DOCSLIB.ORG

Quazepam Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Nocturia in Elderly Japanese Patients with Chronic Insomnia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quazepam Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Nocturia in Elderly Japanese Patients with Chronic Insomnia J Rural Med 2009; 4(1): 1–6 Original article Quazepam Improves Health-related Quality of Life and Nocturia in Elderly Japanese Patients with Chronic Insomnia Hiroyuki Ohbayashi Department of Internal medicine, JA Gifu Tohno-Kousei Hospital, Gifu, Japan Abstract Introduction Aim and background: Chronic insomnia in elderly patients significantly affects their health and quality of life (QOL). Aging often causes serious insomnia, which is accompa- Nocturia also worsens sleep condition. The aim of this study was nied by a decline in the sleep function and disorder of the 1, 2) to evaluate the improvement effects of quazepam, a long-term circadian rhythm in elderly patients . In general, there are acting benzodiazepine, on insomnia and nocturia in elderly four types of sleep disturbance: difficulty in falling sleep, patients. intermittent awakening, early morning awakening and non- Method: Forty-one elderly outpatients (mean age 77.1 ± 5.6 yr) restorative sleep. The latter two types of insomnia are com- suffering from chronic insomnia while on regular a short- or ultra- mon in elderly patients. short-acting hypnotic treatment were enrolled. We prescribed Nocturia sometimes occurs as another aspect of insomnia 7.5–15 mg of quazepam, which was administered regularly by the in elderly patients, even when they have no underlying uro- subjects before bedtime. A questionnaire was used to compared logical disease. A previous study reported that nocturnal changes in quality of sleep and frequency of nocturia for before micturition is often associated with increased insomnia; treatment and at 2 and 4 weeks after initiation of treatment. QOL was also examined using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey of poorer quality of sleep; increased thirst, particularly at night; 3) the Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36). and increased fatigue in the daytime . Results: Thirty-seven subjects (90.2%) completed the study. All As medical doctors, we must base our selection of hyp- subscales of the sleep quality questionnaire improved significantly notic treatment on the four types of sleep disturbance (p<0.001) after 2 weeks, as did the total scores (p<0.001) after 4 described above. However, short-acting or ultra-short-act- weeks. Frequency of nocturia decreased significantly from 3.6 ± ing hypnotics are often prescribed even if the elderly patient 1.7 times to 1.5 ± 0.8 (p<0.001) and 1.2 ± 1.0 times (p<0.001) with insomnia suffers from early morning awakening and after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Every SF-36 subscale also non-restorative sleep. showed significant improvement after 4 weeks. The total SF-36 Quazepam (Doral®, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, scores of the group showing a decrease in the frequency of Osaka, Japan), a trifluoroethyl benzodiazepine hypnotic with nocturia (>/= 2 times) improved significantly compared with that a half-life of 27 to 41 hours, is effective in inducing and with a frequency of < 2 times (p=0.016). maintaining sleep not only in initial and short-term use but Conclusion: Quazepam significantly improves sleep, QOL and 4, 5) nocturia in elderly patients that respond poorly to short-acting or also in continued use . At doses of 15 to 30 mg, it is as ultra-short-acting hypnotics. effective as flurazepam and triazolam at the normal thera- peutic doses, and there is minimal rebound of insomnia Key words: insomnia, quazepam, quality of life (QOL), nocturia, following withdrawal, unlike rapidly eliminated benzodiaz- elderly patients epines such as triazolam. Previous studies have also (J Rural Med 2009; 4(1): 1–6) concluded that low doses of quazepam (7.5 or 15 mg) are effective and safe for older insomniacs5, 6). Correspondence to: Hiroyuki Ohbayashi In this study, we investigated whether Quazepam could Department of Internal medicine, JA Gifu Tohno-Kousei Hospital, 76- improve both insomnia and nocturnal micturition in elderly 1 Toki-cho, Mizunami City, Gifu Pref. 509-6101, Japan patients, thereby leading to betterment of their QOL. E-mail: [email protected]. ©2009 The Japanese Association of Rural Medicine 2 Methods Table 1 Patient characteristics Subjects and study protocol No. of patients (male/female) 41 (17/24) Mean age (range) (yrs) 77.1 ± 5.6 (65–87) Elderly outpatients aged 65 years or older complaining of Major underlying disease persistent insomnia during regular use of short-acting or