O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment – Draft

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage - Draft Desktop Assessment

1 June 2015

Version 2

Prepared by EBS Heritage for Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure

Document Control

Revision No. Date issued Revision type Media Issued to 1 08/05/2015 Draft Electronic Ana Glavinic, DPTI 2 01/06/2015 Draft Electronic Ana Glavinic, DPTI

EBS Heritage Project Number: H50201

COPYRIGHT: Use or copying of this document in whole or in part (including photographs) without the written permission of EBS Heritage’s client and EBS Heritage constitutes an infringement of copyright.

LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of EBS Heritage’s client, and is subject to and issued in connection with the provisions of the agreement between EBS Heritage and its client. EBS Heritage accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party.

CITATION: EBS Heritage (1st June 2015) O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft. Report to Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. EBS Heritage, Adelaide.

EBS Heritage 3/119 Hayward Avenue Torrensville, South Australia 5031 t: 08 7127 5607 http://www.ebsheritage.com.au email: [email protected]

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EBS Heritage would like to acknowledge and thank the following people, in alphabetical order:

 Ana Glavinic (Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure);

 Isabelle Gerrard (Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure);

 Staff at Adelaide City Archives;

 Staff at the Adelaide State Library and

 Staff at the Adelaide State Records.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft

ABBREVIATION OF TERMS

TERM MEANING

AHA Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA)

DSD-AAR Department of State Development - Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (SA)

DPTI Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure

EBS Environmental and Biodiversity Services

KNCHA Kaurna Nations Cultural Heritage Association

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O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EBS Heritage (EBS) has been engaged by the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) to conduct a cultural heritage assessment for the proposed O-Bahn Extension and Parklands Rejuvenation Project. The project footprint includes areas of the Adelaide Parklands from Gilberton to Adelaide City; more specifically areas along Hackney Road from Bundeys Road to Botanic Road, Hackney Road Bridge (previously SA Companies Bridge), as well as sections of the Adelaide Parklands surrounding Rundle Road, East Terrace and Grenfell Street (Map 1). The proposed project would also see the closure of Rundle Road and construction of a new road connecting Rundle Road to Grenfell Street and East Terrace.

Only two areas within this corridor will require extensive ground disturbance:

 A bus-only tunnel (underpass) from Hackney Road just north of Botanic Road/ North Terrace/ Dequetteville Terrace intersection to just east of Grenfell Street/ East Terrace intersection and

 A Pedestrian footbridge along the River Torrens adjacent to the Hackney Road Bridge.

This report includes an overview of all previous cultural heritage work conducted in the project area, highlighting the types of sites likely to be encountered during the proposed ground disturbance. A number of previously recorded cultural heritage sites adjacent to the current areas have been included here to provide an indication of the types of sites that may be encountered.

This report also includes records from the DSD-AAR Aboriginal Site Register as well as background research conducted at the State Library of South Australia and SA State Records. Background research is provided for both Aboriginal and European occupation of the project area and its surrounds; in particular Botanic Park and Gardens, the River Torrens, Hackney Bridge and the Eastern Parklands. Adjacent sites are mentioned to provide an idea of the types of sites present in the area and as context for any future for potential discoveries that may occur during earthworks. In addition, sites in adjacent areas undoubtedly share connections and assist in our understanding of the movement of people and ideas throughout this area.

A review of all available evidence has led to the following conclusions and recommendations being made:

 No recorded or registered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage sites were found to be located within the proposed footprint of the O-Bahn Extension and Parklands Rejuvenation Project;

 Based on a number of recorded cultural heritage sites in areas adjacent, there is an elevated risk of cultural heritage sites being encountered in undisturbed soil profiles in the current project area;

 The River Torrens is known to be culturally significant for the Aboriginal people of Adelaide;

 The current proposed bus-only tunnel or underpass may require archaeological monitoring during the proposed ground disturbance. Although there are no known or registered sites in the

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area, there is a high likelihood for cultural heritage material and/or remains being uncovered during construction and

 The highly disturbed nature of the landscape throughout the project area reduces the likelihood of works encountering cultural heritage materials (especially through sections that require little to no ground excavation). If archaeological cultural material is encountered, it should be dealt with under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1998 (SA) and by following the guidelines set out in the Aboriginal Site Discovery Procedure (Appendix 1).

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Objectives ...... 1

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3 2.1 Topography ...... 3 2.2 Vegetation ...... 3 2.3 Fauna ...... 4 2.4 Geology ...... 4

3 COMPLIANCE AND LEGISLATIVE SUMMARY ...... 5 3.1 Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA) ...... 5 3.2 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 ...... 5 3.3 Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ...... 6 (Amended 2003) ...... 6 3.4 Native Title Act 1993...... 6 3.5 South Australian Development Act 1993 ...... 8 3.6 Heritage Places Act 1993 ...... 8

4 HERITAGE REGISTER SEARCHES ...... 9 4.1 DSD-AAR Register Search ...... 9 4.2 SA Museums Database ...... 11 4.3 SA Heritage Places Database ...... 11

5 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ...... 13 5.1 Aboriginal Occupation...... 13 5.1.1 Land Use ...... 14 5.2 European History ...... 16 5.2.1 Rundle and Rymill Parks ...... 16 5.2.2 Botanic Park ...... 20 5.2.3 Hackney Bridge (South Australian [SA] Company Bridge) ...... 21 5.3 Discussion ...... 23

6 PREVIOUS WORK ...... 24 6.1.1 Worsnop 1878...... 24 6.1.2 Hemming and Harris 1998 ...... 24 6.1.3 ACHM 2005 ...... 24 6.1.4 Aitken, Jones and Morris 2006 – Adelaide Parklands Significance Assessment ...... 24 6.1.5 ACHM 2009 ...... 24

