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Home , Aerobic digestion, Flush toilet, Night soil, Pit latrine, Toilet

’s Challenge for the Env ironmental

HIDETO YOSHIDA DIRECTOR-GENERAL MANAGEMENT & DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, JAPAN International Status of EiEnvironmen tltal SSittianitation

• 262.6 billion people cannot access environmental sanitation facilities. • Halve the number of people without 121.2 billion people Improved sustainable access to basic sanitation by from 1990 to 2004 2015. (MDG targg)et10) • In the “Hashimoto Action Plan”, 2.6 billion people including ¾ Without radical changg,e, we will not 1 billion children achieve the MDG sanitation target. Without access ¾ National Governments formulate clear‐ cut strategic sanitation policies and plans. Japan’s Challenge

• Japan is willing to work ttthogether with the iitnterna tiona l community to improve worldwide sanitary environment, because Japan has a lot of experience of developing hygienic treatment systems. • Nig ht soil recycling system whic h was dlddeveloped in the past. • Johkasou, which is a JAPAN ORIGINAL on‐site waste water treatment system • Night soil treatment facilities

Improvement of sanitary environment Prevention of water Dissemination Approach on EiEnvironmen tltal SittiSanitation y Areas withou t flus h ttiltoilets－ increase of vault { Pit LLtiatrine { ECO‐San { Container‐type （Japan） Stool/ separation Type Toilet (1950) y Areas with water works－ increase of flush toilets { Public { Septic Tanks { Johkasou （Japan original） Johkasou（Anaerobic Type） Requirements for toilet y ItlltiInstallation of sanitary ttiltoilets { Separation of night soil from inhabitants { PtiPrevention of watbterborne y Clean toilets { Smell‐free { Quick removal of night soil by y SfSafe and sanitary life { control Crucial point on

y Dissem ina tion of flus h tilttoilet

follows water works Septic tank ditch

extension polluted well- water is used for y Problems with septic tanks neighborhood Penetrate non- { Effluent may be discharged without treatment, non- disinfection water sufficient treatment. { May cause pollution & untreated dumping ⇒ Threat to the “safe and sanitary life” y An appropriate on‐site facility replaced for septic tank is required, when a flush toilet is installed. Japan’s experience of niihtght soil tttreatment system 【In the past (Until 1950)】 y Night soil had been utilized as a good → Establishment of recycling systems in urban & rural areas

(straw）

（tank） （transportation of night soil by a person） (Big vault toilet） Safety & sanitary Fertili ser 【Since 1950s】 y Faced difficulty with night soil recygycling because of rapid urbanization and increasing production of chemical y Japan has developed hygienic night soil treatment . Japan’s ppproposal －Johkasou－ y Advanced domestic waste water treatment system (tank) developed in Japan y Treats as clean as 20 ppm as BOD y Treats not only wastewater but night soil y Operated for 11 million Japanese people in less populated areas around Japan, as a technique which is cost‐effective and able to Johkasou (Anaerobic filter contact aeration type) be installed in a short time. Japan’s ppproposal －Johkasou－(()continued) y PlProperly dis in fec te d effluen t y Protect water environment and ensure rural y Employ such as ¾ Biological contactor ditch process ¾ process ¾ Anaerobic filter‐contact aeration process ¾ Biofilm filtration tank

¾ Moving bed biofilm tank, etc. y Varieties of Johkasou with different treatment capacity to conform to the required effluent level and cost in each country Japan’ s proposal －Johkasou－(continued) y RiRequires peridiliodical maiitntenance such as maintenance of biofilm Johkasou manager (inhabitant) Request and removal of sludge (examination) Technical Specified y Requires certified supervisor inspecting agency thii/technicians/eng ineers for (maintenance) (desludging)

maintenance Entrusted Entrusted

Johkasou Johkasou maintenance desludging vendor vendor

Figure. Organization for maintenance, desludging and inspection in Japan Japan’s proposal －Night soil treatment system－ y Collects night soil from each home and transfers it to central night soil treatment plants y Operated for 14 million Japanese people in rural areas around Japan y Recovery of methane or production of fertilizer Japan‘s proposal －Night soil treatment system－(continued)

y Treat night soil in sanitary manner to meet standddards { Anaerobic digestion process Sedimenta water Equalisation tion tank tank disinfection influent nd Aeration screening 1st digestion 2 digestion tank tank tank effluent