Hypertention 15 (36.5%) ultra-short-acting hypnotics were first selected as subjects. Bronchial asthma 8 (19.5%) Primary osteoporosis 7 (17.1%) Inclusion criteria COPD 7 (17.1%) According to the definitions of insomnia in the Diagnos- Diabetes mellitus 2 (4.8%) tic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition Heart failure 2 (4.8%) 7) (DSM-IV) and the International Classification of Sleep dis- Hypnotics used previously orders (ICSD)8), the condition of insomnia must occur at least three times a week and persist for more than 4 weeks. Ultra-short-acting hypnotics The subjects were also required to have at least one of the Zolpidem (5 mg/day) 11 (26.8%) Triazolam (0.25 mg/day) 6 (14.6%) following two types of insomnia: intermittent awakening Zopiclone (10 mg/day) 2 (4.9%) and early morning awakening. The patients were also required to be able to understand the contents of the ques- Short-acting hypnotics Brotizolam (0.25 mg/day) 19 (46.3%) tionnaires and complete them without help. Etizolam (1 mg/day) 3 (7.3%) Exclusion criteria COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Individuals with a history of alcohol abuse, epilepsy or psychiatric illness, patients who had symptoms of sleep- related breathing disorders such as sleep apnea syndrome and mental health (MH). It is wellknown to be sensitive to and symptoms of restless leg syndrome or periodic limb the severity of insomnia and to be a reliable tool for assess- movement disorder and patients with major underlying dis- ment of the impact of insomnia on QOL9). eases that were unstable were excluded from the study. As a result, 41 elderly outpatients (mean age: 77.1 ± 5.6) Statistical analysis with psychophysiological insomnia were enrolled in the The significance level in this study was set at 5%. Each study. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Prior to set of data is presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analy- enrollment, all patients received an explanation of the con- ses of the scores for questions in the sleep questionnaire tents of the study. This study was conducted in accordance (Table 3 and Figure 1) and frequency of nocturia (Figure 2) with the principles embodied in the Helsinki Declaration (as compared with those at the time of enrollment were con- revised in Edinburgh 2000). After obtaining their signed ducted by the Wilcoxon rank order method. Each SF-36 informed consent, the 41 patients were initially given 15 mg subscore from after 4 weeks of use of quazepam (Figure 3) of quazepam to take before sleeping. All subjects were also and those of the group that had a reduced mean frequency of instructed that they could reduce the 15 mg of quazepam to nocturia at least 2 times per night and the one patient whose half of the initial administrative dose (7.5 mg), if they felt frequency was less than 2 times (Figure 4) were also com- drowsy or experienced a floating sensation the next day. pared using the Wilcoxon rank order method. The statistical Changes in the quality of sleep were examined before analyses were carried out using JMP version 5.0.1a (SAS and at 2 and 4 weeks after the start of the study using a sleep Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). questionnaire that was almost the same as the one used in the development stage of the drug. The contents of the question- Results naire are shown in Table 2. Each subject was also required to record the frequency of nocturnal micturition every night. Thirty seven patients (90.2%) completed the entire study In this study, we also used the 36-item Short Form Health period. Four discontinued due to adverse effects even after Survey of the Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36) before and reducing the dose to half. According to the instructions at 4 weeks after enrollment in the study in order to assess given prior to the start of the study, subjects were allowed to QOL. SF-36 consists of eight subscales that are related to reduce the administrative dose of quazepam to half if they health and functional abilities; physical functioning (PF), felt drowsy or they experienced a floating sensation during physical role (PR), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), the daytime. As such, 30 subjects reduced the dose to half. vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role emotional (RE), However, the symptoms persisted for several days in 4 sub- 3 Table 2 Sleep questionnaire Question Answer Score (1) Sleep latency How long did it take you to fall 0–15 minutes 0 asleep after going to bed? 16–30 minutes 1 31–60 minutes 2 More than 60 minutes 3 (2) Total sleep time How long did you sleep for? More than 8 hours 0 7–8 hours 1 6–7 hours 2 6 hours or less 3 (3) Soundness of sleep How sound was your sleep Excellent 0 last night? Good 1 Fair 2 Poor 3 (4) Number of awakenings How many times did you wake up 0 0 last night? 2 1 2–3 2 4 or more 3 (5) Initiating sleep after Did you wake up last night and Excellent 0 nocturnal awakenings could not fall back to sleep again? Good 1 Poor 2 Did not sleep at all 3 (6) Number of dreams Did you have any dreams Excellent 0 last night? Good 1 Poor 2 Did not sleep at all 3 (7) Arising time Did you wake up this morning No 0 earlier than you wanted to? 1 hours or less 1 1–2 hours 2 More than 2 hours
