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Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes Sartaj Ahmad Bhat Adarsh Pal Vig Fusheng Li Balasubramani Ravindran Editors Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes Sartaj Ahmad Bhat • Adarsh Pal Vig • Fusheng Li • Balasubramani Ravindran Editors Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes Editors Sartaj Ahmad Bhat Adarsh Pal Vig River Basin Research Center Botanical and Environmental Sciences Gifu University Guru Nanak Dev University Gifu, Japan Punjab, India Fusheng Li Balasubramani Ravindran River Basin Research Center Department of Environmental Energy Gifu University and Engineering Gifu, Japan Kyonggi University Suwon, South Korea ISBN 978-981-15-4521-4 ISBN 978-981-15-4522-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4522-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Water is one of the essential requirements for all oxygen-dependent living organisms because water can regulate physical and chemical parameters. Approximately, 71% of the planet is covered by water and oceans contain 96.5% of earth’s water. The main resource of water includes rainwater, wells, streams, natural springs, ocean, and rivers. In the last few decades, there is a rapid development of human populations and industrial revolutions. Accordingly, various industries are released wastewater/effluent which generates serious environmental problems, especially water pollution. On the other hand, indiscriminate usage of synthetic fertilizers for crop production, during rainy days can migrate into the water bodies which also cause water pollution. In addition, water pollution can affect living organisms and alter the overall food chain. Nowadays, a huge amount of wastewater sludge/solid wastes are produced by various industries and human beings. These sludge/solid wastes contain a significant amount of hazardous materials that generate soil pollution. In soil, hazardous pollutants are potentially toxic to living organisms, and they alter the chemical and biological reactions. Currently, various peoples have been using numerous methods (like physical, chemical, and biological methods) to combat water and soil pollution, but these methods contain several disadvantages. Therefore, there is urgent require- ment of cost-effective and environment-friendly techniques to remediate pollutants. This book “Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes” introduces various remediation strategies. For example, vermifiltration of wastewater/effluent employing earthworms is a recently established “novel” technology. This term filtration technology is based on the capability of worms to consume and break down various organic waste materials and heavy metals from effluent, and their capacity to remove different pollutants from effluent by absorption via body walls of the earthworms. Vermifiltration is an effective and environment-friendly technology for wastewater/effluent treatment. In addition, earthworms can eliminate toxic haz- ardous materials from solid wastes and also enhance the microbial populations which stimulate crop production. Internal body of the earthworms has metallothioneins, protein that can bind with heavy metal ions, and also an earthworm v vi Preface detoxifies the various soil pollutants. This book contributed by an interdisciplinary group of water and soil scientists which provides new knowledge in the field of environmental pollution. We wish to thank all of the referees, who generously contributed their time and talent to maintain the high quality of this volume. We also express our thanks to the springer nature for their invaluable support and cooperation in the publication of the book. Gifu, Japan Sartaj Ahmad Bhat Amritsar, Punjab, India Adarsh Pal Vig Gifu, Japan Fusheng Li Suwon, South Korea Balasubramani Ravindran Contents Part I Wastewater Alone 1 Applicability of Vermifiltration for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling ......................................... 3 Bhavini, Kavita Kanaujia, Amber Trivedi, and Subrata Hait 2 Vermifiltration for Rural Wastewater Treatment .............. 