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Rocket Measurements of Solar and Lunar Ultraviolet Flux and The

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Rocket Measurements of Solar and Lunar Ultraviolet Flux and The ROCKET MEASUREMENTS OF SOLAR AND LUNAR ULTRAVIOLET FLUX AÌ{D THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERTC I'4OLECUI,AR OXYGEN AI{D OZONE DENSITIES. Mohammad I1yas, B.Sc. (Janria), M.Sc. (Aligarh) . A Thesis presented for the degree of DOETOR OF PHILOSOPHY at ttre University of Adelaide Physics Department October 1976 Frontispiece: Cockatoo rocket on launcher. (Courtesy V,I.R.E. ) i t .i' l I 1 î, Iil 1 -a .r ,l >l<- Dedicated to my Uncle, Mr. MohanrnaC lqbal, to whom I owe so much of my education. CONTENTS Page SUI4MARY PREFACE ÀO<NOWLEDGEMENTS GIAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope of tl.e Present Vlork ]- L.2 The Sol.ar W Sp-ctrum and ìts- Origin 3 1.3 Íh-e Solar Ly-cr LÌne 7 CHÄPTER 2: TTTE ATMOSPHERTC ABSOPPTION OF SOLAR UV RADIAI.TON 2.L Introduction 9 2.2 Vertical Density Distribution from W Absorption Measurements 10 ) .2.I Atmospheric Absorptìon - General 10 2.2.2 Atmospheric Absorption of Radiation Between 100 nm and f70 nm and Oxygen Densities 13 2.2.3 Evaluation of the Effective /\bsorption Cross Section 15 2.2.4 Temperature Effect on the Effective Cross-Section 23 2.3 Absorption of Radiation Between 100 and 200 nm by Constituents other than MolecuLar Oxygen 29 2.4 Water Vapour Contamination of the Ly-o Ionchamber and some Observed Denisty' Anomalies 33 2.5 fh-e Determination of Temperature Profiles from Oxygen Density ProfÌles 39 2.6 Height Range for Determlning Molecul-ar O>q¿gen De¡rsities 42 CHÀPTER 3: THE CONSTRUCTION AIID TESTING OF VUV IONCHA¡4BERS 3.1 Detection of VW Radiation (100 nm - 20O nm) 45 3.2 Principles of Ionization Cha¡nlcer Operatíon 47 3.2.r Absorption 47 3.2.2 Ionization 47 3.2.3 Charge Collection 48 3.3 Construction of the Copper Bodied Ionchambers 49 3.4 WÍndow Materials 50 3.5 Special Precautions for the LiF and MgF^-2 Wj.ndows 50 3.6 Ionchamber Fftling 52 3.6.1 General 52 3.6.2 Gas Purifi'cation 52 3-6.3 Chamber Filling Procedure 53 3.7 Testing of loncharnbers 55 3.7.1 Electrical Properties 55 3.7.2 Water Vapour Contamination 56 3.7.3 Temperature dffects 57 3.7 .4 Photo-electric Response to Longer Wavelength Radiation 57 3.7. s Lntense W lrradiation Effect 58 3.7.6 Vibration 58 3.8 .Absolute Calibration of t]-e loncharnbers 58 3.8.1 Introduction 58 3.8.2 Spectral Response 59 3.8.3 Absolute Quantum EfficlencY 60 3.8.4 Angular Response 62 3.9 Summarg 63 CHAPTER 4: ROCI(ET ASPECT SENSORS 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 1,þo Basic Tectrniques of Aspect Sensing 66 4.2.L Aspect Sensing Using Time Modulation 66 4.2.2 Aspect Sensing Using Amplitude Modulation 67 4.3 Aspect Sensors used in tlre slow spinning Non-stabilized Rocket FlighÈs 68 4.3. 1 Sunslits 68 4.3.2 Amplitude Ratio AsPect Sensors 69 4.4 Quadrant Ratio Aspect sensor used Ìn the spin-sta.bìlized RocJ<et Vehicles 7T 4.5 Development of an Infrared AspecÈ Sensor 73 4.5.1 Introduction 73 4.5.2 Flight Tests of Atmospheric Transmission at 850 nm 74 4.5. 3 Prelimlnary Results of Aspect Angles 75 4.6 Conclusions and Comments 76 AND CÍTAPTER 5: ROO(ET MEA^SUREMENTS OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN, TEMPER.ATURE SOLAR VuV RADIATION 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 1ltre Rocket ExPeriments 78 5.2.L The Rocl<et VehÍc1es 78 5.2.2 Instrumentation Layout of the Rocket Head 78 78 5 .2.3 Prefligtr-È Ctrecks of EqulPment 5.3 Details of ttre Launch and Flight Conditions 82 5.4 Trajectories of tÌ¡-e Rocket Vehicles 83 5.5 Form and Method of Reduction of the Telemetered Data 86 5.6 Performance of Aspect Sensors and Results of Aspect 8B Angle Variations During r'light 5.7 Results of Molecular Oxygen Density and Temperature Profiles 89 5.7. r Incident FIux Àbsorytion Profiles 89 5.7.2 Oxygen Density Profìles 91 5.7.3 Temperature ProfÌIes 93 5.8 Results of Solar VW FIux 91 5.8.1 Introduction 94 5.e.2 FIux from Ly-o lonchamber (L2L.6 nm) 95 5.8.3 Flux from Q-T lonchanrlcer (155-169 nm) 96 5.9 Ionchanrlcer Sensitivity Change During F1íght 97 5.9. r Introduction 97 5.9.2 The Results of Ionchamber Sensitivity change and its Correction 98 5.9.3 Discussion and Conclusions 101 5.10 Summary l-O2 CÍIAPTER 6: DISCUSSTON AND COMPARTSON OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN DENSITY, TEMPERATURE AND SOI,AR VIIV FLUX 6.1 Introduction 104 6-2 Dtscrusiçn of tlre. Densit] Results Above 100 nm 107 6.3 Molecu1ar Oxygen and Temperature Variations in the Mesosphere [70-95 ]sn) 108 6.3 I Introduction 108 