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meta-Analysis of Benzodiazepine Use in the Treatment of Insomnia
    Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia Review Anne M. Holbrook, Renée Crowther, Ann Lotter, Chiachen Cheng, Derek King Synthèse Abstract From the Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Objective: To systematically review the benefits and risks associated with the use St. Joseph’s Hospital of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia in adults. and McMaster University, Data sources: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry were Hamilton, Ont. searched for English-language articles published from 1966 to December 1998 that described randomized controlled trials of benzodiazepines for the treatment This article has been peer reviewed. of insomnia. Key words included “benzodiazepines” (exploded), “randomized controlled trial” and “insomnia.” Bibliographies of relevant articles were re- CMAJ 2000;162(2):225-33 viewed for additional studies and manufacturers of benzodiazepines were asked to submit additional randomized controlled trial reports not in the literature. ß An overview of the diagnosis and management of insomnia in clinical Study selection: Articles were considered for the meta-analysis if they were ran- practice appears on page 216. domized controlled trials involving patients with insomnia and compared a ben- zodiazepine with placebo or another active agent. Of the 89 trials originally identified, 45 met our criteria, representing a total of 2672 patients. January 25, 2000 Data extraction: Data were extracted regarding the participants, the setting, details Table of Contents of the intervention, the outcomes (including adverse effects) and the method- ologic quality of the studies. Data synthesis: The meta-analyses of sleep records indicated that, when compared with placebo, benzodiazepines decreased sleep latency by 4.2 minutes (non- significant; 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.7 to 9.2) and significantly increased total sleep duration by 61.8 minutes (95% CI 37.4 to 86.2).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Brotizolam, a New Thieno-Triazolo-Diazepine Derivative, on the Central Nervous System
    In the present study, its actions on the central nervous system were investigated. Effects of Brotizolam, a New Thieno-Triazolo-Diazepine Derivative, on the Central Nervous System Kenjiro KIMISHIMA, Kyoko TANABE, Yukako KINOSHITA, Kooji TOKUYOSHI, Daisuke HOURI and Tatsuo KOBAYASHI Department of Pharmacology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago 683, Japan Accepted August 24, 1984 Abstract-The effects of brotizolam, a new thieno-triazolo-diazepine derivative, on the central nervous system were analyzed in mice, rats and rabbits. Diazepam, estazolam and triazolam were used as control drugs. Brotizolam inhibited spon taneous motor activities; performances in the rotarod test, staircase test, and maximal electroshock seizure test; and pentetrazol or bemegride-induced convulsion. Moreover, catalepsy inducing action and potentiating effect on sleep elicited by pentobarbital or ethanol were observed. Following intraperitoneal or oral admin istration of brotizolam to rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes , the electro encephalographic profile in spontaneous EEG was characterized by slow waves with high amplitudes in the neocortex. The arousal responses by stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation and posterior hypothalamus were slightly inhibited, but the recruiting responses induced by stimulation of the diffuse thalamic projecting system were not inhibited, and seizure discharges induced by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus were inhibited markedly. When motor activities and pente trazol-induced convulsions were observed as indices of tolerance for brotizolam, tolerance was not developed by repeated administration of brotizolam up to 14 days. These results suggested that brotizolam, a new thieno-triazolo-diazepine derivative, is judged to be a safer and stronger sleep inducer than diazepam and estazolam . Since the pioneering paper by Randall et et al.