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6.1.6 Gara 1998 ...... 25 6.1.7 Gara 2010 ...... 25 6.2 Discussion ...... 25

7 PRELIMINARY RISK ASSESSEMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 27

9 APPENDICES ...... 29

Appendix 1 ...... 29

List of Tables Table 1. Results of DSD-AAR Central Archive search of previous surveys conducted in the Project area...... 9 Table 2. Results of the DSD-AAR Central Archive search within 2km of the Project area...... 9 Table 3.Results of the SA Museum Database Search ...... 11 Table 4.State and Local Heritage Places ...... 12

List of Figures Figure 1.Aboriginal people in Adelaide 1836. State Library of South Australia –Australiana Collection ...... 14 Figure 2.City of Adelaide from the River Torrens. State Library of South Australia ...... 15 Figure 3. View across the Torrens 30th July 1855. State Library of South Australia – Pencil drawing by Egen von Guerard ...... 17 Figure 4: Eastern parklands aerial photography from 1949 (left) and 2010 (right)...... 17 Figure 5. Laying electricity cables in East Terrace c. 1907-08...... 18 Figure 6. East park lands – Corner of East tce and Grenfell st, facing west c.1957. Note, Adelaide Electric Supply Company building far left...... 18 Figure 7. East park lands – East Terrace, facing east c.1957 ...... 19 Figure 8. Adelaide Lunatic Asylum, looking northeast c.1870 (currently the National Wine Centre) ...... 19 Figure 9. Plan 23, showing planned landscape of Park 14/ Mullawirraburka by Brown c.1880 ...... 20 Figure 10. Extract of a lithograph showing the eastern parklands intersection (North Terrace/Botanic Road) ...... 21 Figure 11. Second South Australian Company Bridge, Hackney, SA, 1845...... 22 Figure 12. Hackney Bridge after its upgrade to a more suitable wooden structure, c.1860. Note the South Australian Company’s flour mill in the background c.1890...... 22

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O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft List of Maps Map 1.Location Map showing Project area from Gilberton to the City ...... 2 Map 2. Native Title Determination in relation to the project area...... 7 Map 3. DSD-AAR Registered Sites ...... 10

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O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 1 INTRODUCTION

EBS Heritage (EBS) has been engaged by the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) to conduct a cultural heritage desktop risk assessment of the proposed O-Bahn Extension and Parklands Rejuvenation Project area from Gilberton to the City. This area includes: Hackney Road from north of Bundeys Road to Botanic Road (including the existing State Heritage listed Hackney Road Bridge previously SA Companies Bridge), as well as sections of Park Lands surrounding Rundle Road, East Terrace and Grenfell Street (Map 1).

This report outlines the results of the background research and register search. Geotechnical results have been provided and will be included in the final report. The cultural heritage risk assessment is therefore preliminary and should be further refined as work progresses. 1.1 Objectives

 Conduct background research and review of heritage register searches, including the DSD-AAR Register, the South Australian Heritage Database as well as research of primary and secondary sources and previous heritage reports for the project area;

 Identify State and Commonwealth legislative requirements pertinent to heritage in the current project area;

 Determine the likelihood or risk of cultural heritage sites being present as well as the potential impacts for any known heritage within the corridor in accordance with the South Australian Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 and

 Provide recommendations in relation to any potential impacts the proposed activities may have on locations of heritage significance in light of DPTI’s responsibilities under the South Australian Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988.

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Map 1.Location Map showing Project area from Gilberton to the City

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

EBS Heritage was engaged by the DPTI to conduct a cultural heritage and risk assessment of the proposed O-Bahn Extension and Parklands Rejuvenation Project area.

The proposed design consists of:

 Realignment of Rundle Road and East Terrace;

 Bus-only tunnel (underpass) from Hackney Road north of Botanic Road/Dequetteville terrace to intersection of East Terrace/Grenfell Street;

 Bus-only priority lane along Hackney Road and Grenfell Street/Rundle Road and

 A pedestrian footbridge west of the existing Hackney Road Bridges along the River Torrens. 2.1 Topography

The topography of the City of Adelaide and its immediate surrounds is generally flat with gentle undulations. The landscape approaching the River Torrens has been significantly altered, with the banks as they stand today, having been modified to suit urban development and recreational activity. 2.2 Vegetation

Prior to European arrival and colonisation, it is thought that the Adelaide region supported an extensive array of native vegetation, few of which remain in abundance today (Tait, Daniels and Hill 2005: 247). These species included the predominant Grey Box (Eucalyptus macrocarpa) woodlands and open forests comprised mainly of South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camadulensis) (Dept. of Environment, Water and Natural Resources 2015). Throughout the Adelaide Plains the Mallee Box (Eucalyptus porosa) woodlands thrived, while grasslands stretched north and west of the current location of the CBD. All these sources of vegetation were utilised by the local Kaurna people for building and domestic materials, firewood and shelter, and they provided extensive habitat for the local fauna, which were integral for Aboriginal hunting practices.

Urban, agricultural and pastoral exploits were one of the main reasons for native vegetation removal. The establishment of parklands, however, was essential to the successful town planning of Adelaide, and the areas of land surrounding the City of Adelaide and North Adelaide were retained as undeveloped land for the purposes of recreation, healthy living and aesthetic appeal (Prest, Round and Fort 2001:174). The spaces to the North-East of the city, situated immediately west of the current project area, were established as the Adelaide Botanic Gardens and Botanic Park in 1855 and 1866 respectively (Dept. of Environment, Water and Natural Resources 2015).

