NED KELLY Study Guide by Robert Lewis and Geraldine Carrodus ED KELLY IS A RE-TELLING OF THE WELL-KNOWN STORY OF THE LAST AUSTRALIAN OUTLAW. BASED ON THE NOVEL BY , THE FILM REPRESENTS ANOTHER CHAPTER IN NAUSTRALIA’S CONTINUING FASCINATION WITH THE ‘HERO’ OF GLENROWAN.

The fi lm explores a range of themes The criminals are at large and are armed including justice, oppression, relation- and dangerous. People are encouraged ships, trust and betrayal, family loyalty, not to resist the criminals if they see the meaning of heroism and the nature them, but to report their whereabouts of guilt and innocence. It also offers an immediately to the nearest police sta- interesting perspective on the social tion. structure of rural in the nine- teenth century, and the ways in which • What are your reactions to this traditional Irish/English tensions and four police was searching for the known story? hatreds were played out in the Austral- criminals. The police were ambushed by • Who has your sympathy? ian colonies. the criminals and shot down when they • Why do you react in this way? tried to resist. has the potential to be a very This ‘news flash’ is based on a real valuable resource for students of History, The three murdered police have all left event—the ambush of a party of four English, Australian Studies, Media and wives and children behind. policemen by in 1878, at Film Studies, and Religious Education. Stringybark Creek. Ned Kelly killed three The gang was wanted for a previous of the police, while a fourth escaped. INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY assault on a policeman, which left him wounded in the wrist by a gunshot. The • As a class, do a quick brainstorm to Here is a news fl ash straight from our gang is well known to police and is part establish what you know about Ned reporter in the fi eld. of a notorious criminal family, members Kelly and how you regard him. of which have served many years in •Are your attitudes different from your Three policemen have been killed in a prison in the past. reactions to the above news fl ash? shoot-out with a gang of four wanted Explain why or why not. criminals. One policeman has escaped to report on the events. 1854 Edward Kelly born at Beveridge in Victoria, probably in December 1854, the son of John (‘Red’) Kelly aged thirty-four, and Ellen or Quinn, aged twenty-two. Red Kelly had been transported from Ireland in 1840 for theft. As a child Ellen Quinn had been brought to 1855 by her free emigrant parents. Ellen Kelly bore nine children (to several different fathers). Ned’s eldest sister died at birth and the next oldest died in 1872, leaving Ned as the oldest child. 1865 Ned saved a 7-year-old boy from drowning and was given a sash as a reward by the boy’s parents. (Ned was wearing that sash when he was captured at Glenrowan.) 1866 Red Kelly died, leaving Ned the oldest male in the family. 1869 Ned became an ‘apprentice’ or helper to . Charged with assault and robbery. Dismissed. 1870 Charged with (helping Harry Power). Dismissed. Charged with assault and obscene language. Ned had taken a letter, with a pair of calf testicles in it, to a woman with whose husband Ned had disagreed. The letter was designed to insult the man, with whom Ned fought when he was there. Ned claimed that he was only deliver- ing the letter for someone else. Three months jail. 1871 Charged with illegally using a horse. Discharged. Charged with receiving a stolen horse (Kelly said he did not know it was stolen). Three years’ imprisonment. A policeman tried to shoot him during the arrest. Kelly overpowered the policeman and humiliated him by pretending to ride him like a horse. The policeman struck Kelly four or fi ve times around the head with his revolver after he had been arrested. 1874 Released from jail. Ned worked in various rural labouring jobs before becoming an overseer at a sawmill. 1877 Involved in an extensive cattle and horse stealing business with his new father-in-law. Charged with drunkenness and assaulting police. Fined. 