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Aline Storto Pereira Literatura E Debate Pós ALINE STORTO PEREIRA LITERATURA E DEBATE PÓS-COLONIAL EM A HISTÓRIA DO BANDO DE KELLY , DE PETER CAREY Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras (Área de Concentração: Teoria da Literatura). Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Giséle Manganelli Fernandes São José do Rio Preto 2006 2 Pereira, Aline Storto. Literatura e debate Pós-Colonial em A história do bando de Kelly , de Peter Carey / Aline Storto Pereira. - São José do Rio Preto : [s.n], 2006. --- f. : il. ; 30 cm. Orientador: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas 1. Literatura australiana - História e crítica - Teoria, etc. 2. Literatura australiana - Pós-colonialismo. 3. Carey, Peter, 1943- . - A história do bando de Kelly - Crítica e interpretação. I. Fernandes, Giséle Manganelli. II. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas. III. Título.. CDU – 821.111.72.09 3 COMISSÃO JULGADORA Titulares Profª. Drª. Gisele Manganelli Fernandes - Orientadora Profª. Drª. Laura Patricia Zuntini de Izarra Prof. Dr. Peter James Harris Suplentes Prof. Dr. Thomas Bonnici Prof. Dr. Álvaro Luiz Hatthner 4 Aos meus pais e ao meu irmão 5 Agradecimentos A Deus, pelas pessoas e oportunidades que semeou em meu caminho. Aos meus pais, base sólida, exemplo de vida e princípio de tudo. Ao meu irmão, por apoiar-me em todas as fases de construção desta pesquisa, por compartilhar dificuldades e alegrias, e por estar, desde muito cedo, sempre a meu lado. Aos meus amigos, em especial à Ana Rachel, ao André Maia e à Fabiana Gonzalis. A todos os amigos da graduação, sobretudo Naomi, Keila e Érica. À Valéria, pois sem seu incentivo, não teria sequer preparado o pré-projeto. Aos companheiros da pós-graduação, principalmente Ana Cristina, Ellen, Dinorá, Daniela e Artur. À Professora Doutora Giséle Manganelli Fernandes, pela amizade, pela orientação competente e pelo apoio. Ao Professor Doutor Álvaro Luiz Hattnher, pelas sugestões, pelo empréstimo de materiais, pela amizade e pelo incentivo em todos os momentos. Ao Professor Doutor Peter James Harris, pelo empréstimo de materiais, pelo interesse e auxílio a este trabalho e pelas contribuições no exame de qualificação. À Professora Doutora Carla Alexandra Ferreira, pela valorosa contribuição durante o exame de qualificação. Aos amigos que conquistei na Austrália, entre eles Denise Miles, pelo incentivo, e Cynthia Grant, pelo interesse e prontidão em ajudar. Ao governo da Austrália, pela bolsa do Endeavour Programme, que me permitiu a ida à Austrália e o acesso a uma quantidade muito maior de informações sobre o assunto pesquisado e que certamente contribuiu para que esse trabalho fosse mais completo. Ao Professor Doutor Bill Ashcroft, professor da University of New South Wales, por receber- me como pesquisadora na universidade e por apoiar-me em meu trabalho. 6 “Los países dan y reciben, con cambios y zigzags de lo uno a lo otro, a lo largo de su historia. Luego, desaparecen; surgen otras culturas, otras nacionalidades recomienzan el inacabable juego. La fuerza creadora, la fuerza inventora, está en el siempre incansable corazón de la Humanidad .” (Damaso Alonso, La novela española y su contribución a la novela realista, Cuadernos del Idioma , 1965, p.43, in Fabiana Vanessa Gonzalis, Machado de Assis e Pérez Galdós: uma fantasia realista ) 7 Sumário: Introdução p.10 I – Capítulo 1: A Austrália colonial p.15 1.1. Da descoberta da Austrália e do estabelecimento de uma colônia penal a Ned Kelly p.15 1.2. O fora-da-lei mais famoso da Austrália: Ned Kelly p.31 1.2.1. A figura histórica: uma breve biografia p.31 1.2.2. Ned Kelly e a cultura australiana p.39 II – Capítulo 2: Peter Carey e a literatura australiana p.48 2.1. O desenvolvimento da literatura australiana p.48 2.1.1. Os aborígines p.50 2.1.2. A poesia p.51 2.1.3. O teatro p.59 2.1.4. A prosa p.61 2.2. Peter Carey p.72 III – Capítulo 3: História, literatura e pós-colonialismo p.77 3.1. História e literatura p.77 3.2. Pós-colonialismo p.82 3.2.1. Da dominação européia à formação das sociedades pós-coloniais p.82 3.2.2. A teoria pós-colonial p.90 3.2.3. Colonialismo, pós-colonialismo e identidade cultural p.100 3.2.4. O pós-colonialismo e a idéia de nação p.104 IV – Capítulo 4: A história do bando de Kelly , de Peter Carey p.108 4.1. Estrutura, linguagem e tradução p.108 4.2. Enredo p.114 4.3. Antecipação p.118 4.4. As mulheres na narrativa p.120 4.5. O narrador p.124 4.6. A humanização da personagem principal p.131 4.7. A questão da verdade p.136 4.8. Debate pós-colonial em A história do bando de Kelly p.143 4.8.1. O texto como espaço de debate p.143 4.8.2. Os aborígines em A história do bando de Kelly p.160 Considerações finais p.164 Bibliografia p.169 Anexo: Mapa político da Austrália p.179 8 Resumo O escritor australiano Peter Carey promove, em seu romance True History of the Kelly Gang , cuja primeira publicação ocorreu em 2000, a reinterpretação de um período histórico e também de um personagem da época, que se tornou uma figura forte na cultura australiana. A tradução desta obra foi publicada no Brasil em 2002 com o título A história do bando de Kelly . Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos que o estabelecimento de uma colônia penal causou na cultura e na literatura australianas, e a utilização do texto literário — sobretudo esta obra de Carey — como espaço de debate sobre a identidade nacional e de questionamentos ou respostas à antiga metrópole. Para tanto, este trabalho traça, em primeiro lugar, um panorama da história da Austrália, até a época em que viveu Ned Kelly, um fora-da- lei que se tornou herói popular e ícone nacional, e do desenvolvimento da literatura no país. Em segundo lugar, são analisados alguns aspectos deste romance, entre os quais a crítica ao sistema colonial britânico, a oposição centro-margem representada pelo conflito entre as autoridades e o bando de Kelly, e o uso da variante australiana do inglês. Desta forma, procuramos mostrar que, neste romance, parte da história da Austrália — em especial o período colonial e o sistema de degredo, cuja influência ainda se faz sentir nos dias de hoje — são problematizados e colocados em discussão. Palavras-chave: pós-colonialismo; literatura australiana; Peter Carey; Ned Kelly. 9 Abstract The Australian writer Peter Carey reinterprets, in his novel True History of the Kelly Gang , whose first publication took place in 2000, a historical period and also a character of that time who has become a strong figure in Australian culture. The translation of this book was published in Brazil in 2002, with the title A história do bando de Kelly . This Master’s Degree Thesis has the objective of analyzing the effects that the settlement of a penal colony had on Australian culture and literature, and the use of literary texts — especially this work by Carey — as a space for debate on national identity and for questioning or striking back at the former centre. In order to do so, this work firstly presents a panorama of Australian history, up to the time Ned Kelly, an outlaw who became a popular hero and a national icon, lived, and a survey of the development of Australian literature. Then, some aspects of this novel are analyzed, such as the critique of the British colonial system, the opposition centre-margin represented by the conflict between the authorities and the Kelly gang, and the use of the Australian variant of English. Thus, it is possible to show that, in this novel, part of Australian history — particularly the colonial period and the transportation period, whose influence can still be felt nowadays — is questioned, discussed and reevaluated. Key-words: post-colonialism; Australian literature; Peter Carey; Ned Kelly. 10 Introdução Recentes estudos de historiografia e crítica literária têm apontado semelhanças e interseções entre essas duas áreas de conhecimento, resultantes do aspecto textual, isto é, da forma narrativa, que compartilham ao organizar o pensamento. Embora a metodologia de pesquisa literária se diferencie um pouco da utilizada pela História, as obras literárias que (re-)utilizam eventos ou personagens históricos realçam e, de certa forma, problematizam, as inter-relações entre as duas áreas, uma vez que ambas se valem da escolha de fatos para compor o texto. Esse poder de selecionar e re-aproveitar fragmentos da História pode ser empregado por escritores pós-coloniais para (re-)abrir discussões em torno de temas como a oposição centro-margem, geralmente representada por (ex-)colônias e (ex-)metrópoles, ou a posição de grupos marginalizados na sociedade atual, como é o caso das mulheres, dos povos nativos, entre outros. A teoria pós-colonial trata das relações entre ex-metrópoles e suas antigas colônias, dos efeitos do colonialismo no desenvolvimento de culturas nacionais em diversos países, da situação dos grupos marginalizados em diferentes nações, e das novas relações de poder e do imperialismo cultural. O pós-colonialismo propõe uma re-valorização das culturas nativas, tidas e tratadas como inferiores no período colonial, e do hibridismo que caracteriza as chamadas sociedades pós-coloniais, formadas pela mescla de influências de diferentes povos. Os textos escritos por artistas pós-coloniais configuram, portanto, um espaço de resposta ou de resistência ao colonialismo e ao imperialismo, de questionamento dos valores impostos, de conflitos e contradições, e de emergência do potencial criativo que advém da pluralidade de vozes.
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