The Aeronautical and Space Industries of the Community Compared with Those of the United Kingdom and the United States

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Aeronautical and Space Industries of the Community Compared with Those of the United Kingdom and the United States COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \ \ ! I / The aeronautical and space industries of the Community compared with those of the United Kingdom and the United States GENERAL REPORT Volume 3 COMPETITION INDUSTRY - 1971 - 4 I Survey carried out on behalf of the Commission of the European Communities (Directorate- General for Industry) Project coordinator: Mr Felice Calissano, with the assistance of Messrs Federico Filippi and Gianni Jarre of Turin Polytech­ nical College and Mr Francesco Forte of the University of Turin SORIS Working Group : Mr Ruggero Cominotti Mr Ezio Ferrarotti Miss Donata Leonesi Mr Andrea Mannu Mr Jacopo Muzio Mr Carlo Robustelli Interviews with government agencies and private companies conducted by : Mr Felice Calissano Mr Romano Catolla Cavalcanti Mr Federico Filippi Mr Gianni Jarre Mr Carlo Robustelli July 1969 I No. 7042 SORIS spa Economic studies, market research 11, via Santa Teresa, Turin, Italy Tel. 53 98 65/66 The aeronautical and space industries of the Community compared with those of the United Kingdom and the United States STUDIES Competition Industry No.4 BRUSSELS 197.1 THE AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE INDUSTRIES OF THE COMMUNITY COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES VOLUME 1 The aeronautical and space research and development VOLUME 2 The aeronautical and space industry VOLUME 3 The space activities VOLUME 4 The aeronautical market VOLUME 5 Technology- Balance of payments The role of the aerospace industry in the economy Critical assessment of the results of the survey CHAPTER 2 Section B The space activities Contents PART 1 - SPACE ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES 1. INTRODUCTION 469 2. FIRST PERIOD OF SPACE ACTIVITY 470 3. SECOND PERIOD OF SPACE ACTIVITY 476 4. SPACE PROGRAMMES IN THE UNITED STATES 480 4.1 Military Programmes 480 4.2 Civil Unmanned Programmes 482 4.2.1 General summary 482 4.2.2 Civil application satellites 483 4.3 Civil Manned Programmes 486 4.4 NASA Joint Programmes 489 5. CURRENT PROSPECTS 490 6. US SPACE AGENCIES ADDITIONAL TO NASA AND THE DoD 492 PART 2 WORLD SPACE AGENCIES 1 • INTRODUCTION 497 2. INTELSAT AND COMSAT 498 2.1 Introduction 498 2.2 INTELSAT Agreements 500 2.3 INTELSAT Activities 502 2.4 Current Situation and Prospects 506 PART 3 - EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCIES 1 • INTRODUCTION 513 ELDO (European Launcher Development Organization) 516 2.1 Aims and Constitution 516 2.2 Organization and Budget 519 463 2.3 Activity of ELDO 520 2.3.1 In 1964 and 1965 520 2.3.2 In 1966 522 2.3.3 In 1967 525 2.3.4 In 1968 528 2.4 Contribution of ELDO Member Countries 532 3. ESRO (European Space Research Organization) 534 3.1 Origins and Purpose 534 3.2 Initial Programmes 534 3.3 Organization and Personnel 535 3.4 Budget and Contributions 537 3.5 ESRO Contracts 541 3.6 Geographical Distribution of Contracts 542 3.7 Projects Completed 545 3.7.1 Sounding rockets 545 3.7.2 Satellites 546 3.8 Current Programmes and Prospects 551 4. GETS (European Conference on Communications Satellites) 552 PART 4 - THE SPACE PROGRAMMES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 1 • UNITED KINGDOM 559 2. FRANCE 570 2.1 Military Activity in the Missiles and Space Area 570 2.1 .1 LRBA (Laboratoire de Recherches Balistiques et Aerodynamiques) 570 2.1.2 Tactical and strategic missiles 572 2.1.3 SEREB (Societe d'Etudes et Realisation d'Engins Balistiques) 573 464 2.1.4 Military space technology 577 2.1.5 Geographical concentration of plants 578 2.1.6 Other military activities in rocketry and in space 579 2.1.7 Military research 581 2.1.8 Launcher prospects 581 2.2 Civil Space Programmes, National and Cooperative 583 2.2.1 CNES (Establishment of the Centre National d 1 Etudes Spatiales) 583 2.2.2 The space centres of CNES 584 2.2.3 Organization, personnel strength and budget of CNES 587 2.2.4 Completed programmes 590 2.2.5 Current programmes 593 2.2.6 Industrial policy of CNES 597 3. GERMANY 598 3.1 Origins and Organization of Space Activity 598 3.2 Activity and Prospects 602 4. ITALY 609 4.1 Origin of Space Activity 609 4.2 Organization of Space R&D 609 4.3 National Programme 611 4.4 Survey of the National Programme 614 5. BELGIUM 616 6. NETHERLANDS 617 PART 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER OUTLOOK 1. SPACE EXPENDITURES IN THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, COMPARED WITH THOSE IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES 621 2. EUROPE'S LAG 623 465 3. EUROPE'S INDUSTRIAL POSTURE 625 4. US/EUROPEAN RELATIONS 627 5. THE PRESENT SITUATION 628 6. GROWTH HYPOTHESES FOR THE 19?0 18 631 ?. TECHNICAL ACTION 634 8. SPACE EXPENDITURE IN RELATION TO TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE 635 TABLES AND DOCUMENTS