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The Modern Arabic Novel THE MODERN ARABIC NOVEL: A LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENRE OF POPULAR FICTION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH BY AFAF BADR AL-BATAINEH Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot-Watt University School of Languages 1998 A Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that the copyright rests with its author and no quotation from the thesis and information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or the University (as may be appropriate) Afaf B. Al-Bataineh ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to record my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Ron Buckley who saw this work through at the School of Languages, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. Part of the research for this thesis was carried out in Jordan. Here I wish to thank Prof. Yusuf Abu Al-Udus and Dr Nabeel Haddad for their valuable advice. 11 FOR MY CHILDREN WIS SAM & LEMA WITH LOVE AND AFFECTION ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to examine the notion of 'genre' in general as a basic unit in linguistic, cultural and literary analysis. Chapter One is an introduction to this study outlining my aims and objectives which are mainly related to popular fiction in English and Arabic. Chapter Two discusses the theory of genre both from a linguistic and a literary point of view, underlining cross- cultural differences and similarities. These critical insights should enable us to form an overall picture of how the subject of my case study (Mills & Boon and its translation into Arabic) is viewed in the languages and cultures concerned: this particular genre has not been acceptable to the Western literary establishment until recently, and is not acceptable to the Arabic critical establishment even today. Chapter Three historically deals with the first attempts in writing novels in Arabic. This was influenced by translation, but an Arabic genre nevertheless emerged. Chapter Four critically focuses on this aspect of the canonization of the novel in Arabic. This has influenced the development of popular fiction in this language. Chapter Five presents a detailed analysis of one particular example of popular fiction in Arabic, one which was seen negatively by the critics. Chapter Six discusses the tension between the canon and the periphery as far as the novel is concerned. This is illustrated by an analysis of an Arabic novel which we take to be a good example of popular fiction. Chapter Seven deals with aspects of Eastern and Western translation theory relevant to my analysis of genre. Chapter Eight presents a detailed analysis of a Mills & Boon novel in English and its translation into Arabic. Finally, Chapter Nine briefly summarizes the issues discussed and points us towards some general direction and pedagogic implications. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv ARABIC TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation of the Study 1 1.2 A Model of Text (Hatim & Mason 1990, 1997) 5 1.2.1 Register 6 1.2.2 Intention 7 1.2.3 Cultural Signs 10 1.2.3.1 The Sign 10 1.2.3.2 Intertextuality 11 1.2.3.3 Micro-signs and Macro-signs 12 1.2.3.4 Discourse, Text and Genre as Macro-signs 14 CHAPTER TWO: GENRE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 18 2.1 Genre: An Introductory Definition 19 .2 Genre in Context 22 2.3 Genre as a Macro-Sign 24 2.4 Social Occasion in Genre 25 2.5 Participants in the Genre 26 2.6 The Mills & Boon Novel as a Genre 28 V 2.7 Language in Mills & Boon - 29 2.7.1 Vocabulary in Non-fiction 30 2.7.1.1 Verbs 32 2.7.1.2 Clichés 33 2.7.1.3 Special Use of Adverbs 34 2.7.1.4 Special Use of Adjectives 35 2.7.1.5 The Use of Participles 36 2.7.1.6 Kind of Agents 36 2.7.1.7 Use of Figurative language 37 2.7.1.8 Alliteration and Similar Devices 37 2.7.1.9 Dialogue 38 2.7.2 Themes in Mills & Boon 39 2.7.3 Realistic Unrealism 40 2.8 Text as a Macro-Sign 41 2.9 Discourse in Popular Fiction 44 2.9.1 Escapism, Entertainment and Fantasy 44 2.9.2 Ideology in Popular Fiction 45 CHAPTER THREE: THE EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION OF THE ARABIC NOVEL: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 