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 2.3 Fauna

At the time of European colonisation, the habitats of the Adelaide region supported a wide variety of faunal species including, Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), Bilby (Macrotis lagotis), Pygmy Blue Tongue (Tiliqua adelaidensis) as well as prolific bird and insect species (SA Museum 2015). However, after 50 years of settlement, very few of the original species remained to be commonly seen (SA Museum 2015). 2.4 Geology

The Adelaide Plains consist of alluvium from the Mount Lofty Ranges, with alluvial fans of late Pleistocene age fronting the uplands (Atlas of South Australia 2015). This alluvial sediment is composed of muds, clays, sands and gravels (Fenner 1939:86). A significant part of the Adelaide Plains alluvial deposit has been moved westward through erosion.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 3 COMPLIANCE AND LEGISLATIVE SUMMARY

3.1 Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA)

The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA) (AHA) provides blanket protection for all Aboriginal sites, objects and remains within South Australia.

Under Section 3 of the Act an Aboriginal site or object is defined as being an area of land or object:

a) That is of significance according to Aboriginal tradition

b) That is of significance to Aboriginal archaeology, anthropology or history.

It is an offence, under Section 23 of the Act, to collect damage or destroy Aboriginal sites, objects or remains without the written authorisation of the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. Penalties for an offence are up to $10,000 or six months imprisonment in the case of an individual, or $50,000 in the case of a corporate body.

The AHA is the primary piece of legislation relating to the project area and the potential to encounter sites within this region. The AHA provides no legal requirement to undertake an Aboriginal cultural heritage survey; however, this process is often implemented during the planning stages of the project to minimise risk and adhere to due diligence practices reducing the likelihood of delayed construction in the future. 3.2 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Protection Act 1984 provides for the preservation and protection of sites and objects of traditional significance to Aboriginal people. Sites and objects can be protected from physical threat and threat of desecration. This Commonwealth legislative Act takes precedence over State legislation where conflict arises.

An emergency declaration can be made by an Aboriginal group if they feel that a site is under threat or if they feel that the State legislation does not adequately protect the site or object. These declarations can be refused by the Minister if they feel sufficient protection is in place; however, if granted they can last for 30 to 60 days. Contravention of these declarations is an offence and penalties include $10,000 or imprisonment for 5 years, or both, for an individual, or $50,000 for a corporate body where an Aboriginal site is concerned. If an object is threatened the penalty lessens to $5000 or imprisonment for 2 years, or both, for an individual, or $25,000 for a corporate body.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 3.3 Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Amended 2003)

The Commonwealth EPBC Act 1999 (amended 2003) protects places of national, cultural and environmental significance from damage and interference by establishing a National Heritage List (outside Commonwealth land) and a Commonwealth Heritage List (within Commonwealth land).

Under the Act any action that is likely to have a significant impact upon a place of national cultural and/or environmental significance must be referred to the Minister for approval. The Act sets out procedures for obtaining approval, including preparing an environmental impact statement.

The EPBC Act 1999 (amended 2003) is only relevant to Aboriginal sites within the project area if these sites are listed on the National Heritage List or the Register of the National Estate. There are currently no Aboriginal sites listed on either of these lists within the current project area. 3.4 Native Title Act 1993

The Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 defines the common law definition of native title as the rights and interests that are possessed under the traditional laws and customs of Aboriginal people in land and waters, and that are recognised by the common law. These rights may exist over Crown Land but do not exist over land held as freehold title.

The Native Title Act 1993 recognises the existence of an Indigenous land ownership where connections to country have been maintained and where acts of government have not extinguished this connection.

The O-Bahn and Parklands Project area lies within the claimed native title lands of the Kaurna (SC00/1, SAD 6001 of 2000) Native Title Claim (Map 2). Under the Act, consultation between DPTI and the Kaurna Nations Cultural Heritage Association (KNCHA) needs to be undertaken if any land subject to Native Title is to be affected. The project area was subject to a Ramindjeri Native Title Claim (SAD 162 of 2010), until struck out in 2014 due to deficiencies of authorisation.

A Native Title Clarification received from the Crown Solicitor’s Officer (CSO) on 15th April 2015, which refers to a previous clarification received from the CSO in 2006, advises Native Title has been extinguished over Adelaide City Park Lands as a result of the manner in which they were established and used (CSO 2015). The Park Lands were dedicated to the City of Adelaide for “public purposes” as a result of the Municipal Corporations Act 1849, creating public rights inconsistent with Native Title rights (CSO 2006). Such inconsistency has led the CSO to recommend the Park Lands are not subject to the Crown, and all Native Title claims be extinguished. This includes roads adjacent to the Park Lands, such as Hackney Road and Dequetteville Terrace.

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O-Bahn City Access Project - Native Title Application and Determination Areas

200000 250000 300000 350000

s en rr To Rive r Burra !

F irst Cre e Snowtown k ! Clare

6250000 6250000 Kadina !

Port Wakefield

6200000 6200000

Ardrossan

6150000 6150000

Adelaide !

Murray Bridge

! 6100000 6100000 Aldinga Beach ! ! Place Highway Major road General study area Victor Harbor ! Kaurna Peoples Native Cape Jervis Title Claim - Tribunal no.

! SC2000/001 6050000 6050000 200000 250000 300000 350000

COPYRIGHT: Use or copying of this map in whole or in part without the written permission of EBS Ecology constitutes an infringement of copyright. Produced by: EBS Heritage LIMITATION: This map has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of EBS Ecology’s Client, [ Data: supplied by DPTI and is subject to and issued in connection with the 0 5 10 20 provisions of the agreement between EBS Ecology and Coordinate System: GDA94 Zone 54 its Client. EBS Ecology accepts no liability or responsibility km whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon Date: 6/05/2015 this map by any third party. Map 2. Native Title Determination in relation to the project area.

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3.5 South Australian Development Act 1993

An Act to regulate planning and provide for development in the state of South Australia: specifically to direct the planning construction and maintenance of land and buildings (South Australian Development Act 1993).