1878 The incident at the Kelly farm. Constable Fitzpatrick claimed that he went there to arrest , whereupon Ned attacked him and shot him in the hand. Others present claimed Fitzpatrick was drunk, had tried to molest Ned’s sister, Kate, and that he was hit with a shovel by Ellen Kelly. Ned Kelly usually denied being involved in this event (though sometimes his version of events changed and he agreed that he was there). Ned’s mother, with her newborn baby, was sentenced to three years’ jail for the assault. Ned and Dan fl ed to the bush. An arrest warrant was issued for Ned, for the ‘attempted murder’ of Constable Fitzpatrick. With brother Dan, and , Kelly killed three policemen who had set out to arrest him, at Stringybark Creek. One policeman escaped. The Victorian Parliament passed an Act declaring him an outlaw—meaning that any person could legally shoot him on sight, and that any person who supported him could be arrested and imprisoned without trial. Despite this, the Kellys had many supporters and helpers in the area who provided the gang with supplies and information about the police who were searching for them. Kelly gang robbed the Euroa National Bank. They destroyed many of the documents held by the bank, which meant the bank did not know how much money people owed them. They then distributed the stolen money among their supporters, many of whom were struggling to make a living as selectors and rural labourers. 1879 Kelly gang robbed the Jerilderie Bank. Kelly left behind the , setting out his version of the events in his life, and his grievances. Joe Byrne shot his friend , suspecting him of being a police informant. 1880 The Kelly gang took control of Annie Jones’ hotel and held dozens of hos- tages. They ripped up the railway line to derail an expected train, and to kill the dozens of police aboard. A schoolteacher, Thomas Curnow, who had been set free by the Kellys so he could attend to his sick sister, warned the train driver just before the train reached the wrecked section of rails. The police surrounded the inn and a shootout began—with the Kellys wearing their armour for the fi rst and only time. Kelly was wounded and disap- peared for several hours. He returned to shoot it out with the police. Once the hostages were out (except for those who had been killed or wounded in the cross fi re during the siege), the police set fi re to the building. Joe Byrne had been killed early in the siege and Dan Kelly and Steve Hart probably committed suicide. Kelly was captured. A group of armed local supporters, who had been waiting for the train wreck, dispersed. Some Kelly experts believe that Ned had approached them during the siege and had told them to go because their plan had failed. Ned then went back to the siege to support his mates. Ned Kelly was tried before Justice Redmond Barry for the murder of Constable Lonigan at Stringybark Creek in 1878. He was found guilty and hanged on 11 November. CHART 1 CHART NAME RELATIONSHIP (to Ned) OFFENCE DATE OUTCOME EDWARD (NED) KELLY Assault and robbery 1869 Discharged Robbery under arms 1870 Discharged Obscene language 1870 3 months Assault 1870 3 months Assault 1870 12 months in default of sureties Horse stealing 1871 3 year s Drunk and assaulting police 1877 Fine or 3 months JAMES QUINN JNR Uncle, his mother’s younger brother Possession of stolen cattle 1856 Discharged Violent assault 1860 6 weeks Horse stealing 1860 Discharged Horse stealing 1861 4 months Assaulting police 1861 £10 or 6 weeks Horse stealing 1861 Discharged Violent assault 1862 Discharged Horse stealing 1864 12 months Threatening 1871 £5 or 6 weeks Assault 1871 3 months Bodily harm 1872 3 years Bodily harm 1872 18 months Bodily harm 1873 2 years Bodily harm 1878 Discharg ed JOHN QUINN Uncle, Ellen’s older brother Horse stealing 1860 Discharged Cattle stealing 1860 Discharg ed Robbery under arms 1861 Discharged JOHN KELLY Father Theft 1840 Transportation to Australia 7 years Unlawful possession of a hide 1865 6 months JAMES KELLY SNR Uncle, Red’s brother Cattle stealing 1862 Discharged Cattle stealing 1862 Discharged Cattle stealing 1863 3 years Arson 1863 15 years JAMES KELLY JNR Brother Illegally using a horse 1871 Discharged