ANNEXED TO CHAPTER 3 - SECTION B 641 RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE THIRD ESC 657 Annex 1 - Resolution concerning the principles of European cooperation in space, proposed by the Belgian Delegate (United Kingdom reservation) 665 466 PART 1 The space activities in the United States 1o INTRODUCTION Space activity, like nuclear activity, is a technical legacy of the Second World War. In the immediate postwar decade the stimulus, in both cases, was exclusively military. Interest in civil and scientific applications came later, when the destructive potential of the V2 and the atomic bomb had been developed by the military and combined in the first strategic missiles with nuclear warheads. The Russians were four years behind the US with their first atomic bomb (1949) and, unlike the us, they had no fleet of intercontinental bombers; this handicap led Russia to develop strategic missiles before possessing nuclear warheads. With their first thermonuclear explosion (1953) the Russians were only a year behind the Americans, but they were already ahead in missile development. In 1957 the US position can be summarized as follows. Military missiles: the Army possessed, in the Redstone, the sole operational tactical missile and was developing the Jupiter IRBM; the Air Force was developing the Thor IRBM and the Atlas and Titan ICBMs; the Navy was developing the solid­ fuel Polaris IRBM for launching from nuclear-powered submarines. Scientific space research: in 1955 President Eisenhower had promised government support for American participation in the International Geophysical Year (1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958); projects included the launching of space probes and putting a small research satellite into orbit (Project Vanguard, entrusted to the US Navy laboratories). Aerospace: the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), created in 1915, when America possessed 23 military aircraft as against 3500 in Europe, was developing the super- 469 sonic X15 rocket plane for heights of up to 100 km, in con­ junction with the Navy and Air Force. At the end of 1957 the NACA had a budget of $117 million (for the financial year 1957-58 = FY 1958) and equipment worth $300 million, mainly concentrated in the laboratories at Langley, Virginia, founded in 1917, Ames, California, founded in 1940 and Lewis, Ohio, founded in 1941, with a total personnel of some 8000. The US therefore had no unified and coordinated space programme when the first Russian Sputnik heralded in the space age on 4 October 1957. Space activity in the US will be briefly described, with particular stress on those aspects most pertinent to the comparison with European activity in the same sector. The attached Tables 2/B-1 - 2/B-7 show US space expenditure from 1957 to 1967 (totals and by recipient agencies) and the figures for NASA employees. This serves as a general reference, as the tables are not specifically referred to in Part 1 of this report. 2. FIRST PERIOD OF SPACE ACTIVITY For the purpose of comparison with Europe it is interesting to analyze how the American decision-making and organizational machinery reacted to the stern technical and political chal­ lenge launched by Russia in 1957. The US immediately realized the political and strategic im­ plications of the first Russian successes in space. Their reaction was prompt and radical: - on 7 November 1957 the President's Scientific Advisory Committee (PSAC) was set up at the White House to develop an aggressive coordinated space programme; • 470 - on 9 January 1958 the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was set up at the Department of Defence(DoD) to coordinate at last the missile and space activities of the three Services; - on 31 January 1958 a Jupiter vehicle put into orbit the first US satellite, Explorer 1; six weeks later came the first successful Vanguard launching (17 March 1958); - on 6 February 1958 and 5 March 1958 the space and astro­ nautics committees of the Senate and the House of Repre­ sentatives were set up; together with the PSAC, DoD and NACA the Committees critically reviewed the space programmes and prepared the Space Act, which passed through Congress and was signed by the President on 29 July 1958 (Public Law 85-568, 85th Congress, HR 12575, 28 August 1957). Under the provisions of the Space Act: (a) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created as an exclusively civil agency, taking over the tech­ nical apparatus of NACA and all the civil space programmes initiated by the military; (b) All space activities were to be coordinated by the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC), consisting of the President, the Secretary of Defence, the Secretary of State, the Administrator of NASA, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), one more public servant and a maximum of three private members; (c) NASA was set up as an "Administration" and not an Advisory Committee like NACA; the Administrator has very wide powers regarding agreements and contracts with industry and the .