The South Australian Development Act 1993 allows local councils, the DPTI, and local government to designate places of‘local heritage value’. Places that meet one or more of the significance criteria listed in Section 24(4) of the Act are recorded in the South Australian Heritage Database.

3.6 Heritage Places Act 1993

This is an Act to identify, record, and conserve non-Aboriginal places of local and/or state heritage value (Heritage Places Act 1993). A heritage place is defined, under this Act, as of ‘significance’ if it meets one of the following criteria:

 It demonstrates important aspects of the evolution or pattern of the State's History;

 It has rare, uncommon or endangered qualities that are of cultural significance;

 It may yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the State's history, including its natural history;

 It is an outstanding representative of a particular class of places of cultural significance;

 It demonstrates a high degree of creative, aesthetic or technical accomplishment;

 It is an outstanding representative of particular construction techniques or design characteristic;

 It has strong cultural or spiritual associations for the community or a group within it and

 It has a special association with the life or work of a person or organisation or an event of historical importance.

An object is of heritage significance if it is intrinsically related to the heritage significance of a State Heritage Place or a State Heritage Area.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 4 HERITAGE REGISTER SEARCHES

4.1 DSD-AAR Register Search

The Central Archive is maintained by the Department of State Development - Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (DSD-AAR) and includes the Register of Aboriginal Sites and Objects. The Central Archive is a record of previously recorded Aboriginal sites in South Australia and permits existing recorded sites from being identified within new project areas. It should be noted that the Central Archive is not an exhaustive listing of all Aboriginal sites in the area, rather it only lists those sites that have been reported and/or registered.

A DSD-AAR Central Archive search was conducted on the 7 April 2015 for the proposed O-Bahn extension works. There are no cultural heritage sites recorded within the s.23 project corridor (Map 3). DSD-AAR has advised that there have been four surveys conducted in the area and have provided a list of these for inclusion in the report (Table 1). The location of three sites within 2km of the project area have been included as these can infer the possibility of similar sites occurring within the current project area (Table 2).

Table 1. Results of DSD-AAR Central Archive search of previous surveys conducted in the Project area. DSD-ARR Report Title Author Report Date Report No. 60 A review of Literature relating to Aboriginal Peter Marin 1/01/1992 Archaeology in the Adelaide/Fleurieu region, 1836 to present 378 Overview environmental and archaeological Dames and Moore Pty Ltd 1/01/1994 assessment for the proposed placement of the optical fibre cable Adelaide û Port Augusta, SA 1270 "Archaeology and Post-Contact Indigenous Rhondda Harris 1/01/2005 Adelaide." Honours in Archaeology Thesis for the Flinders University of SA, Archaeology Department. 1397 Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment: Rhondda Harris, Rob 1/10/2006 Adelaide Parklands Fitzpatrick, Mark Thomas

Table 2. Results of the DSD-AAR Central Archive search within 2km of the Project area. DSD-ARR Site Number DSD-ARR Site Name DSD-ARR Site Type 4833 South Terrace Scarred Tree Archaeological 46628/804 Genocide Corner Camp Historic 7491 Frome Road Burial Burial

DSD-AAR have advised that the Karrawirraparri site cards, lodged on behalf of KNCHA for the River Torrens and Parklands areas, while not yet accepted, cover areas of cultural significance for the Kaurna people.

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O-Bahn City Access Project - DSD AAR records

280500 281000 281500 282000 282500 283000 283500

6136000

6135500

6135000

6134500

6134000 6134000

Frome Road Burial

6133500 6133500

4804 Genocide Corner Camp

6133000

6132500

6132000 6132000

4833 South Terrace Scarred Tree

6131500 6131500

280500 281000 281500 282000 282500 283000 283500

!( DSD AAR registered site Produced by: EBS Heritage [ Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 54 Project area based Basemap source: ESRI Open Street Map 0 200 400 Date: 6/05/2015 on current proposed plan m Map 3. DSD-AAR Registered Sites

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4.2 SA Museums Database

The South Australian Museum Database contains information regarding culturally sensitive finds such as human remains. Where possible, the database contains information on how the item came into the collection, its location and the date it was acquired. The database was searched using “Adelaide Parklands”, “Botanic Park”, “Hackney Bridge” and “Torrens” and six results of skeletal remains were returned (Table 3).

The SA Museum database is made up of objects collected during the twentieth century and many are attributed to the nearest town centre or pastoral property including a major road or the police precinct where the call originated. Therefore, while these burials are recorded as coming from the region of the “Torrens”, this may not be a precise location of where the remains were found and collected.

Table 3.Results of the SA Museum Database Search SA Museum Registry No. Description Date entered into database A1368 Part Skull with jaw and Part Skeleton 13 August 1914 A1367 Skull with Jaw and part skeleton 13 August 1914 A1369 Skull with jaw and skeleton 13 August 1914 A14629 Skull Only 12 May 1930 A14474 Skull with jaw and part Skeleton 1 July 1929 A1630 Part skull and long bones 12 May 1930

The SA Museum database indicates that there is some likelihood for earthworks associated with the O- Bahn project uncovering skeletal remains, particularly in areas that have not been subject to significant modern disturbance, such as in natural soils in the Park Lands and beside the Torrens River for example. 4.3 SA Heritage Places Database

The SA Heritage Places Database Register has been developed by the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources – State Heritage Branch to record all places of heritage value to the State. It includes places of State significance that meet one or more of the criteria specified in Section 16 of the Heritage Places Act 1993 and records local heritage places of significance that meet at least one of the criteria specified in Section 24(4) of the Development Act 1993. The SA Heritage Places Database returned no sites or places of Aboriginal heritage significance in the survey area. However, four state and one locally listed European heritage sites were recorded in or adjacent to the current project area (Table 4). This highlights the European historical significance of Botanic Road and parts of Hackney Road and the potential for impact at these locations.