1 Cattle stealing 1873 2 /2 years

1 Cattle stealing 1873 2 /2 years Horse stealing 1877 3 years DANIEL KELLY Brother Illegally using a horse 1871 Discharged Wilful damage 1877 3 months Stealing a saddle 1876 Discharged JOHN LLOYD SNR Uncle, his mother’s brother-in-law Assault 1860 Discharged Drunk and disorderly 1862 Discharged Larceny 1862 Discharged Cattle stealing 1865 5 years Maliciously killing a horse 1873 4 years THOMAS LLOYD SNR Uncle, his mother’s brother-in-law Cattle stealing 1865 5 years THOMAS LLOYD JNR Cousin, his mother’s sister’s son Wilful damage 1877 3 months Indecent assault 1878 3 months JOHN LLOYD JNR Cousin, his mother’s sister’s son Wilful damage 1877 3 months

(Based on information in Keith McMenomy, Ned Kelly. The Authentic Illustrated History, Hardie Grant Publishing, , 2001.) CHART 2 CHART You are now being asked to look at a WHO WAS NED KELLY? fi lm about Ned Kelly. As you watch the fi lm, think about the following: • Imagine that you have been asked to select up to ten key scenes for a • What does it tell you? new feature fi lm about Ned. Working • Does it present Ned as hero, or as as a pair, one person is to choose murdering villain? ten scenes that present Ned in a • Is it good history? favourable light; the other person • How do you react to it? is to choose ten scenes that show Ned in a poor light. Compare your The information and activities in this scenes and discuss the fairness of guide will help you to view the fi lm and your selections. respond to it in an informed and critical Discuss some other ways in which manner. you would achieve the image you are trying to create through these As the fi lm is based on the novel Our scenes—for example, how would Sunshine by Robert Drewe, it is recom- your characters look, how would mended that students read this text, they interact with other people, and or that teachers introduce students to so on. some of the relevant passages as a background to viewing the fi lm. Students Look at chart 1 on page three for a brief could also examine some of the earlier outline of some of the main places and fi lm and television representations of the events in Ned Kelly’s life, to assist you Kelly story. with these activities. the family home at Greta. We see him there with his family.

• How are the various scenes that involve Ned’s family used to soften his image?

KEY SCENE: NED AS A SAWYER IN THE BUSH

RESPONDING TO KEY SCENES This very short scene contains an impor- tant statement by Ned. He says: ‘It’s not After you have watched the fi lm, discuss easy for an Irishman in Queen Victoria’s and refl ect on these key scenes, using colony to walk the straight an’ narrow’. the additional material that is supplied for them. • How signifi cant is the Kellys’ Irish background to the way that events KEY SCENE: NED AND THE unfold in the fi lm? Refer to at least ‘STOLEN’ HORSE three incidents in, or features of, the production. • What impression of Ned Kelly’s • Was Ned Kelly ‘Irish’ or ‘Australian’? character is created in the opening Look at this information about Ned minutes of the fi lm? Consider the and his Irish background: way that he speaks to the runaway – Ned was born in Victoria. horse, and his words and actions in – His father was born in southern the altercation with Constable Hall. Ireland and came to Victoria as a • Identify three further scenes in which young man. this initial impression is reinforced – His mother was born in northern and explain how this is achieved. Ireland and came to Victoria as • What is the overall image or repre- an 8-year-old child. sentation of Ned that the fi lm puts – The two Quinn sisters, who were forward? the other main element of the Kelly/Quinn/Lloyd clan, were a KEY SCENE: NED RETURNS TO 4-year-old and a 1-year-old when THE KELLY HOME they arrived in Victoria. – Ned went to school for sev- Soon after Ned is released from prison eral years, where he would have for the theft of the horse he returns to mixed with children from a variety of national origins. – The communities in which Ned lived—first at Beveridge, Wallan, and then Greta—had strong but not overwhelming Irish components. – Most of the police were Irish—all four of the police at Stringybark Creek were Irish-born. – In the Jerilderie Letter Ned speaks of ‘the shamrock, the emblem of true wit and beauty’ and refers to Ireland as ‘old Erin’s isle’ under ‘the pressure and tyrannism of the English yoke, which has kept it in poverty and starvation’. Look at this information about the Kelly – Some historians claim that the family’s criminal record. people who knew Ned spoke with a ‘light Irish lilt’. (See chart 2)

Discuss which of these infl uences or fac- • How does this information lead to a tors would support the idea that Ned had different impression of the Kelly fam- a strong attachment to, and connection ily from the one that is presented in with, Ireland. the fi lm? • What aspects of this information KEY SCENE: NED IS ATTACKED BY refl ect badly on the Kellys? THE POLICE • Are there arguments that you could use to weaken the impact or signifi - One of the key themes in the fi lm is cance of this document? the notion that the Kellys were led into crime by the oppression that they suf- KEY SCENE: NED AND JULIA fered at the hands of the police. COOK