Recommended publications
  • Esa Bulletin 135 - August 2008 45 Vega
    Vega The former ELA-1 Ariane-1 launch pad at Kourou has Stefano Bianchi, Renato Lafranconi & been transformed for Vega. The Mobile Gantry is in place and the site almost complete. In the background, an Michel Bonnet Ariane-5 is seen being moved to its launch site ELA-3 Vega Programme, Directorate of Launchers, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy key element of the European launcher strategy for access to space, the Vega A small launcher is being preparing for its maiden flight in November 2009. The development of Vega passed major milestones in 2007 and 2008, providing essential results in terms of test data and design consolidation. These will lead to the Qualification Flight from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana at the end of 2009. This will be an important step in the implementation of the European strategy in the launcher sector and the guarantee of access to space for Europe, as endorsed by the ESA Ministerial Council in 2003. The ex p l o i t ation of this new ESA developed launcher will widen the range of launch services offered by launchers developed and produced by European industry and will improve launch flexibility by providing a more adapted response for a wide range of European institutional space missions, as well as an optimised family of launchers to serve commercial market needs. esa bulletin 135 - august 2008 45 Vega The former ELA-1 Ariane-1 launch pad at Kourou has Stefano Bianchi, Renato Lafranconi & been transformed for Vega. The Mobile Gantry is in place and the site almost complete. In the background, an Michel Bonnet Ariane-5 is seen being moved to its launch site ELA-3 Vega Programme, Directorate of Launchers, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy key element of the European launcher strategy for access to space, the Vega A small launcher is being preparing for its maiden flight in November 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission Record 9 FCC Red No
    DA 94-203 Federal Communications Commission Record 9 FCC Red No. 6 4. PanAmSat also contends that, in violation of Section Before the 202 of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 202, Comsat Federal Communications Commission offers a "new" service in Transmittal 20 to a single cus Washington, D.C. 20554 tomer under terms not available to other Comsat cus tomers. PanAmSat Petition at 1-3. Comsat replies that because the reservation request for this particular service In the Matter of was made prior to an April 1993 cut-off date contained in its tariff,3 Comsat correctly applied the pre-April 1993 tariffed terms. Comsat Reply at 2-3.4 Comsat Corporation Transmittal Nos. 20 and 22 5. Finally, PanAmSat contends that, contrary to the Comsat World Systems Commission©s rules, Comsat©s Transmittal 20 omits a ma terial term: the power level for Comsat©s 54 MHz digital Tariff F.C.C. No. 1 video service. Absent such information, PanAmSat argues, the fairness of Comsat©s charges and the adequacy of Comsat©s offering to meet specific customer needs cannot ORDER be determined. PanAmSat Petition at 3-5. Comsat responds that its transmittal implicitly incorporates by reference all Adopted: March 3, 1994; Released: March 4, 1994 relevant provisions in Comsat Tariff No. 1 and that, in cluded among those provisions, is a reference to an By the Chief, Tariff Division, Common Carrier Bureau: INTELSAT document from which the power level can be calculated. Comsat Reply at 4-5. 1. On January 6, 1994, Comsat Corporation -- Comsat 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Space UK Earth’S Surface Water
    Issue #49 IN THIS ISSUE: Staring at the Sun MYSTERIOUS Helpline from Space Weightless in the Clouds MERCURY Contents News Cornwall Calling Space Weather Watcher Mapping the Route to Mars Honour for UK Astronaut New Satellite Tracks Pollution UK-France Space Deal In Pictures The Sun Features Mysterious Mercury Zero-G Science Helpline from Space Education Resources UK Space History Skylark Made in the UK Earth-i Info News Cornwall Calling The first Moon landing Cornwall Calling Credit: NASA Cornwall could soon be Antennas at Goonhilly beamed communicating with the Moon and images of the 1969 Moon landing Mars, following the announcement and, shortly after it was built in that the world’s first commercial deep 1985, the 32-metre Goonhilly-6 space communication base will be at antenna carried the historic Live Aid the Goonhilly Earth Station. concert broadcast to TV viewers An £8.4 million investment will see a around the world. two-year upgrade of the Goonhilly-6 A Space Industry