Sludge Sludge Measuring tank

Dehydration Sludge sludge thickening tank { Dehydration process sludge { Double‐step (biological denitrogen) process, etc. Features of Japan’s on‐site treatment system

１．Ｊｏｈｋａｓｏｕ ・More cost‐effective and short installation time in less populated areas ・Joint treatment with night soil and domestic waste water with effluent as clean as that of . (20mg/L of BOD and less) ・Effluent is disinfected properly. （container type toilet） ・Ensure the rural water resources

２．Honey truck (Vacuum car) ・Effective and sanitary transportation of night soil and sludge (Slu dge） （Johkasou） Treatment (Effluent） Facility BOD20mg/L and less ３．Night Soil Treatment Facility ・Treats high concentration of night soil and sludge hygienically. ・ (ex. Methane, Fertilizer) Cost comparison of collective systems and on‐site systems P c c osts) onstructio rCapi er t n aCost

n m and Balance point a ( intenance including On-site system Collective system

Population density

On-site system (Johkasou) for less Collective system (Sewage) for populated areas densely populated areas Japan’s international cooperation y Dissem ina te JJ’apan’s experience of niihtght soil tttreatment y Capacity building on night soil treatment y Suggest night soil treatment system/technology which is applicable for developing countries y Provide relevant technical cooperation y “Water Environment Partnership in (()WEPA)” aims to promote good governance in water environment management y Japan‐China Cooperation including model project for decentralized in rural and other areas in China. Strategy of “Water Environment Partnership in Asia (()WEPA)”

【What’s WEPA?】 ● WEPA is an initiative that the Ministry of the Environment Information platform of Japan proposed at the 3rd World Water Forum held in Japan in 2003. http://www.wepa‐db.net ● WEPA aims to strengthen governance through capacity bu ilding and shiharing kldknowledge and ifinforma tion on water environmental governance. Collection and analysis ● The 2nd WEPA International Forum that stakeholders of information reppgresenting gg,overnment, academia, the private sector and each countries Promoting water NGOs participated in was held last December as an open environment event of the 1st Asia‐Pacific Water Summit. governance Promoting dialogues Lao Korea Indonesia among various Myanmar stakeholders China

Malaysia Enhancement of networks among Philippines Japan counties Thailand Vietnam

11 countries in the Asian monsoon region Japan‐China Cooperation for water environment protection The current conditions of water environment problems in China Japan’s cooperation for water environment The issue of water pollution is becoming more serious Model project for decentralized wastewater The Algae treatment in rural and other areas outbreak in Taihu Lake Discharge (The Yomiuri Shimbun 12 JUL Y 2007) Treatment Plant

・Construction of small size wastewater Drainage into the Chang treatment facilities Jiang(http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007 ・Study of valuation and management -04/15/content_850842.htm) Examples of decentralised wastewater treatment Joint Statement by Japan and the People's Republic plant adapted to the each areas of China on the Further Enhancement of Cooperation for Environmental Protection (Provisional Translation) 11 April 2007 Tokyo Rock bed filter Rotating biological Trickling filter process 1.Cooperation will be implemented to enhance the contactor protection of drinking water areas, prevention Extend to of pollution of rivers, lakes, seas and , in all China particular water pollution prevention measures in important water basins including the Bo Hai and Huang Prevention of pollution of rivers, lakes, Hai regions and the Yangtze basin. seas and groundwater