• Identify several scenes where this is • Think about the ways in which the apparent. female characters in the film are • What techniques are used to cre- portrayed. Is the gang members’ ate this impression? Give specifi c attractiveness to women a realistic examples of each technique. representation? • Identify and describe three situa- Ellen Kelly hit him and, then, that Ned tions in which gang members were and some others arrived and shot him assisted, or their crimes were made in the wrist. Another version claims that easier, because women found them Dan called out that Ned was there to appealing. distract Fitzpatrick—there was a strug- • Are the women in Kelly’s world gen- gle and the gun went off. In this version erally presented as active or passive Ned was nowhere near the place. In participants in events? Refer to sev- a third version, Ned was present and eral scenes or incidents to support Fitzpatrick fi red a shot; his wrist wound your view. was a result of the struggle for the gun. Ned himself told the latter two versions KEY SCENE: THE FITZPATRICK at different times. INCIDENTS Whatever the actual events, the result Several scenes show us aspects of was that Fitzpatrick returned to Greta the character of Constable Fitzpatrick, and reported that he had been shot including the key moment in Kelly’s life by Ned, for whom an arrest warrant where Fitzpatrick accuses Ned of shoot- was then issued. Ned fl ed to the hills ing him at the family’s home. This was to hide. Ellen Kelly, with a 6-week-old the moment that changed Ned Kelly from baby in arms, was arrested and sent to a typical selector’s son into an outlaw. Pentridge for three years.

Constable Fitzpatrick was stationed at The injustice suffered by his mother Greta. On 15 April, 1878 he arrived at obsessed Ned. He began his two-year the Kelly selection to arrest Dan. He period ‘on the run,’ which led to the kill- had seen an official notice that Dan ing of the police at Stringybark Creek. was accused of horse stealing but he This was the crime for which Ned was did not actually have an arrest warrant hanged in November 1880. with him. He arrived, probably drunk, as the family was eating. Dan agreed • Which version of these events is to go with him when he had fi nished his presented in the fi lm? meal. Fitzpatrick then tried to kiss or • How does the film present Fitz- grab 16-year-old Kate. There are several patrick’s relationship with Ned? competing and contradictory versions of • How does it explain this relationship? what followed. Fitzpatrick claimed that KEY SCENE: STRINGYBARK policemen. When they returned McIn- mortally wounded but not dead, so Ned CREEK KILLINGS tyre called on the Kellys to surrender. shot him again to kill him. McIntyre, in They initially thought he was joking but the meantime, had escaped and eventu- Ned and his friend Joe Byrne, his upon realizing the police were serious, ally made his way to Mansfi eld to report brother Dan, and his friend Steve Hart, they drew their guns to fi ght. Constable the killings. were camped near Stringybark Creek. A Scanlan was shot and killed and Ser- party of four police had set out to track geant Kennedy ran to fi nd cover. Ned fol- In response the government passed a him down and arrest him for the assault lowed him and, as Kennedy turned, shot special Act to outlaw the gang—this on Fitzpatrick. The gang came upon the him. Ned did not realize that Kennedy meant that they could be legally shot police camp while two of the four po- was about to surrender. Kennedy was on sight by anybody. Furthermore, any lice were away. The Kellys called on the two remaining policemen—Constables McIntyre and Lonigan—to surrender. McIntyre did as he was requested, but Lonigan began shooting and ran to take cover behind a log. Ned shot him during a brief gun battle.

Lonigan was the policeman who had as- saulted Ned years earlier, and of whom Ned had said that, if ever he would kill somebody, it would be him. However fol- lowing the shooting Ned claimed that he had not recognized Lonigan, and that he thought he was another policeman.

