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SDEIS Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Purpose of, and Need for, Action 1.0 Purpose of, and Need for, Action The North Carolina Department of Transportation’s (NCDOT, 2005) 2006 to 2012 Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) includes the replacement of the Herbert C. Bonner Bridge (Bridge No. 11) over Oregon Inlet in Dare County (TIP Project No. B-2500). Consequently, studies are underway in accordance with the requirements set forth in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended. This purpose and need statement explains why an improvement should be implemented. The project location is illustrated in Figure 1-1. 1.1 Project Need The need for a crossing of the Oregon Inlet will continue past the end of the service life of Bonner Bridge. A NCDOT Bridge Inspection Report from July 2004 rates the present condition of the bridge as “poor,” with a sufficiency rating of six out of 100. The bridge is classified as structurally deficient. This report also estimates the remaining practical service life of the Bonner Bridge to be two years (2006), indicating a need for ongoing maintenance and rehabilitation. The Bridge Inspection Report indicates there are places on the bridge where there is deterioration of bridge girders and substructure. Three needs relate to the replacement of the Bonner Bridge: 1. Continued demand for convenient daily and emergency access across Oregon Inlet is expected. 2. The natural channel or gorge through Oregon Inlet migrates. A replacement bridge needs to provide spans of sufficient height and width for navigation through the anticipated area of future natural channel migration, helping to reduce future dredging needs, dredging impacts, and the cost of dredging. 3. The southern terminus of Bonner Bridge is north of portions of NC 12 threatened by shoreline erosion and overwash. Placing the southern terminus of a replacement bridge or a long-term NC 12 maintenance and protection project south of these areas will reduce the frequency of maintenance of these threatened segments of NC 12. The following paragraphs describe these needs. 1.1.1 Need for Access across Oregon Inlet The existing crossing provides the only highway access to Hatteras Island. The only other way to access the island is via the Ocracoke Island to Hatteras Island ferry. The need for continued access to Hatteras Island with a capacity equivalent to that provided by the Bonner Bridge is reflected in the following ways: • Tourist use of Hatteras Island (including the use of Cape Hatteras National Seashore) use of the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, and Dare County’s reliance on tourism as its primary industry. Bonner Bridge Replacement SDEIS 1-1 NCDOT TIP Project Number B-2500 Roanoke Sound Cap Broad Creek e Hatteras NationalTo Na ATLANTIC OCEAN 345 12 g s Head WANCHESE Bodie Island Sea s hore Roanoke N Island Duck Island Terminal Pamlico Sound Groin Canal Zone Hot Spot Bonner Cape Hatteras National Bridge Oregon Inlet PROJECT LOCATION S eashore 12 Sandbag Area 0 1 2 KM Pea Island Hot Spot 0 1 2 Miles National Wildlife Refuge 17 CURRITUCK 186 32 615 ATLANT 258 13 37 CAMD 168 GATES 158 E 137 N NORTHAMPTON 158 34 158 12 OCEAN 11 37 PASQUO17 343 35 158 305 45 PERQUI 561 T HERTFORD A 343 561 CHOWAN NK 305 37 M 17 I AN C 158 42 S Elizabeth Duck 258 34 308 13 32 City Southern 305 Shores BERTIE 903 Edenton Kitty Hawk 42 45 37 ound 308 32 rle S Kill Devel 11 ma 12 Hills 17 Albe 125 32 Nags Head PROJECT 17 308 264 64 Whalebone 44 13 308 VICINITY 111 142 64 64 125 345 42 Williamston 94 t 12 64 WASHINGTON Roanoke 64 Island Inle TYRRELL DARE n go 12 MARTIN 264 re 171 45 O 13 17 99 903 30 32 Hatteras 99 45 Rodanthe Rodanthe 'S' 264 BEAUFORT Island Washington 94 Curves Hot Spot 33 HYDE Waves 264 Lake 12 43 Mattamuskett Salvo PITT 99 264 102 92 P Hatteras amli co R Chicamacomico 33 iver d Avon Island RODANTHE 118 306 n Sou Buxton Life Saving Station 33 CRAVEN Hatteras Emergency 55 43 Pamlico Frisco Ferry Dock 304 New Bern 306 17 12 70 55 Ocracoke 41 PAMLICO Island Cedar 55 306 Island 58 Neu s NCDOT Projects e Ri JONES ver 12 17 70 TIP Project No. R-3116 306 TIP Project No. R-4070D Havelock CARTERET ONSLOW 101 70 TIP Project No. S-4004 58 TIP Project No. R-3116A 24 TIP Project No. R-3116B 24 58 Morehead City TIP Project No. R-3116D TIP Project No. E-4729 172 North PROJECT 0 10 20 KM TIP Project No. R-3116E 210 TIP Project No. R-3116F N AREA 0 10 20 Miles Carolina Figure PROJECT LOCATION MAP 1-1 Tourism is the number-one industry in Dare County and on Hatteras Island. The tourist industry creates a large number of local jobs and generates substantial revenue for Dare County and the State of North Carolina. Sixty-one percent of the employment in Dare County relates to the tourism industry. Dare County promotes tourism during the peak (summer) season and the development of “shoulder” season tourism (in the spring and fall). The labor force in Dare County increases by approximately 75 percent from off-peak season to peak season. In 1999, the seasonal economic revenues represented more than 70 percent of the annual economy in Dare County (Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce, 2003). Abundant natural resources will continue to be a major draw for tourists. Statistics provided by the National Park Service (NPS) (see Table 3-6 in Chapter 3) indicate that total visits to the Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2002 were nearly 3.1 million, a 40 percent increase over the 2.2 million visitors reported in 1990. For the three-month period of June through August 2002, total visits numbered nearly 1.48 million. The Cape Hatteras National Seashore is home to many species of flora and fauna and a number of biotic communities. It is a popular local, state, and national vacation destination. Visitors enjoy a variety of activities, including birding, fishing, surfing, windboarding, swimming, hiking, and attending interpretive programs offered by NPS rangers. The Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge reports 2.75 million visitors annually, including birders, canoeists, beach users, fishermen, and photographers (Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge web site, October 2, 2003). Eco-tourism, a concept of combining ecological awareness and tourism, has become a new marketing tool for all of northeastern North Carolina. Dare County supports the concept of combining natural resources and tourism to promote the area’s ecological values (2003 Dare County Land Use Plan). • Reliance of the permanent Hatteras Island population on mainland goods and services. The southern beaches on Hatteras Island are all part of unincorporated Dare County and feature the six recreational-oriented communities of Rodanthe, Waves, Salvo, Avon, Buxton, and Frisco (see Figure 1-1). Hatteras, a seventh community, is home to the Hatteras Inlet Ferry Terminal. Development in Hatteras reflects its status as a commercial fishing village. A dominant commercial presence exists there along NC 12. Hatteras serves as both a year- round community and a seasonal resort destination. The permanent population on Hatteras Island was 4,001 in 2000. Products and services involved with daily life on Hatteras Island are transported across the Bonner Bridge. All types of goods can be purchased on the island, but the selection currently is limited, necessitating regular shopping trips north across the Bonner Bridge to Manteo or communities on Bodie Island (Nags Head, Kill Devil Hills, etc). The island residents rely heavily on repair and other services from the mainland. Residents, as well as visitors, of Hatteras Island rely on off-island community services. Telephone and electric service are brought to Hatteras Island via the Bonner Bridge. On Hatteras Island, the communities of Avon, Buxton, Frisco, and Hatteras are served by the Dare County Water Department. The other Hatteras Island communities of Rodanthe, Waves, and Salvo rely on private wells and the County’s reverse osmosis plant for potable water. Dare County provides trash collection for the unincorporated areas of Dare County. Refuse is removed from Hatteras Island via the Bonner Bridge. Dare County owns and operates Bonner Bridge Replacement SDEIS 1-3 NCDOT TIP Project Number B-2500 transfer stations in Buxton and Manteo. On-site septic tank and drainfield systems are the predominant methods of wastewater treatment on Hatteras Island. Hospitals are in Nags Head, North Carolina; Elizabeth City, North Carolina; Norfolk, Virginia; and Chesapeake, Virginia. Ambulance destinations always are off the island. • Hatteras Island and Ocracoke Island emergency evacuation requirements. Visitors and residents rely on NC 12 for evacuation during serious storm events. A 2001 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hurricane Evacuation Study modeled 2001 evacuation response times (time to move all evacuees through the road network) for North Carolina coastal areas. Clearance times for the North Coastal area (Dare and Currituck Counties) in 2001 ranged from a minimum of 13 hours (Categories 1 – 2 hurricanes, low seasonal occupancy and light background traffic) to a maximum of 33.3 hours (Categories 3 – 5 hurricanes, high seasonal occupancy and heavy background traffic) (Post, Buckley, Schuh and Jernigan, Inc., 2001). The USACE study estimated that for a Category 3-5 hurricane during a period of high occupancy in 2000, 9,530 vehicles could have been expected to evacuate via NC 12 on Hatteras Island. In 1992, the Dare County Emergency Management Control Group was established to administer the Dare County Emergency Operation Plan. The plan describes evacuation procedures in the event Dare County is evacuated because of the threat of hurricanes or other storm events.
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