Bill, announced antenna so it can communicate as part of the Queen’s speech in One of the large dishes at Goonhilly with future robotic and crewed 2017, will introduce new powers missions to the Moon and Mars. The to allow rocket and spaceplane Credit: Goonhilly Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local launches from UK soil. Goonhilly is Enterprise Partnership’s Growth Deal also offering spacecraft tracking and the European Space Agency and communications facilities as (ESA) – which the UK Space Agency part of the Spaceport Cornwall contributes to – funded the contract, funding bid. which will allow Goonhilly to support “We see huge opportunities for ESA’s worldwide network of spacecraft the developing space sector in monitoring ground stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEIGH MOODY SENSORS, SENSOR MEASUREMENT FUSION AND MISSILE TRAJECTORY OPTIMISATION COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY PhD THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE, POWER AND SENSORS PhD THESIS Academic Year 2002 - 2003 Leigh Moody Sensors, Measurement Fusion and Missile Trajectory Optimisation Supervisor: Professor B.A. White July 2003 Leigh Moody asserts his right to be identified as the author. © Cranfield University 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of Cranfield University and without acknowledging that it may contain copyright material owned by MBDA UK Limited. i ii ABSTRACT When considering advances in “smart” weapons it is clear that air-launched systems have adopted an integrated approach to meet rigorous requirements, whereas air-defence systems have not. The demands on sensors, state observation, missile guidance, and simulation for air-defence is the subject of this research. Historical reviews for each topic, justification of favoured techniques and algorithms are provided, using a nomenclature developed to unify these disciplines. Sensors selected for their enduring impact on future systems are described and simulation models provided. Complex internal systems are reduced to simpler models capable of replicating dominant features, particularly those that adversely effect state observers. Of the state observer architectures considered, a distributed system comprising ground based target and own-missile tracking, data up-link, and on-board missile measurement and track fusion is the natural choice for air-defence. An IMM is used to process radar measurements, combining the estimates from filters with different target dynamics. The remote missile state observer combines up-linked target tracks and missile plots with IMU and seeker data to provide optimal guidance information.
    [Show full text]
  • May 14, 2010 Vol
    May 14, 2010 Vol. 50, No. 10 Spaceport News John F. Kennedy Space Center - America’s gateway to the universe www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/snews/spnews_toc.html INSIDE . STS-132 payload has international flair Explorer School By Linda Herridge Symposium Spaceport News oeing’s STS-132 payload flow man- Bager, Eve Stavros, and NASA Mission Man- ager Robert Ashley, will be stationed on console in Fir- ing Room 2 of Kennedy’s Launch Control Center, Page 2 watching with anticipation as space shuttle Atlantis STS-130 crew soars into the sky from returns Launch Pad 39A. Stavros and Boeing’s Checkout Assembly and NASA/Gianni Woods Payload Processing Ser- Technicians prepare to lift the Russian-built Mini Research Module-1, or MRM-1, out of its transportation container in Kennedy’s vices, or CAPPS, team were Space Station Processing Facility for its move to the payload canister and transportation to Launch Pad 39A. instrumental in helping to prepare the Russian-built Processing Facility, about environmental testing at Stavros drew on previ- Mini Research Module-1, or five weeks before the sched- the launch pad. Boeing also ous international experi- MRM-1, and an Integrated uled launch, for transfer coordinated delivery and ence from her work on life Cargo Carrier for delivery to the launch pad and final setup of ground support sciences payloads for the orbiter integration activi- equipment at the launch pad European Space Agency in Page 3 to the International Space Station. ties,” Ashley said. “The for testing operations and the Netherlands. NASA alums According to Stavros, processing team met or beat served as the main inter- “Working with RSC lay foundation planning and coordination every schedule milestone face with the shuttle team Energia was an exercise in to process the two major despite the relatively small to ensure payload schedule payloads began more than a size of the NASA and Boe- compatibility.
