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Chairman's Note Chairman's Note I have listened carefully to the many different points of fact, fantasy, predilection and prediction which were made during the sittings of our Study Group on South Africa. We were all agreed on the uniqueness of the South African imbroglio. It differs from other post-war liberation struggles at most levels, but chiefly because in most other colonial territories there were few white settlers established over generations. Moreover, most settlers retained links with their countries of origin - which the Afrikaners have not done. Although analogies can be drawn, they are without exception limited. We were also agreed, by the time of our last meeting, that the auguries for a 'negotiated settlement'-which we understood to mean a substantive reallocation of political power in favour of the representative leaders of the black majority - are poor. This assessment stands in sharp contrast to the cautious optimism expressed by a number of people of varying backgrounds and political persuasions at the time of the visit of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons' Group to South Africa in 1986. From our discussions, it became clear that the debate within the state power bloc, i.e. those elements discussed in Chapters 6, 7 and 8, is now about the optimum levels of repressive activity. Those voices once urging the necessity of 'reform'- however ill-defined- have been quietened. This situation, predictably, serves to harden prevailing attitudes within the resistance and polarises the political situation yet further. Beneath the apparently deadlocked surface in South Africa in 1988 there lies a variety of fluid or potentially fluid factors, but the chances of these breaking through the surface and creating opportunities for change are, at present, very slight. The South African government gives no indication of seriously considering any initiative which would loosen its own stranglehold on power- an essential component of any negotiations worth the name. In direct relation to this, the resistance movements become increasingly unwilling to entertain notions of tac-tical compromise. For those who abhor the discriminatory and vicious political system in South Africa, this scenario prompts a simple answer to the question 375 376 Chairman's Note 'What is to be done?'. It is to encourage pressure, by whatever means, which will force the rulers of that country to recognise the need for real :tegotiation if South Africa is not to tear itself apart in the coming years. John F. Kennedy's much-quoted maxim has seldom been more apposite: 'Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.' It is in the nature of politics that deals can be struck in spite of protagonists' vows never to compromise; the simple truth of South Africa today is that the longer the impasse is allowed to continue, the more remote the possibility of a solution becomes. The nature of that solution is something which cannot yet be guessed, but the best hope of encouraging it is by sustained and unflinching pressure to make South Africa's minority see that their self-interest lies in allowing the rest of the population to share fully in the benefits of living in what should be one of the most favoured and prosperous countries on the African continent. Until they accept that, they should recognise that they will never be able to live at peace again. To drive this point home is the first step towards ending the continuing cycle of temporary gains and losses which have so debilitating an effect on both state and resistance in South Africa. ALAN BuLLOCK Chairman Index Abbreviations: SA refers to South Africa; see also List of Abbreviations on p.xviii. Bold type denotes major references. Action Youth (Transvaal) 112, 152n153 ANC (African National Congress) Adam, Heribert 212,240,255,267,277, 57-72, 270, 356; origins 5-6, 97; 361 alliance with unions 66, 106, 155---{i, African Education Movement 144n18 162; banned 12,55, 98,270; African National Congress see ANC campaigns 11, 57, 97, 98; External African nationalism 17-18 Mission 56, 63--4, 267, 351n6; African Students' Organisation Freedom Charter 38, 42, 55, 106, (SASO) 74, 99 139, 165, 173, 190, 201; guerillas 60, Afrikaans: instruction in schools 22-3, 106, 113, 336, 345; international 102 recognition 52, 72-3, 313, 320, 328; Afrikaans Protestant Church 221 links with internal political and Afrikaanse Studente Federasie 228 economic groups 26, 63-7, 81, 83, Afrikaner 221, 269 181, 302, 329, 351n9; militancy 55, Afrikaner Broederbond 206, 210--Il, 56, 61-2, 79, 248; revitalised support 216-18, 224, 233; Working Paper (1980s) 41-3, 106-7, 121; 218,234 Sechaba 185; tactics 57, 59---{iO, Afrikaner Nasionale Studentebond 227 78-80; underground movement 55, Afrikaner National Party see National 57-63, 85, 182; Women's Party Charter 197; Youth League