Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Scarlet City A Novel of 16th Century Italy by Hella S. Haasse Sack of (1527) The on 6 May 1527 was a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the . It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac (1526–1529) — the alliance of France, , Venice, Florence and the Papacy. Pope Clement VII had given his support to the Kingdom of France in an attempt to alter the balance of power in the region, and free the Papacy from dependency, i.e. a growing weakness to "Imperial domination" by the (and the Habsburg dynasty). The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers. The 34,000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and Constable of France, to lead them towards Rome. Apart from some 6,000 Spaniards under the Duke, the army included some 14,000 under , some Italian infantry led by Fabrizio Maramaldo, the powerful Italian cardinal, Pompeio Colonna and Luigi Gonzaga, and also some cavalry under command of Ferdinando Gonzaga and Philibert, Prince of Orange. Though himself was not in favor of it, some who considered themselves followers of Luther's Protestant movement viewed the Papal capital as a target for religious reasons, and shared with the soldiers a desire for the sack and pillage of a very rich city that appeared to be an easy target. Numerous bandits, along with the League's deserters, joined the army during its march. The Duke left Arezzo on 20 April 1527, taking advantage of the chaos among the Venetians and their allies after a revolt which had broken out in Florence against the Medici. In this way, the largely undisciplined troops sacked Acquapendente and San Lorenzo alle Grotte, and occupied Viterbo and Ronciglione, reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May. Contents. The Sack [ edit | edit source ] The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous, consisting of 8,000 militiamen led by Renzo di Ceri including 2,000 Papal Swiss Guard and 2,000 of Giovanni de' Medici's Bande Nere. [1] The city's fortifications included the massive walls, and it possessed a good artillery force, which the Imperial army lacked. Duke Charles needed to conquer the city hastily, to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League's army. On 6 May, the Imperial army attacked the walls at the Gianicolo and Vatican Hills. Duke Charles was fatally wounded in the assault, allegedly shot by Benvenuto Cellini. The Duke was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops, but it also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies. The death of the last respected command authority among the Imperial army caused any restraint in the soldiers to disappear, and they easily captured the walls of Rome the same day. Philibert of Châlon took command of the armies, but he was not as popular or feared, leaving him with little authority. One of the Swiss Guard's most notable hours occurred at this time. Almost the entire guard was massacred by Imperial troops on the steps of St Peter's Basilica. Of 189 guards on duty only the 42 who accompanied the pope survived, but the bravery of the rearguard ensured that Pope Clement VII escaped to safety, down the Passetto di , a secret corridor which still links the Vatican City to Castel Sant'Angelo. Sack of Rome. 6 May 1527. By Martin van Heemskerck (1527). After the brutal execution of some 1,000 defenders of the Papal capital and shrines, the pillage began. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. Even pro-Imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the amok soldiers. On 8 May, Cardinal , a personal enemy of Clement VII, entered the city. He was followed by peasants from his fiefs, who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered by Papal armies. However, Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions of the city and hosted in his palace a number of Roman citizens. After three days of ravages, Philibert ordered the sack to cease, but few obeyed. In the meantime, Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo. Francesco Maria della Rovere and Michele Antonio of Saluzzo arrived with troops on 1 June in Monterosi, north of the city. Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined Imperial troops. On 6 June, Clement VII surrendered, and agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000 ducati in exchange for his life; conditions included the cession of Parma, , Civitavecchia and to the Holy Roman Empire (however, only the latter could be occupied in fact). At the same time Venice took advantage of his situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna, while Sigismondo Malatesta returned in . Aftermath [ edit | edit source ] Emperor Charles V was greatly embarrassed by the fact that he had been powerless to stop his troops [ citation needed ] striking against Pope Clement VII and imprisoning him. Some may argue that Charles was partially responsible for the sack of Rome, because he expressed his desire for a private audience with Pope Clement VII and his men took action into their own hands. Clement VII was to spend the rest of his life trying to steer clear of conflict with Charles V, avoiding decisions that could displease him. Without any qualms and without conditions, Clement VII agreed to cede the worldly and political possessions of the bishopric of Utrecht to the Habsburgs. In the view of many at the time and since, fear of a repeat of the sack of Rome, along with the Pope's virtual imprisonment as a result of it, made it impossible for him to offend the Emperor by granting England's King Henry VIII the annulment that he sought of his marriage to the Emperor's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the English Reformation. [2] [3] This event marked the end of the Roman Renaissance, damaged the papacy's prestige and freed Charles V's hands to act against the Reformation in Germany and against the rebellious German princes allied with Luther. Nevertheless, Martin Luther commented: "Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther" (LW 49:169). The population of Rome dropped from some 55,000 before the attack, to a meagre 10,000. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people were murdered. Many Imperial soldiers also died in the following months (they remained in the city until February 1528) from diseases caused by the large number of unburied dead bodies in the city. The pillage only ended when, after eight months, the food ran out, there was no one left to ransom and plague appeared. [4] In commemoration of the Sack and the Guard's bravery, recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year. Hella S. Haasse. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hella S. Haasse , in full Hélène Serafia Van Lelyveld-Haasse , (born February 2, 1918, Batavia, [now , ]— died September 29, 2011, , ), Dutch novelist noted for her innovative historical fiction. Haasse studied at the Amsterdam Toneelschool, a dramatic arts school, and published a volume of poetry, Stroomversnelling (1945; “Fast Current”). In her first novella, Oeroeg (1948), she explored race relations in the Dutch East Indies; she later returned to that setting in the novels Heren van de thee (1992; The Tea Lords ) and Sleuteloog (2002; “Eye of the Key”). Her first historical novel, Het woud der verwachting (1949; In a Dark Wood Wandering ), is about Charles d’Orléans, a French nobleman taken prisoner by the English in 1415. Giovanni Borgia, a 16th- century Italian aristocrat, is the subject of De scharlaken stad (1952; The Scarlet City ), which is narrated with unusual shifts of perspective among characters. Born into the family that produced the debauched Lucrezia and brutal Cesare, and possibly the son of a pope, Giovanni seeks an identity apart from his infamous kin. Haasse revived the Marchioness of Merteuil (from Choderlos de Laclos’s novel Les Liaisons dangereuses ) in Een gevaarlijke verhouding of Daal- en-Bergse brieven (1976; “A Dangerous Liaison, or Letters from Daal-en-Berg”). In novels about the Dutch aristocrat Charlotte-Sophie Bentinck, Onverenigbaarheid van karakter (1978; “Incompatibility of Character”) and De groten der aarde (1981; “Great Figures of History”), Haasse used a collage form, with authentic documents, to tell her story. Haasse also wrote the play Een draad in het donker (1963; “A Thread in the Dark”), based on the myth of Theseus and Ariadne, and autobiographical works, including Zelfportret als legkaart (1954; “Self-Portrait as Jigsaw Puzzle”). Het tuinhuis (“The Garden House”), a short-story collection, was published in 2006. . Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) [1] was a Dutch writer, often referred to as "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature, [2] and whose novel Oeroeg (1948) was a staple for generations of Dutch schoolchildren. [3] Her internationally acclaimed magnum opus is "Heren van de Thee" , translated to "The Tea Lords" . [4] In 1988 Haasse was chosen to interview the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday after which celebrated Dutch author called Haasse "the Queen among authors" . [5] Haasse has the first Dutch digital online museum dedicated to the life and work of an author. The museum was opened in 2008 on her 90th birthday. [6] Haasse has an asteroid named after her. [7] Contents. Early life and studies. Hélène Serafia Haasse was born on 2 February 1918 in Batavia (now Jakarta), the capital of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). She was the daughter of civil servant and author Willem Hendrik Haasse (1889–1955) and concert pianist Katharina Diehm Winzenhöhler (1893–1983). [8] She had a brother Wim who was born in 1921. [9] The Haasse family was not very religious. [10] Before Haasse's first birthday, the family moved from Batavia to Buitenzorg (), because her mother's health would benefit from the milder climate. [8] In 1920, the family moved to in the Netherlands, where her father got a temporary job at the city hall. [11] In 1922, the family moved back to the Indies to Soerabaja (). Here Haasse went to kindergarten and later to a Catholic primary school, because this was the nearest school. [10] [12] When her mother became ill and went to a sanatory in Davos, Haasse was first sent to her maternal grandparents in Heemstede and then her paternal grandparents in Baarn, and she later stayed at a boarding school in Baarn. In 1928, her mother was recovered and all family members moved back to the Indies to Bandoeng (). [13] In 1930, the Haasse family moved again to Buitenzorg, [14] and a year later again to Batavia. Here she went to the secondary school Bataviaas Lyceum, where Haasse became an active member of the literary club Elcee. [15] In 1935, the family visited the Netherlands, after which Haasse became aware of differences between the Dutch and East Indian society. [16] Haasse graduated from the Lyceum in 1938. [17] Haasse then moved to the Netherlands to study Dutch. She quickly abandoned this plan, and studied Scandinavian language and literature at the . [18] In Amsterdam, she joined a student theater group and met her future husband Jan van Lelyveld, who invited her to become an editor for the satirical magazine Propria Cures in 1940. [19] Dutch East Indies literature. An important segment of her literary work consists of Dutch Indies literature. Her debut Oeroeg (1948), is set in the Dutch East Indies, where Haasse was born and lived for most of the first 