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Table 4.State and Local Heritage Places Site Name Site Type Location Carriageway Entrance Local Hackney Road [within project Gate area] Hackney Road Bridge State Hackney Road [within project area] Yarrabee House State Botanic Road [within project area] Stone Wall State Botanic Road [adjacent to project area] East Lodge State Botanic Road [adjacent to project area] Main North Terrace Gates State Botanic Road [adjacent to project area]

There are also a large number of European state heritage sites located near the survey area, including several along East Terrace and the east of Hackney Road which have not been included here.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 5 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

5.1 Aboriginal Occupation

The proposed project area is located within the traditional lands of the Kaurna Aboriginal people (Edwards 1972; Tindale 1974). In pre-colonial times, there were more than twenty local Kaurna clans in the Adelaide plains extending from Crystal Brook in the north to Cape Jervis in the South. There were large scale gathering and ceremonial processions along the coastline, fishing, meeting and trading with visitors from other tribes. There was also following and celebrating the journeys of creation, as well as Dreaming stories such as that of Tjibruki (Tindale 1987). During the winter months, the Kaurna moved inland to more sheltered locations in the Mount Lofty Ranges foothills (Tindale 1987) and in villages along coastal streams. In summer, the groups lived on the Adelaide Plains and the Northern Adelaide Plains where they used the exceptional resources available to them.

The significance of the Adelaide Parklands to the Kaurna people is well established and has been articulated through the Tarndanyangga Kaurna Yerta as:

This is the Red Kangaroo Dreaming place of the Kaurna people. It was an important place for the Kaurna long before the City of Adelaide was established. The Adelaide Parklands and Squares are part of this place and hold special cultural significance for us – the Kaurna people.

The setting-up of the City of Adelaide and its Parklands deprived our ancestors of the responsibility of maintaining crucial, culturally meaningful places. On the Parklands the Kaurna have suffered to the present day as a result of this dispossession. Invasion has meant continuing alienation, oppression and harassment for us and other Indigenous people. These injustices have been played out in the Adelaide Parklands.

The Parklands have many culturally significant places. These places should be preserved from further encroachment.

We, as Kaurna people, must walk on these places to maintain our cultural strength (Hemming & Harris 1998:5).

The City of Adelaide was an important centre of Aboriginal cultural prior to European colonisation and a complete discussion of the Aboriginal history of the City of Adelaide is beyond the scope of this project. To provide an example of the significance of the project area, a focus on the main riverine environment follows.

The River Torrens was and remains a highly significant site for the Aboriginal people of the Adelaide plains; with the Kaurna word for the river being Karrawirraparri meaning River of the Red Gum forest. This referred to the dense eucalypt forest that lined the banks of the river prior to European settlement. The environmental conditions which made the area appealing for European settlement are the same environmental conditions valued by the Tarndanya ‘clan’of the Kaurna people who made their homes there (Tindale 1987:5-13).

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 5.1.1 Land Use

The availability of fresh water and the quality of the River Torrens valley were major draw cards for settlement of both the Kaurna and the European settlers (Figure 1). The River Torrens was an example of shared resource values between Aboriginal people and the newly arrived Europeans. The length of occupation by Aboriginal people in the area resulted in cultural understanding of the landscape as well as physical understanding. The River Torrens forms a culturally confidential understanding of the area specific to male cultural business (ACHM 2009:11).

Figure 1.Aboriginal people in Adelaide 1836. State Library of South Australia –Australiana Collection

The River Torrens was a major living area for the Kaurna people (Figure 2) with historical accounts describing them as; “a place of immense Indigenous activities, camps, ceremonies, cooking, meetings etc” (Hemming and Harris 1998). Much of the evidence regarding Aboriginal occupation and use of the River Torrens as well as images of Aboriginal campsites in Adelaide come from early European accounts.

“Women and children spent most of their time at the Torrens river – children bathing and practicing with spear and small waddy – Women crab[b]ing and going in the river with a net bag and picking up cockles. I have seen them go down – And I thought they would never rise again. They got many cockles and rose again on the other side after being under water A long time. The river Torrens was A chain of water holes very deep when not in flood. It was full of timber Very dangerous to go amongst. Their time was also employed making mats, nets and rope clothes lines ... They would then sell or exchange for food from the settlers ...” (Hemming 1998: 43).

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The availability of fresh water, wood for fire and shelter as well as the hunting opportunities furnished by a forest of red gums would have made the River Torrens and its surrounds a highly sought after camp location (Figure 2). The soft alluvial soils also provided ample locations for Aboriginal people to bury their dead. As such, the most prevalent Aboriginal archaeological sites found along the River Torrens would be burials, ceremonial, mythological and camping sites.

Figure 2.City of Adelaide from the River Torrens. State Library of South Australia

Following European settlement, the Parklands, established as part of Colonel Light’s grand vision for Adelaide, remained as one of the few areas in the new city that Aboriginal people could utilise (Hemming 2001). In the early years of colonisation, the Parklands and the River Torrens between the City of Adelaide and North Adelaide continued to be important living spaces for Aboriginal people (Hemming 1998).

The area along the river including Botanic Road, the Botanic Gardens and areas adjacent such as Hackney Bridge, were important camping and ceremonial sites for Aboriginal and Kaurna peoples from the 1840’s to the late 19th century (Gara 1990:9). In 1855, the headmaster at St Peter’s College recorded “in may the Aborigines camped in the Parklands ... and held corroborees which were clearly visible and audible from the upper front windows of the school” (Carroll and Tregenza 1986:52). Located inside the Adelaide Botanic Garden was the Kainka Wirra “eucalypt forest” or “waterhole in the botanical garden” (Hemming 1998). The present lake on the creek is known to have been constructed in the early stages of the Garden’s development, but it may have been an enlargement of an existing waterhole and some Aboriginal people were still living a semi-traditional lifestyle in the Parklands into the late 1850’s (Adelaide Botanic Gardens Conservation Study 1998).