    [Show full text]
  • APSCC Monthly E-Newsletter AUGUST 2017
    APSCC Monthly e-Newsletter AUGUST 2017 The Asia-Pacific Satellite Communications Council (APSCC) e-Newsletter is produced on a monthly basis as part of APSCC’s information services for members and professionals in the satellite industry. Subscribe to the APSCC monthly newsletter and be updated with the latest satellite industry news as well as APSCC activities! To renew your subscription, please visit www.apscc.or.kr/sub4_5.asp. To unsubscribe, send an email to info@apscc.or.kr with a title “Unsubscribe.” News in this issue has been collected from July 1 to July 31. INSIDE APSCC APSCC 2017 Satellite Conference & Exhibition, 10-12 October, Tokyo, Japan EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN! The APSCC Satellite Conference and Exhibition is Asia’s must-attend executive conference for the satellite and space industry, where business leaders come together to gain market insight, strike partnerships and conclude major deals. Celebrating its 20th annual event APSCC 2017 #SATECHexplorer will incorporate industry veterans and new players through the 3-day of in-depth conference program to reach out to a broader audience. Join APSCC 2017 and expand your business network while hearing from a broad range of thought-provoking panels and speakers representing visionary ideas and years of business experience in the industry. For more information, please visit www.apscc2017.com SATELLITE BUSINESS Geoscience Australia Renews Life-Saving Connectivity Contracts with Speedcast July 5, 2017 - Speedcast International Limited announced Geoscience Australia, Australia’s pre-eminent public sector geoscience organization, has renewed its contract with Speedcast for life-saving connectivity applications. Speedcast provides VSAT connectivity for Geoscience Australia’s seismic reading and GPS land movement applications.
    [Show full text]
  • ARIEL – 13Th Appleton Space Conference PLANETS ARE UBIQUITOUS
    Background image credit NASA ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference PLANETS ARE UBIQUITOUS OUR GALAXY IS MADE OF GAS, STARS & PLANETS There are at least as many planets as stars Cassan et al, 2012; Batalha et al., 2015; ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 2 EXOPLANETS TODAY: HUGE DIVERSITY 3700+ PLANETS, 2700 PLANETARY SYSTEMS KNOWN IN OUR GALAXY ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 3 HUGE DIVERSITY: WHY? FORMATION & EVOLUTION PROCESSES? MIGRATION? INTERACTION WITH STAR? Accretion Gaseous planets form here Interaction with star Planet migration Ices, dust, gas ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 4 STAR & PLANET FORMATION/EVOLUTION WHAT WE KNOW: CONSTRAINTS FROM OBSERVATIONS – HERSCHEL, ALMA, SOLAR SYSTEM Measured elements in Solar system ? Image credit ESA-Herschel, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), Marty et al, 2016; André, 2012; ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 5 THE SUN’S PLANETS ARE COLD SOME KEY O, C, N, S MOLECULES ARE NOT IN GAS FORM T ~ 150 K Image credit NASA Juno mission, NASA Galileo ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 6 WARM/HOT EXOPLANETS O, C, N, S (TI, VO, SI) MOLECULES ARE IN GAS FORM Atmospheric pressure 0.01Bar H2O gas CO2 gas CO gas CH4 gas HCN gas TiO gas T ~ 500-2500 K Condensates VO gas H2S gas 1 Bar Gases from interior ARIEL – 13th Appleton Space Conference 7 CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS TODAY SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS WITH CURRENT INSTRUMENTS (HUBBLE, SPITZER,SPHERE,GPI) • Precision of 20 ppm can be reached today by Hubble-WFC3 • Current data are sparse, instruments not absolutely calibrated • ~ 40 planets analysed
    [Show full text]
  • Space Almanac 2007
    2007 Space Almanac The US military space operation in facts and figures. Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor, and the staff of Air Force Magazine 74 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 Space 0.05g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 22,300 miles Hard vacuum 1,000 miles Medium Earth Orbit begins 300 miles 0.95g 100 miles Low Earth Orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles Limit for ramjet engines 28 miles Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles Stratosphere begins 10 miles Illustration not to scale Artist’s conception by Erik Simonsen AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 75 US Military Missions in Space Space Support Space Force Enhancement Space Control Space Force Application Launch of satellites and other Provide satellite communica- Ensure freedom of action in space Provide capabilities for the ap- high-value payloads into space tions, navigation, weather infor- for the US and its allies and, plication of combat operations and operation of those satellites mation, missile warning, com- when directed, deny an adversary in, through, and from space to through a worldwide network of mand and control, and intel- freedom of action in space. influence the course and outcome ground stations. ligence to the warfighter. of conflict. US Space Funding Millions of constant Fiscal 2007 dollars 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Fiscal Year 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total 1959 1,841 3,457 240 5,538 1983 13,051 18,601 675 32,327 1960 3,205 3,892