20 years of her life. Even more autobiographical texts and books about her life in the East Indies, includes books such as The East Indies continued to play an important part in her work: Krassen op een rots (1970) and her last novel Sleuteloog (2002), which has the same theme as Oeroeg : is a friendship between a Dutch colonial and an Indonesian child possible and can they really understand each other? This Oeroeg was well received and often reprinted, but did experience some controversy due to the critical reception by the older author . The Indo (Eurasian) Tjalie Robinson pointed out why he did not find the characters in the story credible. Moreover, as Tjalie Robinson himself was still living in the Dutch East Indies at that time, hoping for and working towards fraternization between the Dutch and Indonesians his sharp criticism was directed against what he considered the defeatist nature of the book. [20] [21] The movie Oeroeg based on the book premiered in 1993. [22] Her internationally acclaimed "Heren van de Thee" was translated to 'The Tea Lords' in 2010. It is a colonial historical novel set in the Dutch East Indies of the 19th and 20th century, based on family archives of the heirs and relations of the tea plantation owners featuring in the book. [23] Awards. Her great commercial success and critical acclaim is reflected in the numerous prizes she has been awarded over the years. She has won prizes for both her first novel in 1948 as well as her last novel in 2003. Prestigious awards for her entire oeuvre up to that time include the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. Various other prizes include the ‘’Annie Romein Prize’’and the ‘’Dirk Martens Prize’’. She has also won the ‘’Prize of the Public of the NS’’ twice and is the only author who has written the prestigious annual "Boekenweekgeschenk" thrice, in 1948, 1959 and 1994 respectively. International recognition. Haasse lived in France for many years (1981–1990), and much of her work has been translated into French. The '‘Académie Française’' awarded Haasse the Diplôme de médaille Argent in 1984. The next year she delivered a presentation on colonial literature at the University of Dakar. She was awarded the Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur in 2000. Haasse received an honorary literary doctorate from the University of Utrecht in 1988 and from the Belgian University of Leuven in 1995. In 1987 she had already been given an honorary membership of the Belgian Royal Literary Academy (Belgische Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde (KANTL)) in Gent. The Chilean Ministry of Education (‘El Ministerio de education de Chile') awarded her a prize for her “universal contribution to culture” in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the 'Boston Certificate of Recognition', for her book ″In a Dark Wood Wandering″: “In recognition and appreciation of your outstanding contributions to the City of Boston and its residents.” In 1992 Haasse attended the opening of the IKAPI 'International Book Fair' in Jakarta. It was the last time she would visit her birthplace, , and the year her Dutch Indies literature masterpiece Heren van de Thee was published. Haasse, Hella S. The Scarlet City: A Novel of 16th Century Italy. Hella S. Haasse. Published by Academy Chicago Publishers, 2005. Used - Softcover Condition: Fair. Paperback. Condition: Fair. More buying choices from other sellers on AbeBooks. In a Dark Wood Wandering: A Novel of the Middle Ages. Hella S. Haasse. Published by Academy Chicago Publishers, 2005. Used - Softcover Condition: GOOD. Paperback. Condition: GOOD. Spine creases, wear to binding and pages from reading. May contain limited notes, underlining or highlighting that does affect the text. Possible ex library copy, will have the markings and stickers associated from the library. Accessories such as CD, codes, toys, may not be included. Hella Haasse. Hella Haasse (Hélène Serafia “Hella” Haasse, married name Hélène Serafia Lelyveld-Haasse; 2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was born in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), where her father worked as a civil servant. With two brief interruptions, Haasse spent her childhood in the Dutch East Indies. From 1920 to 1921, she attended kindergarten in the Netherlands, when her father was transferred to Rotterdam. In 1922, the family moved back to the Dutch East Indies, and Haasse went to a Catholic primary school in Soerabaja (Surabaya). When her mother fell ill and had to be moved to a sanatorium in Davos, Haasse lived with her grandmother in Heemstede, and later attended a boarding school in Baarn. In 1928, the family returned to the Dutch East Indies, where Haasse attended the secondary school Bataviaas Lyceum. In 1938, Haasse moved to the Netherlands to study Scandinavian literature at the University of Amsterdam. In 1939, she debuted with poems in the magazine Werk , and a year later, in 1940, she met her future husband Jan van Lelyveld, who invited her to join the editorial staff of the satirical magazine Propria Cures . In 1941, Haasse dropped out of college and enrolled at the Amsterdam School of Drama. In 1944, she married Jan van Lelyveld and abandoned her stage career. From 1944 to 1951, the couple had three daughters, but the eldest died in 1947. In 1945, Haasse published a volume of poems, “Stroomversnelling”. In 1948, she published the novella “Oeroeg”, which was a huge success. Haasse received an honorary literary doctorate from the University of Utrecht, in 1988, and from the University of Leuven, in 1995. From 1981 to 1990, she lived in France with her husband, and was awarded the Diplôme de médaille Argent , in 1984, by the Académie Française.