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Human remains have regularly been found in and around this area with remains found during construction at the Adelaide Zoo in 1914 (The Advertiser 1914:14) as well as on the northern edge of Botanic Park in 1856. An account by a Ms Best states ”on Sunday morning, Mr George Francis of the Botanical Gardens was surprised by his children bringing into the house a skull and one of the arm bones of a human being. On making enquiries, he ascertained that they were found on the south bank, opposite the Old Garden, about three feet beneath the surface ... exposed.. by falling in ... off the bank of the river “ (Best 1986:66; Hemming 1998:51).

5.2 European History

Colonel William Light laid out the City of Adelaide in 1837 with its distinct pattern of public squares and surrounding Park Lands. The location for the City of Adelaide was chosen for its perennial fresh water supply, level parkland areas suited for habitation, central placement and access to the Hills, Port Adelaide-St Kilda estuary, coastal beaches and wetlands (Glenelg). It was also easy access to the Northern and South Adelaide plains. The unique nature of the Adelaide Parklands and the city layout was recognised when in November 2008 they were included in the National Heritage List under the EPBC Act. The Parklands were used for recreational purposes and early accounts show that activities included horse racing, cricket matches, pigeon shooting, swimming, fox hunting and even prize fights (Summerling 2001:4).

5.2.1 Rundle and Rymill Parks

The eastern park lands (southern portion of the current project area) have been significantly modified since the early days of colonisation, with the construction of roads, tram tracks, high end residential buildings (1870’s and 1880’s), industrial use, and revegetation projects (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

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Figure 3. View across the Torrens 30th July 1855. State Library of South Australia – Pencil drawing by Egen von Guerard

3 5 1

Figure 4: Eastern parklands aerial photography from 1949 (left) and 2010 (right).

Major residential, industrial, and council projects in Rundle and Rymill Parks include:

1. The establishment of the East End Markets in 1867, as well as the establishment of commercial and hotel outlets along East Terrace (Figure 5).

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Figure 5. Laying electricity cables in East Terrace c. 1907-08.

2. The Grenfell St power and East Terrace converter stations were officially opened in 1901 as the first public supply of electricity to the City of Adelaide. In 1904 the stations were succeeded by the Adelaide Electric Supply Company, which in 1912, undertook major renovations and extended the building to its current extent (Figure 6).

Figure 6. East park lands – Corner of East tce and Grenfell st, facing west c.1957. Note, Adelaide Electric Supply Company building far left. 3. On 22nd of December 1906 a government Act was authorised to allow the Municipal Tramways Trust to construct and erect electric tramways across the Adelaide Park Lands and city centre. This included the Municipal Tramways Trust No. 1 Converter Station and the construction of a Tram embankment route east of Grenfell Street and southwest of Rundle Street, running through the centre of Park 14/ Mullawirraburka [Rymill Park] (Figure 6 and Figure 7).

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Figure 7. East park lands – East Terrace, facing east c.1957

4. The establishment of the Royal Adelaide Hospital in 1840 and Lunatic Asylum (1852 – 1902) on North Terrace (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Adelaide Lunatic Asylum, looking northeast c.1870 (currently the National Wine Centre)

5. The central portion of Rymill Park has an extensive history of public use and redevelopment. Originally described as Park 14 or Mullawirraburka in Colonial Light’s original plans, the park is bordered by Rundle Road, East Terrace, Bartels Road, and Dequetteville Terrace. Parks 13 and 14 [Rundle and Rymill Parks] were subject to extensive revegetation and landscaping in 1857,

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including “ploughing, harrowing and subsoiling the parklands”, and the construction of a fence line encircling the parks (The Register 25 June 1856). This was the beginning of process of beautification, aimed at cleaning up the Bartels Road Rubbish Tip present during the 1850’s. Native and European trees were planted to create a Gardenesque landscape, characterised by avenues bordering roads and walkways, specimen plantings, and areas of seating and shade (Figure 9). In 1874 permission was granted to plant a grove of 240 olive trees (Olea europaea) on “the east park land upasite Flinders & Wakefield St” [Park 14/ Mullawirraburka] (Pengilly 1874). The park remained relatively unchanged throughout the early 20th century until the current Rymill Lake, Park, and Rose Garden were officially unveiled on the 16th April 1961. The rose garden was later extended to the south, an arbour erected, and further paving undertaken in 1997.

Figure 9. Plan 23, showing planned landscape of Park 14/ Mullawirraburka by Brown c.1880

5.2.2 Botanic Park

Located north of Botanic Road and west of Hackney Road, Botanic Park was initially used as a brickworks site. Established for the South Australian Company, the works were described in July 1837 as being located in ‘the extreme east corner of the parklands where it is intersected by the Torrens. Across the road, in the suburb of Hackney, the Company built a flour mill in 1842. Advertisements from 1838 and 1839 also refer to lime kilns operating in the Adelaide Parklands and ‘on the bank of the river’ but do not identify specific locations. These were small opportunistic industries, remnants of which may still exist today. In 1860, the Botanic Gardens Act was enacted and after a number of false starts, the Gardens were established where they are today (Figure 10).