The gang waited, with McIntyre as their prisoner, for the return of the other two person who helped them could be jailed KEY SCENE: SIEGE AT could test this statement by carrying without trial. GLENROWAN out a survey.) What is so distinctive, special or memorable about Ned Following the Stringybark Creek mur- For some months the gang had been Kelly in Australian history? Can you ders, the gang, helped by local sup- creating their suits of armour. Why did suggest why Australians have a con- porters who gave them information and they need these? They did not need tinuing fascination with the Ned Kelly food, managed to evade the police for them to rob banks as the suits immo- story? nearly two years. They robbed the banks bilized the men. The making of the ar- • In what ways is the Ned Kelly story at Euroa and Jerilderie and gave most of mour suggests that the gang must have distinctively Australian and in what the money back to their supporters. They anticipated that they would face a large ways does it explore universal eventually made their way to Glenrowan, ‘enemy force’, and that they would need themes? where all except Ned were killed in the to protect themselves in a set battle. • The fi lm aims to present a portrait shoot-out. of Ned. How does the fi lm explain On 26 June 1880, Joe Byrne murdered Ned—what does it tell us about what Legally the police were justified in his mate, Aaron Sherritt, believing him drove Ned Kelly? Was it ambition? searching for Ned. If he had surrendered to be a police informant. The gang then Pride? Bravery? Family? Mateship? there would have been no killings. How went to Glenrowan. They knew that A sense of injustice? Discuss these does the fi lm present the Stringybark news of the killing would bring large and any other possible key motiva- murders so that your sympathies are numbers of police to the area so they tions and make your decision as to with Ned rather than the police? planned to derail the expected police Ned’s motivating forces. train. This would have killed dozens of KEY SCENE: BANK ROBBERY AT the police that were aboard and then WRITING ACTIVITIES JERILDERIE presumably, the gang in their protective armour, would kill any survivors. What • Choose one of the female characters Consider the scene of the bank robbery would happen next? in the fi lm (Ellen, Kate, Mrs Scott, at Jerilderie. Julia Cook or Maggie). Write an ac- Kelly-expert, Ian Jones, believes that a count of her dealings with the Kelly • Why did Ned insist that Steve Hart large number of Kelly sympathizers and gang that she may have given to her return the watch? Why was Steve so supporters were gathered nearby, and grandchildren. puzzled? What does the exchange that they were ready to take control of • Think about the ways in which Dan, tell you about Ned’s particular con- the whole district—in this way creating Joe and Steve are portrayed. Are cept of morality? the Republic of North-east Victoria. they merely stereotypes or is each • Suggest two other occasions when However, once the train derailment plot developed as a fully rounded, indi- Ned displays this unconventional went wrong, the plan was no longer vi- vidual character? Adopting one of approach to right and wrong. able. their voices, write an account of the last few days at Glenrowan. One of the things that Kelly did during There is a period during the siege at • One of the most powerful sequences the robberies at Euroa and Jerilderie Glenrowan when Ned ‘disappears’. in the fi lm is the shooting of Aaron was to destroy the banks’ records of Many believe that Kelly, by then severely Sherritt and its aftermath. Imagine loans. The society that Ned lived in was wounded and losing blood, collapsed that Ned had the opportunity to dis- largely divided between selectors—poor and passed out for a time. Jones has an cuss the situation with Aaron. Con- farmers struggling on relatively unpro- alternative interpretation. He suggests struct a dialogue between the two in ductive farms—and squatters who had that during this time the wounded Kelly which Aaron attempts to justify his larger runs, more wealth, better access went to his supporters and sent them actions. to water and could run their properties home, and that he then came back for • Many of the terrible events that more profi tably. The squatters also had the fi nal shoot-out with police. overtook the Kellys stemmed from greater contact with the authorities – Constable Fitzpatrick’s attraction many of them were magistrates, and • How does the fi lm explain the reason to Ned’s sister, Kate. Write a letter they mixed with the political, fi nancial, for the siege at Glenrowan? from Kate to Ned, while he is in legal and social leaders of society. They • How does it present the gang’s jail awaiting execution. In the letter represented ‘respectability’ against the behaviour during the siege? Give Kate refl ects on her dealings with Fit- ‘common’ selectors. some examples of actions by the zpatrick and wonders about the ways gang members that support your in which she could have handled the • How are these class divisions shown view. situation differently. in the fi lm? (Consider such factors • After viewing the fi lm and doing some as clothing, accent and use of lan- REFLECTION additional research, write an article guage, housing, settings, style and that examines the reasons why Ned demeanour.) • Unlike most other , and the Kelly gang have continued to • Do these divisions help to explain Ned Kelly is known and recognized capture the imagination of Australians Ned’s behaviour? by the majority of Australians. (You (and others) for over 120 years. • You are preparing a list of resources to assist young Australians to un- derstand the events and issues that have shaped their past. Write a submission supporting the inclusion of the fi lm Ned Kelly on this list.