109 6.3 2 Seasonal and Diurnal Variations at woomera Cale S) 6.3 3 Analysis of Global O4¿gen Data to Study Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations 111 6.3.4 An Observational Mean Model 113 6.3.5 Conclusions' l_15 6.4 Discr¡ssion of ttre Solar FIux Results 115 6.5 Conclusions and Conrnents 118 CIIAPrER 7: ROCKET MEASUREMENTS OF NTGIT;TIME OZONE DENSTTIES AND LUNAR MW FLUXES 7.1- Introduction r20 7.2 Design and Calibration of ttre Flight-Photometer 122 7.2.1 Introduction L22 7.2-2 Thle Photometers l-23 t23 7 .2.3 El.ectronics 7.2.4 Laboratory Calibrations of the Flight Photometers 724 7.3 The Cockatoç Ozone Experimenis and Flight Performance l-25 7.3.r Introduction t25 7.3.2 The Rocket Vehicles, Instrumentation and Preflight Ctrecks l-25 7.3.3 Location and Times of Rocket Flights L26 7 .3.4 Reduction of Data and Results of Absorption Profiles - C40l-9 ]-26 7.4 Results from C40L9 Fligtr-t and Discussion r27 7.4.I Vertical Ozone Distribution t27 7.4.2 Lunar UV Fluxes and Lrurar Allcedo t28 CÍTAPTER 8: LABORATORY MEASURE¡4ENTS OF TFIE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF SODIUM SALIqYLATE AND ITS VARTATION WI'IH TTME BETWEEN 100 nm AND 300 nm 8. L lntroduction 131 8.2 Previous Measurements of the Quantum Efficiency of Sodium Saliq¿late - A Brief Review t32 8.3 Design of the Experiment to Measure the Quantum Efficiency .¡t tt¡e Sodium Salicylate Films 133 8.3.l. Introductìon 133 8.3.2 Instrumentation 134 8.3.3 Preparation and Storage of Sodium Sa1iq¿late Samples 136 8.3.4 Experimental Procedure l.37 8.4 Analysis of ExPerimental Data 137 8.5 Results of the Quantum Efficiency of sodium salicylate I40 8.5.r Variation of rel.q.e. with time at 144.1 nm, 160.8 nm, 200 nm and 253.7 nm L40 8.5.2 Relative Quantum Efficiency from 100 nm to 27O rm I4L 8.5.3 Higtr-er Order Radiation Effect L42 8.6 Comparison of the Quantum Efficiency Results and Discussion 145 8.6.1 The Aging Effect 145 8.6.2 Relative Quantum EfficiencY ]-46 8.7 Conclusions and Comments l-48 L49 APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS 150 BIBLTOGRAPHY SUMMARY The thesis describes a series of rocket experiments performed (i) to study the vertical distril¡ution of moLelcular oxygen and nocturnaL ozone in the upper atmosphere, and (ii) to measure absolute solar and lunar ultraviolet fluxes in several wavelength bands. Àbsorption spectroscopy of sola:: ultraviol-et radiation in two bands, the band beíng defined by the detectors spectral sensitivityn were used for the o{/gen determinations. Band (a) is sensitive to ÀÀ fOS (114) - I35 nm and utilises Lithium Fluoride (Magnesium Fluoricle) window with nitric oxide gas fil1ing. Band (b) is sensitive to ÀÀ I55 - 169 nm and utilises Quartz window with Triethyl-amine gas filling. The wide variation of oxygen absorption coefficients between the two wave- Iength regions has all-owed measurement of molecular oxygen corrcentrations over the highly variable reg,ion 7O - 95 km and the largely unmeasurecl region, i.e. between 105-135 km. The construction of the detectors (ionchambers) is described inclu<1ing measrll:es taken tcl improve the 'life-tirne and sta-bjlity of the ionchanrlcers used previousl.y for similar exper:'-ments. The calibration of these detectors :Ls described as well as the development and calibration of a solar aspect detector for use on unstabilized sounding rockets. Nine of eleven rocket flights conducted during the course of this work, were instrumented \n¡ith, ul-traviolet ionchambers and were used to study seasonal and diurnal variations of molecular oxygen at Woomera (Australia). For each of the two bands, used for oxygen determinations, a height dependent value of absorption cross-section is employed depending on the effect of radiation hardenj-ng.. In the wavelength ¡and ÀÀ 105 (1I4) 135 nm, the solar spectrun, is dominated by the fiydrogen Ly-o line (aboub. .1 nm wide with a line centre at 121,57 nm). The detector signal is almost exclusively d.ue to this line and absorption coefficients at this line alone need to be considered in the region 70 - 95 km. Hor^¡ever, the temperatures at the a-bove rnesospheric altitudes are generally lower than room temperature, at which laboratory measurements of absorption coefficient are çJenerally made. Onty recently, high resolution Ly-cx, absorption data at lower temperatures have been obtained in oùr laboratory. The new absorption data appropriate to the mesospheric low temperature corrdition have been used for evaluating the hight-dependent effective absorption cross-section for deriving oxygen densities from present Ly-cr a-bsorption measurements.
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