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Figure 10. Extract of a lithograph showing the eastern parklands intersection (North Terrace/Botanic Road)

5.2.3 Hackney Bridge (South Australian [SA] Company Bridge)

In the north, Adelaide and North Adelaide were joined by Hackney Road Bridge; Hackney Road forming the boundary between the Parklands to the west and suburbia to the east. The first bridge at Hackney was originally constructed in 1845 as a means for farmers to travel across the river to the SA Company’s Flour Mill (Engineers Australia 2000: 28) (Figure 11). This original, wooden structure was replaced in 1860 by a more sturdy bridge (Figure 12) although winter flooding and insect damage saw another reconstruction in late 1885.

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Figure 11. Second South Australian Company Bridge, Hackney, SA, 1845.

Figure 12. Hackney Bridge after its upgrade to a more suitable wooden structure, c.1860. Note the South Australian Company’s flour mill in the background c.1890.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 5.3 Discussion

Documentary sources and primary records indicate the O-Bahn City Access project area is located within a region of great cultural significance for Aboriginal and Kaurna peoples, encompassing important pre- and post- colonial camping and ceremonial sites. There are accounts of extensive Aboriginal use of the area, particularly in those areas immediately adjacent to the River Torrens, at the northern edge of the Botanic Park, where human remains have previously been recovered.

The impact of residential, industrial, and transport within or directly adjacent to the O-Bahn City Access project area is particularly high, given its proximity to the City of Adelaide. Key areas of post-colonial development discussed here include the construction of the Hackney Bridge, extensive revegetation and tram lines through Rymill Park, the construction of residential and industrial buildings along East Terrace, and a major 19th century industrial area in Botanic Park. The extensive historical and modern redevelopment of much of the eastern parklands has affected the likelihood of recovering intact or preserved pre-colonial archaeological features to varying extents; this is particularly in areas adjacent to or within the boundaries of [modern day] East Terrace, Rundle Road, Hackney Road, Hackney Bridge, and Dequetteville Terrace. This however does not affect the potential cultural significance of the project area, which may be both tangible and intangible, and include the traditions, observances, customs, or beliefs of Aboriginal people practiced before or after the arrival of Europeans (Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988).

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 6 PREVIOUS WORK

The current project area has been the subject of a number of previous studies. The following are some of the most relevant examples:

6.1.1 Worsnop 1878

Thomas Worsnop served as town clerk to the City of Adelaide from 1868-1885 and was known for erasing governmental debt in 1877, improving and enhancing Adelaide and for his efforts to develop and protect the Parklands. In 1878 he wrote History of the City of Adelaide: Letters of the Town Clerk which details the laying out of the city of Adelaide, the purchase and establishment of the Parklands and Botanic Gardens and the proclamation by Governor Hindmarsh protecting “the Native population as to the rest of her Majesty’s subjects...and to punish with exemplary severity all acts of violence or injustice which may in any manner be practised or attempted against the Natives, who are considered as much under the Safe-guard of the law as the Colonists themselves” (Worsnop 1878:124).

6.1.2 Hemming and Harris 1998

Hemming and Harris prepared a detailed report for KNCHA in 1998 outlining specific sites in the Parklands and surrounds which hold cultural value to the Kaurna including camping and burial grounds, as well as Dreaming and contact sites.

6.1.3 ACHM 2005

In 2005, Australian Cultural Heritage Management Pty Ltd (ACHM) prepared a management plan to identify and confirm the cultural values and significant sites previously recorded within the parklands. ACHM consulted with Kaurna as part of this assessment and outlined in detail a number of significant historic associations, including the main camping areas North of the River Torrens and also a burial that has been found in the vicinity of the river.

6.1.4 Aitken, Jones and Morris 2006 – Adelaide Parklands Significance Assessment

In June 2006 Aitken, Jones and Morris were engaged to conduct a thorough conservation study of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. This extensive report deals with the development of the park and surrounds in 1855, an analysis and assessment of garden components and section 5 identifies areas of cultural heritage significance to the Kaurna within the Botanic Gardens and Botanic Park.

6.1.5 ACHM 2009

In 2009 ACHM was engaged to conduct a cultural heritage survey of the O-Bahn City Access Project area. Three potential corridors were covered in this report, one consistent with the current route and two other alternate routes. While no new heritage sites were recorded by the survey team, a number of ethnographically significant areas were recorded. One highly culturally significant area was recorded running alongside the western edge of Hackney Road and crossing the Torrens at Hackney Road

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Bridge, while a further three culturally significant areas were recorded in and near Botanic Road and the Botanic gardens.

6.1.6 Gara 1998

In 1998, Gara prepared a history of Kaurna Ceremonies based on historical accounts for the Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association. In this report he reviews a number of firsthand colonial accounts regarding traditional Aboriginal life in Adelaide and highlights a number of important cultural heritage sites in the Adelaide region.

6.1.7 Gara 2010

In 2010, Gara prepared a detailed overview of the history of the northern parklands as part of a desktop assessment for the Adelaide oval redevelopment. In this report, he reviews a number of the most recent heritage studies and identifies a number of cultural heritage concerns near the River Torrens. 6.2 Discussion

A number of studies and projects have been undertaken in the current and wider project area. Many of these reports highlight the cultural significance for the Adelaide Parklands for the Kaurna people as well as the social and physical associations between Aboriginal people and the Parklands and River Torrens precincts. Based on these reports, EBS Heritage has determined that the current project area contains areas of high cultural significance and that there is therefore a heightened risk for proposed works to encounter cultural heritage sites.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 7 PRELIMINARY RISK ASSESSEMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based solely on primary sources and background research conducted for this cultural heritage desktop, EBS Heritage is able to present a preliminary assessment of the risk of disturbing areas of archaeological and cultural significance as a result of the proposed O-Bahn alignment. Background research indicates a high level of post-colonial and modern disturbance within the proposed project area. There is a moderate to low risk of encountering in situ cultural heritage items in areas where there has been such extensive development, location of services and other civil works. EBS determines that there is, however, a moderate to high likelihood of encountering cultural heritage items in areas where the O- Bahn City Access Projects plans on excavating to a depth deeper then the current fill level (to be determined by geotechnical reports), or in previously undisturbed soils such as areas adjacent to the River Torrens.

