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Vittoria Colonna : Leben, Wirken, Werke

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Vittoria Colonna : Leben, Wirken, Werke ITALIA-ESPANA VITTORIA COLONNA LEBEN / WIRKEN / WERKE Abb. 1. Vittoria Colonna von Sebastiano del Piombo. Galerie Huldschinsky, Berlin. VinORIA COLONNA LEBEN /WIRKEN /WERKE EINE MONOGRAPHIE MIT 10 ABBILDUNGEN VON JOHANN J.WYSS FRAUENFELD 1916 / VERLAG HUBER & CO. Druck von Huber & Co. in Frauenfeld Helene Kath. Iw. Wyß in Liebe zugeeignet VORWORT Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war nicht, neue Dokumente und Manuskripte ans Licht zu fördern; ich habe zwar redlich gesucht und auch einiges gefunden. Für mich handelte es sich darum, das gesamte Material über Vittoria Colonna zu sammeln, zu sichten und zu ordnen; ferner den Problemen, die sich daraus ergeben, nachzugehen und — womöglich — eine Lösung derselben zu finden. Was ich vorschlage, ist natürlich eine Hypothese; sie wird aber allen mir bekannten Tatsachen gerecht. Sie mag nicht richtig sein — was verschlägt's? Andere mögen auf dieser Basis weiter bauen. Zürich, Ostern 1916. Prof. Dr. Joh. J. Wyß. ERSTER TEIL BIOGRAPHIE I. ABSCHNITT: RENAISSANCE 1. Kapitel. Zeit, Familie, Milieu. Indes ich dieses sing', — o Gott der Gütel — Seh' ich Italien rings in Flamm' und Brand Durch diese Gallier, deren Kriegsgewüte Verheeren will, ich weiß nicht welches Land. Am 8. April 1492 standen sich in der Villa Careggi bei Florenz zwei Männer gegenüber, welche gleichsam die Personi- fikation ihrer Zeit darstellen: Lorenzo dei Medici und Savonarola. Der erstere trug die Welt, in der er gelebt, mit sich zu Grabe, die Welt, von der Guicciardini wehmütig gesagt hat: „Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte überall Friede geherrscht; überall blühender Reichtum und emsiger Handel. Nirgends war Italien einem fremden Herrscher Untertan. Die Majestät der Kirche, die Pracht der Fürsten, die von Gelehrten und Künstlern um- geben waren, bildeten die höchste Zierde des Gartens Europas.^ Das war wohl der vorübergehende Erfolg der Renaissancekultur gewesen; sie selbst aber, in Prepotenza ausgeartet, vermochte nicht politische und persönliche Freiheit zu bewahren. Die Franzosen standen an den Toren der Halbinsel. Mit ihrem Einfall beginnt die traurigste Zeit, die Italien je erlebt hat. Statt Frieden Krieg, statt blühenden Reichtums tiefe Armut. Der Garten Europas war im Laufe weniger Jahre in eine Einöde umgewandelt.^ Was Landsknechte, Spanier und die Pest übrig gelassen hatten, fiel dem finstern Fanatismus zum Opfer, den die religiöse Bewegung entfacht hatte. Die Colonna^ gehören zum einheimischen, römischen Adel. Ihren Sitz hatten sie in Marino, und sie nennen sich auch heute noch Herzöge von Marino. Im Mittelalter war ihr Kastell, am Fuße der Albanerhügel gelegen, ein wichtiger strategischer Punkt. Von hier aus beherrschten sie die Straße nach Neapel. 1 Wyß, Vittoria Colonna. 