19 Meena Khwairakpam 3 Treatment of Wastewater by Vermifiltration Integrated with Plants ........................................... 35 Anu Bala Chowdhary, Jahangeer Quadar, Bhaskar Singh, and Jaswinder Singh Part II Wastewater Sludge Alone 4 Recycling of Municipal Sludge by Vermicomposting ............ 55 Kui Huang, Hui Xia, Fusheng Li, and Sartaj Ahmad Bhat 5Influence of Distillery Sludge-Based Vermicompost on the Nutritional Status of Rapanus sativus L. (Radish) .............. 69 Susila Sugumar, Tamilselvi Duraisamy, Selvakumar Muniraj, Ramarajan Selvam, and Vasanthy Muthunarayanan Part III Wastewater and Sludge/Solid and Liquid Waste 6 Vermitechnology: A Sustainable Approach in the Management of Solid and Liquid Waste ................................ 87 Soubam Indrakumar Singh, Deachen Angmo, and Rahil Dutta 7 Natural Biological Treatment of Effluent and Sludges to Combat the Burden of Waste .................................... 107 Deachen Angmo, Rahil Dutta, Soubam Indra Kumar, and Angelika Sharma vii viii Contents Part IV General Organic/Inorganic and Chemical Waste 8 Vermicomposts Are Biologically Different: Microbial and Functional Diversity of Green Vermicomposts ............. 125 María Gómez-Brandón, Manuel Aira, and Jorge Domínguez 9 Vermicomposting Treatment of Fruit and Vegetable Waste and the Effect of the Addition of Excess Activated Sludge ........ 141 Wenjiao Li, Sartaj Ahmad Bhat, Yongfen Wei, and Fusheng Li 10 Eco-management of Industrial Organic Wastes Through the Modified Innovative Vermicomposting Process: A Sustainable Approach in Tropical Countries ........................... 161 Ram Kumar Ganguly and Susanta Kumar Chakraborty 11 Growth and Reproductive Biology of Earthworms in Organic Waste Breakdown Under the Indian Condition ................ 179 Priyasankar Chaudhuri and Susmita Debnath 12 Vermicomposting of Parthenium hysterophorus L.: A Solution to Weed Menace in Terrestrial Ecosystem .................... 195 Deepshikha Sharma and Anu Bala Chowdhary 13 Evaluating Method of Mica Waste Application in Earthworm Cast-Treated Soil for Enhancing Potassium Availability to the Plants with Reference to Tea .............................. 209 Prabhat Pramanik, Chayanika Kalita, Pallabi Kalita, and Anup Jyoti Goswami 14 PGPR and Earthworm-Assisted Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals ............................................... 227 Pooja Sharma, Palak Bakshi, Jaspreet Kour, Arun Dev Singh, Shalini Dhiman, Pardeep Kumar, Ibrahim, Ashutosh Sharma, Bilal Ahmad Mir, and Renu Bhardwaj 15 Waste Management Practices and Their Impact on Earthworms . 247 Harsimran Kaur, Puttaganti Vijaya, and Suman Sharma 16 Toxicity and Histopathological Effect of Distillery Industrial Sludge on the Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae .................. 269 Susila Sugumar, Selvakumar Muniraj, Tamilselvi Duraisamy, Ramarajan Selvam, and Vasanthy Muthunarayanan 17 Earthworm-Assisted Amelioration of Thermal Ash ............. 281 Bhawana Sohal and Adarsh Pal Vig Contents ix Part V Soil 18 Some Perspectives on Vermicompost Utilization in Organic Agriculture ........................................... 299 Hupenyu A. Mupambwa, Balasuramani Ravindran, Ernest Dube, Noxolo S. Lukashe, Asteria A. N. Katakula, and Pearson N. S. Mnkeni 19 Earthworm Communities and Soil Structural Properties ........ 333 Sharanpreet Singh, Jaswinder Singh, Adarsh Pal Vig, Falwinder Verma, and Surindra Suthar 20 Effect of Methyl Parathion on the Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia fetida in Natural Soil ............................ 351 Ankurita Nath and Subrata Hait About the Editors Sartaj Ahmad Bhat is working as Post-doctoral Researcher in the River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Japan. He received his Ph.D. for Environmental Sciences from Guru Nanak Dev University, India in 2017. He is efficient in waste management techniques, especially towards the vermicomposting and substrate compatibility, nutrient enrichment and heavy metal accumulation dynamics. So far, Dr. Bhat has authored
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