Afrikaner Party 211 (ANCYL) 6, 97, 98, 178 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Anglo American 26, 167, 168, 329; (AWB) 31,211,212,273,278,279 dominates SA economy 19, 288, Afrikaners 83, 206-39, 277; calls for 290, 294; miners' strike 18, 171 reform of apartheid 29, 223, 225---{i; Angola 318,320,321,342, 347; guerrilla entrepreneur class 7-8, 27, 222--4; bases 60, 62; independence 316, farmers 4, 7, 13, 31; nationalism 6, 335; SA intervention 21, 241, 336, 206-7; working class 7, 8, 222, 237, 339, 341 277 anti-apartheid groups 67-8, 305---{i agriculture 3, 13; labour 18, 21, 164 anti-Republic Day protests (1981) 107, Alexander, Dr Neville 145n46, 203n4 173 Alexandra township 148n85, 250, 262; apartheid 7, 98-9, 219-21, 231; protests in 94, 98, 147n68, 165; churches' attitude 200; economic vigilantes 129, 166; Youth cost 178, 299; reform 1-2, 213-14 Congress 121, 129, 132, 146n52 Area Defence Units 259 Allied Electronics Corporation arms embargoes 309, 314, 315, 323, 324 (Altron) 288 Arnold Bergstraesser Institute 359 alternative government in townships Asians 10--11, 246, 266, 304; 183-6; 'Committee of Ten' communities 4, 126, 273, 297, 369, (Soweto) 103, 367; 'liberated 370; elections 60, 114--15, 199, 208; zones' 122-3, 148n85; street resistance 107-8, 175, 199-200; committees 61, 118, 119, 164, South African Indian Congress 11, 185---{i, 274 203n2; Transvaal Indian 'Ama Africa Pogo' 273 Congress 173 'Amabutho' vigilantes 47n20, 195 'A-team' 197, 273 377 378 Index Athlone township 126 Black Peoples' Convention 34, 99 Atlantis township 276 Black Sash organisation 200 Atteridgeville township 114. 146n52 Blankewerkers Beskermingbond 222 automobile industry 286, 289-90 Bloom. Tony 223 A wake Black Student Ill BMW (motor company) 290 A WB see Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Boesak, Revd Dr Allan 36. 143, 173, AZACTU (Azanian Confederation of 269 Trade Unions) 90n64, 9ln67, Bophuthatswana 14, 191, 192,261 159-60 BOSS (Bureau of State Security) 260-1 Azanian Peoples' Manifesto 111, 173--4 Botha, General Louis 209 AZANYU (Azanian National Youth Botha. President P.W. 217.218. 231; Unity) 112 elections (May 1987) 78. 232, AZAPO (Azanian Peoples' 235-6,247. 330; foreign affairs 241, Organisation) 72, 90n64, 161-2, 243-8, 345; law and order 81, 130, 187, 188, 201; launch (1978) 37, 233--4. 241-2, 243, 252. 277-8; meets 105-6, 173; excludes whites 38, 176; Geoffrey Howe 326-7; reforms see also AZASO (student wing) 26-7, 3{}-1, 208,226,242, 341; 'total AZASM (Azanian Students' strategy' 243, 339, 340; view of Movement) 111, 126, 129-30, 133 ANC 35n9, 64, 88n38 AZASO (Azanian Students' Botha. Pik 63. 247. 254 Organisation) 106, 108, 110. 190; Botha. Robbie 161 becomes SANSCO 14{}-1 Botswana 285. 336, 343; ANC in 60, AZAYO (Azanian Youth 71, 319 Organisation) 141 Brakpan township 98 Britain see United Kingdom Banda, President Hastings 348 British Consulate, Durban 175 Bank of Tokyo 292 British Industry Committee on South Bankorp 293 Africa 308 Bantu Affairs Administration Brits 165, 191 Boards 23; see also local Broederbond see Afrikaner Broederbond administration BTR Sarmcol 160, 166, 199 Bantu Education Act (1953) 9, 97-8, Bundy, Colin 95, 96, 97-8 103 Bureau of State Security 260-1 bantustans 4, 8-9, 13, 14-17,45, 190; see Burger, Die 217,225,230,231,232 also KwaNdebele; KwaZulu; Business Day (Johannesburg) 169, 171 Lebowa; Qwaqwa business interests in SA 26, 27; leaders Barayi, Elijah 158, 160 meet ANC 26, 63, 302, 329, 351n9; Barclays Bank 287, 288, 308 lobby government 182, 30{}-1 Barlow Rand 19 Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Beeld 225, 228 14-15,261,353,359, 365,367; beer-halls 23--4 implicated in violence 25, 48n20, Beira 'corridor' 317, 345, 346 150n105, 194, 365-71; launches Benguela railway 348 UWUSA 160; leader of Inkatha Benoni township 98 15, 68, 149n104, 357, 367-71; Bhengu, John 363 political conservatism 329, 358-9; Biko, Steve 18, 99, 100, 104, 315 support 68-9, 90n53, 359-60 Black Consciousness movement 17, 21, 29, 34-5; ideology 99-100, 11{}-11, Camay, Piroshaw 158, 159 176-8; organisations 38, 65, 86n 1, Cape Action League 72 99-100, 104-6, 141; trade Cape Province 121, 186, 199; Coloured unionism 19 communities 4, 9, 126; Crossroads Black Consciousness Movement of 122, 129, 273; youth organisations Azania (BCMA) 65, 86nl 111, 112, 137, 146n52; see also Black Local Authorities see local Eastern Cape; Western Cape administration Cape Town 23, 116, 157, 276 Index 379 Cape Town Municipal Workers' 60. 172. 199.208: see also 'WHAM' Association 162 strategy Cape Youth Congress 143n6. 146n52. Comaroff. Jean 35 199 Commercial. Catering and Allied Carletonville 18. 161 Workers Union see CCA WUSA Carolus. Cheryl 204n22 Committee ofTen' Soweto 24. 103. Carter. President Jimmy 316.324-5: see 355.367 also United States Commonwealth ll, 83.
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