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Tiziou Space Collection
    Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Isaac Middleton and Melissa A. N. Keiser 2019 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 NASMRefDesk@si.edu https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Files, (bulk 1960-2011)............................................................................... 4 Series : Photography, (bulk 1960-2011)................................................................. 25 Jacques Tiziou Space Collection NASM.2018.0078 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Identifier: NASM.2018.0078 Date: (bulk 1960s through
    [Show full text]
  • The New Commercial Spaceports
    The New Commercial Spaceports Derek Webber1 Spaceport Associates, Rockville, Maryland 20852,USA During the second half of the 20th Century, the first launch sites were established, mostly during the ‘fifties and ‘sixties. They were originally a product of the cold war and served military and civil government purposes. They were used for launching sounding rockets, space probes, for missile testing and injecting military, scientific, and eventually commercial satellites into orbit. Initially the sites were in either the USA or the former Soviet Union, but gradually they were introduced in other countries too. Governmental astronaut crews were also sent into orbit from these early launch sites. As the 21st Century begins, a new era is emerging where a fuller range of commercial missions will be undertaken and moreover where public space travel will become common place. This situation ushers in a new kind of launch facility, known as the commercial spaceport. I. Introduction here will be vastly different requirements for the future public space travelers, and their families and friends, T than are normally available at the traditional launch sites built fifty years ago. Indeed, the creation of this emerging kind of facility, the commercial spaceport, is in some ways a very necessary part of the creation of the new space businesses that the twenty-first century offers. It will be essential that, while the space tourism companies are becoming established in order to provide services to the new public space travelers, suitable ground based facilities will be developed in parallel to sustain and support these operations. This paper provides an insight into these commercial spaceport facilities, and their characteristics, in order to assist in both design and business planning processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Artificial Satellites Launched Between 1 January and 31 December 1967
    This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版(PDF版本)由国际电信联盟(ITU)图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union HIS list of artificial satellites launched in 1967 was prepared from information provided by TTelecommunication Administrations, the Com­ m ittee on Space Research (COSPAR), the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the International Fre­ quency Registration Board (IFRB), one of the fo ur permanent organs o f the ITU, and from details published in the specialized press. For decayed satellites the data concerning the orbit parameters are those immediately after launching. For the others, still in orbit, the orbit parameters are those reported on 31 De­ cember 1967 by GSFC.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Securities and Exchange Commission Washington, D.C
    Table of Contents As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 8, 2007 Registration No. 333-140224 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 AMENDMENT NO.1 TO FORM S-4 REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 Intelsat (Bermuda), Ltd. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Bermuda 4899 98-0348066 (State or Other Jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S. Employer Incorporation or Organization) Classification Code Number) Identification Number) Wellesley House North, 2nd Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda (441) 294-1650 (Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices) Intelsat, Ltd. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Bermuda 4899 98-0346003 (State or Other Jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S. Employer Incorporation or Organization) Classification Code Number) Identification Number) Wellesley House North, 2nd Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda (441) 294-1650 (Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices) Intelsat Subsidiary Holding Company, Ltd. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Bermuda 4899 98-0446524 (State or Other Jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S. Employer Incorporation or Organization) Classification Code Number) Identification Number) Wellesley House North, 2nd Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM 08, Bermuda (441) 294-1650 (Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices) Intelsat Holdings LLC (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware 4899 98-0348066 (State or Other Jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S.
    [Show full text]