1 Die Geschichte der Familie ist eng mit derjenigen Roms und der Päpste verbunden. Bei allen Parteihändeln waren sie be- teiligt. So wurden sie bald zur Armut erniedrigt, ihre An- gehörigen durch Henkershand entehrt; bald erhoben sie sich zu größter Macht, an ihren Gegnern, den Weifen (Orsini), grausam Gegenrecht übend. Gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts hatten die Colonna nur noch einen Vertreter aus ihrer Familie im Heiligen Kollegium, Kardinal Johann, und der war schon alt. Um gewisser mit dem Purpur verbundener Vorteile nicht verlustig zu gehen und um ihren Erbfeinden, den Orsini, ebenbürtig gegenüberzu- stehen, mußten sie für einen Nachfolger sorgen. Die Wahl fiel auf Fabrizio, Sohn Eduards, Herzogs von Marsi. Obwohl sich dieser gar nicht für den geistlichen Stand eignete, begann er trotzdem die nötigen Studien; er wartete aber nur auf eine günstige Gelegenheit, die militärische Laufbahn zu ergreifen, die ihm besser zusagte. Diese bot sich, als die Türken einen ihrer Einfälle in Süditalien machten. Nachdem Fabrizio Co- lonna für immer dem geistlichen Stande Lebewohl gesagt und definitiv die militärische Laufbahn ergriffen hatte, gelang es ihm bald, sich einen Namen zu machen, indem er das traditionelle Raubrittertum aufgab und Condottiere wurde. Nach dem Bio- graphen Filonico zählte er schon in den achtziger Jahren zu den bedeutendsten Heerführern Unteritaliens. Daneben war er gewiegter Diplomat. Reichtum und persönliche Eigenschaften erlaubten ihm, um die Hand Ägnesinas von Montefeltre anzuhalten, die er auch am 20. Januar 1489 heimführte. Die bloße Erwägung, daß der Cortigiano zum Schauplatz den Hof von Urbino hat, genügt, um einzusehen, welches die geistige Kultur Agnesinas gewesen ist. Die Biographen rühmen denn auch ihre Begabung und ihre Liebe für Literatur und bildende Kunst. Wenige Jahre verblieb wohl Fabrizio an Seiten seiner Gattin; der Friede zwischen Innozenz VIII. und Ferdinand I. erlaubte ihm ein kurzes Ge- nießen des häuslichen Glückes. Das dauerte freilich nicht lange; denn als Karl VIII. sich anschickte, die sog. Jahrhunderte alten Ansprüche des franzö- sischen Königshauses auf Neapel geltend zu machen, nahm er Fabrizio Colonna und dessen Verwandtschaft in seinen Sold. Die Colonna hatten ihre Politik gut kombiniert. Das Glück, das Karl VIII. auf seinem Feldzug begleitete, war auch ihnen hold. Mit dem Einzug des französischen Königs in Rom sahen sie sich auf dem Gipfel der Macht; mit dem Frieden erhielten sie ihre vom Papste eingezogenen römischen Lehen wieder zurück, und nach der Einnahme von Neapel wurde Fabrizio außerdem mit Alba und Tagliacozzo belehnt. Da ihm aber diese Lehen nur ein ungenügendes Entgelt für seine Verdienste zu sein schienen und andererseits der französische Statthalter, Montpensier, die Soldauszahlung an die Colonna vernachlässigte, weil er die Orsini, deren Erbfeinde, begünstigte, zögerten diese nicht lange, sich der Gegenpartei, den Aragonesen anzuschließen. Die Anhänger des Hauses Aragon warteten nur auf den Abzug Karls VIII., um den von den Franzosen vertriebenen König Ferrandino wieder einzusetzen. Die Colonna nahmen nicht geringen Anteil an der Sache Ferrandinos, und ihnen dankte dieser zum Teil die schnelle Eroberung seines väterlichen Reiches. Um diese starken Helfer fest an die arago- nesische Partei zu binden, begünstigte der König die Colonna materiell und suchte die Bande außerdem durch eine politische Heirat zu festigen. Er vermittelte deshalb die Verlobung von Vittoria Colonna, Tochter Fabrizio Colonnas, mit Ferrante Fran- cesco D' Avalos, Sohn Alfonso D'Avalos, des treuesten An- hängers des Hauses Aragon. Das war insofern ein Bindemittel, als nach damaligem Recht zur Lösung der Verlobung die Zu- stimmung des Königs erforderlich gewesen wäre.