. Consum d’energia per sectors econòmics .............................................25 3.2.1 Consum d’energia final de la indústria..............................................27 3.2.2 Consum d’energia final del transport ................................................27 3.2.3 Consum d’energia final del sector domèstic .....................................28 3.2.4 Consum d’energia final dels serveis .................................................29 3.2.5 Consum d’energia final del sector primari ........................................30 3.3. Comentari sobre el consum d’energia per sectors econòmics...............31 4. Generació amb fonts renovables ..............................................................33 4.1. Evolució de la generació d’energia de fonts renovables (1990-2005)....33 4.2. Previsions de creixement de les fonts renovables a Catalunya .............37 4.3. Costos de la generació amb energies renovables .................................42 5. Origen de l’energia primària i consideracions de risc ............................47 5.1. Dependència general .............................................................................47 5.2. Els combustibles fòssils .........................................................................49 5.2.1 El petroli............................................................................................49 5.2.2 El gas natural....................................................................................50 5.2.3 El carbó ............................................................................................53 5.3. Energia nuclear......................................................................................54 5.4. Dificultats i potencialitats de les energies renovables a Catalunya ........57 5.4.1 Solar fotovoltaica..............................................................................58 5.4.2 Solar tèrmica ....................................................................................62 5.4.3 Energia eòlica...................................................................................64 6. El cas particular del biodièsel: ..................................................................67 Anàlisi dels impactes dels objectius pel biodièsel a Catalunya.................67 6.1. Introducció..............................................................................................67 6.2. Biocombustibles i biodièsel a Catalunya ................................................68 El biodièsel a Catalunya i l'Estat espanyol ................................................71 6.3. Avaluació dels impactes de l’aplicació dels objectius del biodièsel........72 iii 6.3.1 Requeriments de terra de cultiu i d’importació d’aliments ................72 6.3.2 L'impacte ambiental dels cultius energètics......................................78 6.3.3 Les emissions de gasos amb efecte d’hivernacle.............................80 6.3.4 Efectes sobre la qualitat de l’aire......................................................82 6.3.5 El desenvolupament rural.................................................................85 6.3.6 Impactes en països del Sud .............................................................87 6.4 Conclusions.............................................................................................89 7. Conclusions ................................................................................................93 Referències .....................................................................................................95 Llistat dels principals acrònims utilitzats...................................................101 Índex de termes ............................................................................................102 Glossari .........................................................................................................103 Annex. Taules Bloc 2....................................................................................105 Índex de Figures Figura 1: Consum d’energia primària a Catalunya entre 1990 i 2005 (milers de tep) ............................................................................................................14 Figura 2: Consum d’energia primària a Catalunya els anys 1990 i 2005, i previsió pel 2015 (escenari IER del PEC) .................................................15 Figura 3: Producció d’energia primària a Catalunya entre 1990 i 2005 (en milers de tep) .......................................................................................................17 Figura 4: Producció d’energia primària a Catalunya el 1990 i 2005, i previsió pel 2015 (escenari IER del PEC) ....................................................................18 Figura 5: Saldo d’intercanvis internacionals d’energia primària entre 1990 i 2005 (milers de tep)...................................................................................19 Figura 6: Saldo d’intercanvis internacionals d’energia primària a Catalunya el 1990 i 2005, i previsió pel 2015 (escenari IER del PEC)...........................20 Figura 7: Evolució de la dependència de l’exterior, dels combustibles fòssils i de l’energia nuclear 1990-2005 ......................................................................21 Figura 8: Consum d’energia primària del sector de l’energia per components 1990-2005 .................................................................................................24 Figura 9: Evolució de l’eficiència del sector de l’energia: energia primària usada pel sector de l’energia com a fracció del total............................................24 Figura 10: Consum d’energia primària per sectors entre 1990 i 2005 (milers de tep) ............................................................................................................25 Figura 11: Consum d’energia primària per sectors 1990 i 2005, i previsió per a 2015 (escenari IER)...................................................................................26 Figura 12: Consum energia final a la indústria en el període 1990-2005 (milers de tep) .......................................................................................................27 Figura 13: Consum energia final en el transport 1990-2005 (milers de tep).....28 Figura 14: Consum energia final sector domèstic en el període 1990-2005 (milers de tep)............................................................................................29 Figura 15: Consum energia final del sector serveis en el període 1990-2005 (milers de tep)............................................................................................30 iv Figura 16: Consum energia final del sector primari entre 1990 i 2005 (milers de tep) ............................................................................................................31 Figura 17: Consum d'energia final per vectors energètics, entre 1990 i 2005 (milers de tep)............................................................................................32 Figura 18: Evolució del consum d’energia renovable per font d’energia ..........35 Figura 19: Evolució de les energies renovables “emergents”...........................36 Figura 20: Contribució de cada font renovable respecte el total d’energia primària renovable l’any 2005 i previsió pel 2015 a Catalunya..................40 Figura 21: Costos mitjans de generació d’electricitat segons la font ................46
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