    [Show full text]
  • S1 Table. List of Medications Analyzed in Present Study Drug
    S1 Table. List of medications analyzed in present study Drug class Drugs Propofol, ketamine, etomidate, Barbiturate (1) (thiopental) Benzodiazepines (28) (midazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, potassium Sedatives clorazepate, bromazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, pinazepam, (32 drugs) nordazepam, fludiazepam, ethyl loflazepate, etizolam, clotiazepam, tofisopam, flurazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, triazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam, brotizolam, quazepam, loprazolam, zopiclone, zolpidem) Fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil, morphine, Opioid analgesics hydromorphone, nicomorphine, oxycodone, tramadol, (10 drugs) pethidine Acetaminophen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (36) (celecoxib, polmacoxib, etoricoxib, nimesulide, aceclofenac, acemetacin, amfenac, cinnoxicam, dexibuprofen, diclofenac, emorfazone, Non-opioid analgesics etodolac, fenoprofen, flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, (44 drugs) ketoprofen, ketorolac, lornoxicam, loxoprofen, mefenamiate, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, pranoprofen, proglumetacin, sulindac, talniflumate, tenoxicam, tiaprofenic acid, zaltoprofen, morniflumate, pelubiprofen, indomethacin), Anticonvulsants (7) (gabapentin, pregabalin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lacosamide) Vecuronium, rocuronium bromide, cisatracurium, atracurium, Neuromuscular hexafluronium, pipecuronium bromide, doxacurium chloride, blocking agents fazadinium bromide, mivacurium chloride, (12 drugs) pancuronium, gallamine, succinylcholine
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Information Sheet("Kusuri-No-Shiori")
    Drug Information Sheet("Kusuri-no-Shiori") Internal Published: 08/2015 The information on this sheet is based on approvals granted by the Japanese regulatory authority. Approval details may vary by country. Medicines have adverse reactions (risks) as well as efficacies (benefits). It is important to minimize adverse reactions and maximize efficacy. To obtain a better therapeutic response, patients should understand their medication and cooperate with the treatment. Brand name:BROTIZOLAM TABLETS 0.25mg 「OHARA」 Active ingredient:Brotizolam Dosage form:white tablet with split line on one side, diameter: 8.0 mm, thickness: 2.3 mm Print on wrapping:ブロチゾラム錠 0.25mg「オーハラ」, ブロチゾラム, 0.25mg, OH-54, Brotizolam 0.25mg「OHARA」 Effects of this medicine This medicine intensifies the effect of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), a typical inhibitory transmitter of central nervous system, and suppresses hypothalamic area and cerebral limbic system which control emotion. It consequently blocks unnecessary stimulation from the autonomic nervous system and shows central nervous system depressant effect including hypnotic/sedative/anti-anxiety effect. It is usually used to treat insomnia and for anesthetic premedication. Before using this medicine, be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist ・If you have previously experienced any allergic reactions (itch, rash, etc.) to any medicines. If you have glaucoma, myasthenia gravis or respiratory disability. ・If you are pregnant or breastfeeding. ・If you are taking any other medicinal products. (Some medicines may interact to enhance or diminish medicinal effects. Beware of over-the-counter medicines and dietary supplements as well as other prescription medicines.) Dosing schedule (How to take this medicine) ・Your dosing schedule prescribed by your doctor is<< to be written by a healthcare professional>> ・For insomnia: In general, for adults, take 1 tablet (0.25 mg of the active ingredient) at a time right before bedtime.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Effects of Leea Macrophylla
    Ferdousy et al. Clinical Phytoscience (2016) 2:17 DOI 10.1186/s40816-016-0031-6 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Open Access Antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of Leea macrophylla methanol root extracts on diazepam-induced memory impairment in amnesic Wistar albino rat Sakia Ferdousy1, Md Atiar Rahman1*, Md Mamun Al-Amin2, Jannatul Aklima1 and J. M. Kamirul Hasan Chowdhury1 Abstract Background: A neurological disorder is becoming one of the major health problems worldwide. Synthetic drugs for neurological disorders often produce unwanted effects while traditional plant- derived drugs offer a unique strategy in combating the neurological diseases. This study investigated how the antioxidative properties of Leea macrophylla root extracts integratively help as neuroprotective and antiamnesic in animal model. Methods: Leea macrophylla root methanol extract (LM) was assessed by open field test, hole cross test, elevated plus maze test and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time test for screening neuropharmacological effect on Wistar albino rats using the LM at 100 & 200 mg/kg body weight. Antiamnesic effect of LM was studied on diazepam induced anterograde amnesia in Wistar albino rats. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate whether the learning and memory of rats are impaired by amnesia produced by diazepam. The antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, advanced oxidation protein product from the hippocampus of decapitated animals were measured to assess the antioxidative potential of the extract. Results: LM was found to show significant (p <0.05) reduction in locomotor activity and increase in the duration of sleeping of animals. Morris water maze test showed that animals treated with LM significantly (p <0.05) decreased the mean escape latency compared to animals in diazepam group.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Evidence of Use and Harms of Novel Benzodiazepines