^ Wann Fabrizio Colonna sein erstes Kind,* Vittoria, geschenkt wurde, kann dokumentarisch nicht mehr festgelegt werden, da die Taufakten der Pfarrkirche von Marino nur bis in das Jahr 1564 hinaufreichen. Wir sind also in allem, was die Geburt Vittoria Colonnas anbelangt, auf reine Induktion angewiesen. Daß sie in Marino geboren wurde, sagt sie uns selbst im Sonett 375, das sich auf diesen Ort bezieht:^ Veggio rilucer sol di armate squadre I miei si larghi campi, ed odo il canto Rivolto in grido e'l dolce riso in pianto, La 've io prima toccai l'antica madre. Dasselbe berichtet uns Marcantonio Flaminio, einer der besten Freunde Vittoria Colonnas, in seinem Gedicht: Ad villam 3 Marinam de Victoria Columna.^ Er muß das von ihr selbst erfahrer\ haben. Über die Jahreszeit unterrrichtet uns Bernar- dino Rota, ein Vertrauter Vittorias, in seiner Ekloge auf den Geburtstag der Dichterin, die er unter dem Verstecknamen Nice preist. Danach wäre sie im Monat April, und, wenn man spitz- findig sein will, am 12. April geboren, weil an diesem Tag Voll- mond war, wie doch der Vers: La sorella del sol fronte accese, bedeuten soll.' Quando Nice dal ciel tra noi discese, D'altrettanto sereno La notte il carro suo stellato accese, E neir ampio bei seno Moströ la terra un nuovo eterno aprile, E seco il mondo apprese Quant' e di pellegrino e di gentile. Ferner sagt uns Giovio, Vittoria sei bei ihrer Verlobung kaum drei Jahre alt gewesen. Das muß er aus ihrem eigenen Munde erfahren haben; war er doch von ihr beauftragt, das Leben ihres Gatten zu schreiben. Dasselbe sagt uns Valesio in einer handschriftlichen Geschichte des Hauses Colonna. Aus dem Ehekontrakt ^ Vittorias erfahren wir, diese Heirat sei von Fabrizio Colonna und Alfonso D'Avalos zu Zeiten und mit Begünstigung König Ferdinands II. beschlossen worden. Da nun Ferdinand erst nach Wegzug Karls VIII. und nach der Festigung seines Reiches daran denken konnte, Fabrizio Colonna fest an sein Haus zu binden, andererseits Alfonso D'Avalos im September 1495 starb, so muß die Verlobung in den Monaten Juli —Sep- tember dieses Jahres stattgefunden haben. Vittoria Colonna ist demnach 74Q2, und zwar wohl im Monat April g-ehoren worden. Die Familie D'Avalos^ war durch Inico und Alfonso — Söhne Roy Lopez', Kronfeldherrn von Kastilien, und Costanza di Gue- varas — nach Italien verpflanzt worden. Beide hatten Alfons von Aragon begleitet, als er zur Eroberung Neapels aus- zog. Diese Spanier waren nicht nur Kriegsleute; sie brachten auch eine gewisse Kultur mit sich, die den einheimischen Baronen nur zu häufig fehlte. Über Inico — Vater des oben- genannten Alfonso D'Avalos, Markgrafen von Pescara, — erfährt man einiges aus Vespasiano da Bisticci.^° Er preist ihn als den „piü gentile signore'^ Neapels. Sein Haus sei der Sammel- 4 punkt der besten Männer des Königreichs gewesen. Er hätte großes Vergnügen an Büchern gehabt. Seine Bibliothek hätte die besten Autoren Italiens, Miniaturen und sonstige Kunst- schätze enthalten. Selbst mit großen literarischen und künst- lerischen Kenntnissen ausgestattet, wollte Inico auch seine Kinder,
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