47 3.1 The Novel before World War I (the Renaissance Novel) 49 3.1.1 The Interaction with the West 49 3.1.2 An Arab Awakening 52 3.1.3 The Press and the Novel as a New Form 53 vi 3.1.4 Major Contributors 54 3.1.5 Foreign Occupation and the Novel 55 3.1.6 The Conservatives and the Innovators 56 3.1.7 The Didactic Novel 57 3.1.7.1 Social Reform Novel 57 3.1.7.2 The Beginnings of the Historical Novel 58 3.1.7.3 The Beginnings of the Romance Novel 60 3.1.8 The Literary Scene in Lebanon 62 3.2 The Arabic Novel Outside The Arab World 64 3.2.1 Mahjer Emigre Writers 64 3.2.2 Heikel's Zainab: The First Proper Novel 66 3.3 The Inter-war Period 68 3.3.1 The Press 69 3.3.2 The Egyptian Novel 70 3.3.3 The Novel Outside Egypt 73 3.3.4 The Themes of the Novel Outside Egypt 76 CHAPTER FOUR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABIC NOVEL: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE 79 4.1 The Beginnings 79 4.2 Critical Opinion 81 4.2.1 The Function of the Novel 82 4.2.2 The Novel and the Reader 84 vii 4.2.3 The Well-being of the Nation 86 4.3 The Didactic Novel 89 4.3.1 Tahtawi's Adventures of Telemaque 89 4.3.2 Mubarak's Cam al-Din (1883) 91 4.4 The Purely Didactic Trend In Twentieth Century Arab Novel 94 4.4.1 Didacticism and Social Commentary 95 4.4.1.1 The Influence of Maqaama 96 4.4.1.2 Event Development 98 4.4.1.3 Character Development 99 4.4.1.4 Style and Language 100 4.5 The Trend In-between Didacticism and Entertainment 103 4.5.1 Syrian Immigrant Writers - Zaydan as an Example 103 4.5.1.1 The Historical Element 103 4.5.1.2 Subject Matter 105 4.5.2 The Artistic Value of Zaydan's work 107 4.5.2.1 Event Development in Zaydan 107 4.5.2.2 Character Development in Zaydan 108 4.5.2.3 Dialogue 110 4.6 The Entertainment Trend in Arabic Fiction 4.6.1 The Growth of Popular Fiction 4.6.1.1 The Role of Syrian Immigrant Writers 4.6.1.2 The Influence of the Press 114 4.6.2 Translation and its Influence 115 viii 4.6.2.1 Adaptations 117 4.6.2.2 Kind of Books Translated 119 4.6.2.3 The Influence of the Romantics 120 4.6.3 Elements of the Translated Entertainment Novel 122 4.6.3.1 Events, Characters and Dialogue 122 4.6.3.2 Language Matters 123 CHAPTER FIVE: THE ARABIC ENTERTAINMENT NOVEL 125 5.1 The Characteristics of the Entertainment Novel 125 5.1.1 Events in Popular Fiction 127 5.1.2 The Climax 129 5.1.3 Character Development 129 5.1.4 Exposition and Dialogue 131 5.2 A Detailed Analysis of an Entertainment Novel 133 5.2.1 A Summary of laqiiTa 134 5.2.2 LaqiiTa as an Example of Popular Fiction 135 5.2.2.1 Events 136 5.2.2.2 Character Portrayal 137 5.2.2.3 Dialogue 139 5.3 A New Perspective 141 ix CHAPTER SIX: THE TENSION BETWEEN THE CANON AND THE PERIPHERY IN EAST AND WEST 142 6.1 The Canon and the Periphery 142 6.2 Changes in Western Critical Thinking 144 6.3 The Academic Influence 148 6.4 The Arabic Literary Scene 150 6.5 Reasons for the Critical Rejection 153 6.6. Quddus's al-Tariiq al-Masduud ("The Closed Road") 156 6.6.1 A Summary 156 6.6.2 A Critical Evaluation 158 CHAPTER SEVEN: THEORIES OF TRANSLATION 162 7.1 Non-Western Approaches to Translation (The Arab Contribution) 163 7.1.1 A Historical View 163 7.1.2 Translation Methods and Procedures 164 7.1.3 The Modern Age 166 7.1.4 Individual Efforts 168 7.1.5 The Difficulties Faced 170 7.2 Western Approaches to Translation 171 7.3 The Cultural Model 174 7.3.1 The Socio-cultural Model 174 7.3.2 Domestication and Foreignization 176 7.3.3 Socio-textual Practice• 179 7.3.4 Polysystems Theory 180 CHAPTER EIGHT: ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT OF A MILLS & BOON NOVEL 182 8.1 Broad Thematic Analysis 182 8.2 Textual Analysis 185 8.2.1 Textual Features 186 8.2.2 Translation Assessment 191 8.2.2.1 Culture 192 8.2.2.2 The Genre 201 8.2.2.3 The Canon 206 8.3 Targetting A Different Market 210 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 214 9.1 Genre Theory 214 9.2 The Arabic Novel 215 9.3 Translation 216 9.4 The Tension 216 9.5 A Domesticated Genre 217 9.6 Practical Implications 218 9.7 Suggestions for Future Research 219 Bibliography 222 xi Arabic Transliteration System Arabic Transliteration Arabic Transliteration 1 a 1 T b -14 Z c.) t e- C th L gh cj ,.
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