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Novel Benzodiazepines A review of the evidence of use and harms of Novel Benzodiazepines April 2020 1 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Legal control of benzodiazepines .......................................................................................... 4 3. Benzodiazepine chemistry and pharmacology .................................................................. 6 4. Benzodiazepine misuse............................................................................................................ 7 Benzodiazepine use with opioids ................................................................................................... 9 Social harms of benzodiazepine use .......................................................................................... 10 Suicide ............................................................................................................................................. 11 5. Prevalence and harm summaries of Novel Benzodiazepines ...................................... 11 1. Flualprazolam ......................................................................................................................... 11 2. Norfludiazepam ....................................................................................................................... 13 3. Flunitrazolam ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
    Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: a meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies Soldatos C R, Dikeos D G, Whitehead A Authors' objectives To determine whether there are differences in initial efficacy, development of tolerance and occurrence of rebound insomnia between rapidly eliminated hypnotics (brotizolam, midazolam, triazolam, zolpidem and zopiclone). Searching MEDLINE was searched from 1966 to April 1997 using the generic names of the drugs as keywords, i.e. 'brotizolam', 'midazolam', 'triazolam', 'zolpidem' and 'zopiclone'. Additional references were obtained by examining the bibliographies of retrieved papers, and by contacting pharmaceutical manufacturers. Abstracts of all available publications were scanned visually to identify sleep laboratory studies. Study selection Study designs of evaluations included in the review The following study designs were included: randomised placebo-controlled parallel group or crossover studies, with or without placebo baseline; single group studies with placebo baseline (i.e. before-and-after studies). Studies were excluded for the following reasons: unconventional timing of sleep, or conditions or procedures of monitoring that may interfere with sleep; nonstandard sleep recording and/or scoring procedures; no placebo control; participants with concurrent medical or psychiatric disorders; inadequate or no washout-period; inadequate documentation of blindness and/or randomisation; no adaptation night in a single group study; no data relevant for the present study; unconventional placebo comparator. All studies had to be double-blind, i.e. even for single group studies, patient and assessor had to be blinded to actual treatment on days of assessment. Specific interventions included in the review Brotizolam, midazolam, triazolam, zolpidem and zopiclone; all were compared to placebo.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Michael J
    pii: jc-00382-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6470 SPECIAL ARTICLES Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Michael J. Sateia, MD1; Daniel J. Buysse, MD2; Andrew D. Krystal, MD, MS3; David N. Neubauer, MD4; Jonathan L. Heald, MA5 1Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH; 2University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; 3University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; 4Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; 5American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL Introduction: The purpose of this guideline is to establish clinical practice recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults, when such treatment is clinically indicated. Unlike previous meta-analyses, which focused on broad classes of drugs, this guideline focuses on individual drugs commonly used to treat insomnia. It includes drugs that are FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia, as well as several drugs commonly used to treat insomnia without an FDA indication for this condition. This guideline should be used in conjunction with other AASM guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of chronic insomnia in adults. Methods: The American Academy of Sleep Medicine commissioned a task force of four experts in sleep medicine. A systematic review was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process was used to assess the evidence. The task force developed recommendations and assigned strengths based on the quality of evidence, the balance of benefits and harms, and patient values and preferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes
    INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs Controlled Internationally of Availability Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs: Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes Indispensable, adequately available and not unduly restricted UNITED NATIONS Reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board in 2015 TheReport of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2015 (E/INCB/2015/1) is supple- mented by the following reports: Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs: Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes. Indispensable, adequately available and not unduly restricted (E/INCB/2015/1/Supp.1) Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2016—Statistics for 2014 (E/INCB/2015/2) Psychotropic Substances: Statistics for 2014—Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements for Substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (E/INCB/2015/3) Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (E/INCB/2015/4) The updated lists of substances under international control, comprising narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, are contained in the latest editions of the annexes to the statistical forms (“Yellow List”, “Green List” and “Red List”), which are also issued by the Board. Contacting the International Narcotics Control Board The secretariat of the Board may be reached at the following address: Vienna International Centre Room E-1339 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Cross-Reference of Research, Generic and Trade Names of Benzodiazepines
    Appendix 1 Cross-Reference of Research, Generic and Trade Names of Benzodiazepines Table 1. Benzodiazepine research designations with corresponding generic names Research Designation Generic Name lactam demoxepam methyloxazepam temazepam A 101 nordazepam AB 35616 clorazepate AB 39083 clorazepate AH 3232 clorazepate CB 4261 tetrazepam CB 4306 clorazepate CB 4311 clorazepate CGS 8216 (antagonist) CI683 ripazepam CS 370 cloxazolam CS 430 haloxazolam D40TA estazolam EGYT 341 tofisopam ER 115 temazepam HR 158 loprazolam HR376 clobazam HR 4723 clobazam HR930 fosazepam K3917 temazepam 287 THE BENZODIAZEPINES Research Designation Generic Name LA 111 diazepam LM 2717 clobazam ORF 8063 triflubazam Ro 4-5360 nitrazepam Ro 5-0690 chlordiazepoxide Ro 5-0883 desmethy1chlordiazepoxide Ro 5-2092 demoxepam Ro 5-2180 desmethyldiazepam Ro 5-2807 diazepam Ro 5-2925 desmethylmedazepam Ro 5-3059 nitrazepam Ro 5-3350 bromazepam Ro 5-3438 fludiazepam Ro 5-4023 clonazepam Ro 5-4200 flunitrazepam Ro 5-4556 medazepam Ro 5-5345 temazepam Ro 5-6789 oxazepam Ro 5-6901 flurazepam Ro 15-1788 (antagonist) Ro 21-3981 midazolam RU 31158 loprazolam S 1530 nimetazepam SAH 1123 isoquinazepam SAH 47603 temazepam SB 5833 camazepam SCH 12041 halazepam SCH 16134 quazepam U 28774 ketazolam U 31889 alprazolam U 33030 triazolam W4020 prazepam We 352 triflubazam 288 RESEARCH, GENERIC AND TRADE NAMES Research Designation Generic Name We 941 brotizolam Wy 2917 temazepam Wy 3467 diazepam Wy 3498 oxazepam Wy 3917 temazepam Wy 4036 lorazepam Wy 4082 lormetazepam Wy 4426 oxazepam Y 6047
    [Show full text]
  • Wo 2009/120182 A2
    (12) INTERNATIONALAPPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 1 October 2009 (01.10.2009) WO 2009/120182 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, A61K 47/34 (2006.01) CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, (21) International Application Number: HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, PCT/US2008/013816 KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (22) International Filing Date: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, 18 December 2008 (18.12.2008) NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, (25) Filing Language: English UG, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/015,365 20 December 2007 (20.12.2007) US GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, 12/262,986 31 October 2008 (3 1.10.2008) US ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, (71) Applicant: EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY [US/ ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, US]; 200 South Wilcox Drive, Kingsport, TN 37660 MC, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (US).
    [Show full text]
  • Drug/Substance Trade Name(S)
    A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Drug/Substance Trade Name(s) Drug Class Existing Penalty Class Special Notation T1:Doping/Endangerment Level T2: Mismanagement Level Comments Methylenedioxypyrovalerone is a stimulant of the cathinone class which acts as a 3,4-methylenedioxypyprovaleroneMDPV, “bath salts” norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at 1 A Yes A A 2 Boehringer Ingelheim. No 3 Alfentanil Alfenta Narcotic used to control pain and keep patients asleep during surgery. 1 A Yes A No A Aminoxafen, Aminorex is a weight loss stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found Aminorex Aminoxaphen, Apiquel, to cause pulmonary hypertension. 1 A Yes A A 4 McN-742, Menocil No Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of Amphetamine Speed, Upper 1 A Yes A A 5 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. No Anileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic Anileridine Leritine 1 A Yes A A 6 agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s. No Dopamine promoter used to treat loss of muscle movement control caused by Parkinson's Apomorphine Apokyn, Ixense 1 A Yes A A 7 disease. No Recreational drug with euphoriant and stimulant properties. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. It is often claimed that BZP was originally Benzylpiperazine BZP 1 A Yes A A synthesized as a potential antihelminthic (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals.
    [Show full text]