Please note this is a preliminary assessment and will be further refined following analysis of geotechnical samples, and a full on-site risk assessment and cultural heritage survey.

The nature of the landscape throughout the project area, which has been significantly modified since the time of European colonisation, reduces the likelihood of proposed works encountering cultural heritage sites, especially through sections that require little to no ground excavation. The following recommendations are summarised:

 Work in close proximity to the banks of the River Torrens (Karrawirraparri) should proceed in accordance with the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988;

 The Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) should consider implementing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) for the project area, including for areas identified as ‘high’ risk (which will be better determined from the cultural heritage survey) and

 The DPTI site discovery protocol (Appendix 1) should be followed in the event that cultural heritage sites, objects or remains are discovered.

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aboriginal Heritage Act (South Australia) 1988

Adelaide Advertiser 22/1/1906

Altmann, Keith; Butcher M, Rodda L, Stacey B, Stewien R, Venus R (1999). Ponds, ponts& Pop-eye: notes for an afternoon afloat on Adelaide's River Torrens. North Adelaide: Institution of Engineers Australia, South Australian Division.1992.

Crown Solicitors Office 2006. Adelaide City Park Lands – Native Title Advice. 31st March 2006. Attorney- General’s Department, Government of SA.

Crown Solicitors Office 2015. O-bahn Tunnel - Native Title Advice and Aboriginal Heritage. 9th April 2015. Attorney-General’s Department, Government of SA.

Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (Accessed 2015)

Development Act 1993

Draper, N., J. Mollan, A. Maland, F. Pemberton. 2005. Community Land Management Plans: Adelaide Parklands and Squares – Aboriginal Heritage. Report by Australian Cultural Heritage Management to the Adelaide City Council.

Edwards, R. 1972. The Kaurna People of the Adelaide Plains. South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

Fenner, C. 1939. The Significance of the Topography of Anstey Hill, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 63(1):79-88.

Gara, T. 2008. Aboriginal fringe camps in Adelaide, 1836-1911. Paper originally presented at the Royal

Gara, T. 1990. The Life of Ivaritji (Princess Amelia) of the Adelaide Tribe in Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia Vol 28 (1). Adelaide.

Gara, T. 2010. Cultural Heritage Report prepared for the Adelaide Oval Redevelopment Project. Unpublished Report.

Geographical Society of South Australia, 28 June, 2001.

Groome, H and J. Irvine. 1981. The Kaurna, First People in Adelaide. Tjintu Books, Adelaide.

Hemming, S.& Harris, R. 1998. Tamdanyangga Kaurna Yerta: A report on the Indigenous Cultural Significance of the Adelaide Parklands., Adelaide Parklands Management Strategy. Prepared for Hassell Pty Ltd & the Adelaide City Council.

Hemming, S. 1990. Kaurna Identity: A Brief History, in Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia, Vol. 28(2) 1990.

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Heritage Places Act 1993

Kraehenbuehl, D. 1996. Pre-European Vegetation of Adelaide: A Survey from the Gawler River to Hallett Cove. Nature Conservation Society of South Australia Inc. Adelaide

Pengilly, W. 1874. Letter, William Pengilly to Town Clerk, 28 July 1874, TC 1874/639.

Prest, W.K. Round and C.S.Fort. 2001. The Wakefield companion to South Australian History. Wakefield Press: Adelaide.

Smith, D.L & Twidale, C.R. 1987. A historical account of flooding and related events in the Torrens River system from the first settlement to 1986 (Volume 1 1836-1899). Adelaide, The Engineering and Water Supply Department.

Summerling, P. 2001. The Adelaide Parklands. Wakefield Press, Adelaide.

Tait, C.J., C.B.Daniels & R.S.Hill 2005. Changes in Species assemblages within the Adelaide Metropolitan area, Australia, 1836-2002. Ecological Applications 15, pp.346-359.

The Register, 6th February 1841. (Available at the State Library of South Australia).

The Register, 25th June 1856. (Available at the State Library of South Australia).

The Advertiser, May 1914 (Available at the State Library of South Australia)

Tindale, N.B. 1974. Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. Canberra.

Native Title Act (1993) (Commonwealth)

O-Bahn Cultural Heritage Desktop Assessment - Draft 9 APPENDICES

Appendix 1

DPTI Site Discovery Protocol (without Section 23)

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For any enquires contact Archaeologist: Guadalupe: 0427 141 000

The diagram above shows the most common features to look for in a stone artefact. 1.

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Examples of Indigenous Heritage Items

Shells

Bones

Burial s

Stone

Artefacts

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Examples of European Heritage Items

Ceramics

Horse Shoes

Nails, Pins, Metal Objects Glass Bottles

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Bone Discovery Procedure Contact Archaeologists at EBS Heritage

Confirmed Human Indigenous Confirmed Human and Not Confirmed Not Human Remains by site archaeologist Indigenous by site by site archaeologist archaeologist

Contact SAPOL Works Continue

DPTI to inform and consult with relevant Aboriginal groups.

If remains location CANNOT be If Remains Location can be avoided avoided

DPTI may need conduct Works may continue at location archaeological salvage and with management measures excavation of remains in implemented to avoid damage consultation with Aboriginal to the site. proponents

Site Card for discovery location completed and forwarded to AARD

EBS Heritage 3/119 Hayward Avenue Torrensville, SA 5031 www.ebsheritage..com.au t. 08 7127 5607 f. 08 83521222