COMPARING FILM AND NOVEL

The fi lm is based on the novel Our Sun- shine, by Robert Drewe.

• There is a signifi cant difference in the structure of the novel and the structure of the fi lm. How do the two differ? Why would the writer of the screenplay have taken a more chronological approach? • Identify and describe an incident or event in the novel that has been real- may have written to the author of the istically translated into fi lm, and one screenplay. Comment on your over- that has been altered considerably. all view of the adaptation. Include a How do you explain the different reference to a scene that you believe treatment of the two incidents? has been very well translated and to • After reading the novel and seeing a scene that you would have ap- the fi lm, comment on the casting proached differently. of the key characters. Analyze the • The novel opens with the scene of character in the fi lm that you feel the caged lion at the Glenrowan most closely represents the charac- siege. The film originally opened ter created by Robert Drewe. with this scene but it was changed • Examine the scenes that depict the to show the drowning boy. Discuss shootings at Stringybark Creek and the strengths and weaknesses of compare them with the account of each of these opening scenes. the event in the novel. Which medium is more powerful? Why? • Construct a letter that Robert Drewe MEDIA STUDIES and punishment, attitudes to author- fi ction built on a basis of fact, but with ity and views about the role of history many historical inaccuracies. • Some fi lms set out to tell a story and in a nation’s psyche. some aim to make a point or to get • If the Kelly gang were on the run to- Two excellent sources for the historical people thinking; others concentrate day, following the murder of three po- Ned Kelly are: on conveying beautiful images or licemen, how would the media deal creating impressions. Some films with the story? Write a newspaper • Ian Jones, Ned Kelly. A Short Life, do all this, and more. What was the article, the script for a TV current af- Lothian Books, Melbourne, 1995. overall purpose of the fi lm Ned Kelly? fairs story, or a sequence of talkback • Keith McMenomy, Ned Kelly: The Was this purpose achieved? Discuss radio calls, dealing with the crimes of Authentic Illustrated History, Hardie how this was achieved, and to what the Kelly gang. Grant Publishing, Melbourne, 2001. degree. • The fi lm does not include Ned on • How does the director use light, col- trial. After his capture he was medi- EARLIER FILM VERSIONS OF our and music to enhance the mood cally treated and then put on trial for THE KELLY STORY INCLUDE: of the fi lm? Refer to two particular the murder of Constable Lonigan, scenes where the impact may have one of the Stringybark Creek victims. • The Story of the Kelly Gang (Charles been less effective with a different This was because Constable McIn- Tait, 1906). use of light, colour and music. tyre actually saw Ned shoot Lonigan • Ned Kelly (Tony Richardson, 1969). • There is strong symbolism in some but he did not witness the other two featuring Mick Jagger as Ned Kelly, of the images used in the fi lm. Com- deaths. Ned was poorly represented available on video. ment on the signifi cance of: and did not give evidence. He was • The Last Outlaw (Kevin Dobson and – the recurring scenes of birds in found guilty, sentenced to death and George Miller, 1980), TV mini series fl ight; hanged on 11 November 1880. featuring John Jarrett as Ned Kelly. – gold watches; – blood; Imagine that you have been asked to Some excellent exercises for analyzing – the bushfi re ravaged country; select some key scenes from the trial to Ned Kelly are in: – the green and gold sash; incorporate into the fi lm. Explain what – the lion. scenes you would choose, what you • Wendy Morgan, Ned Kelly Recon- • One strong feature of the film is would show, and what ideas you would structed, Cambridge University the tendency to present Ned, Dan, want to bring out in those scenes. You Press, Cambridge, 1994. Joe and Steve as (almost) innocent will fi nd information about the trial in the victims who were caught up in a situ- books by Jones and McMenomy that are Suggested web sites for Ned Kelly: ation beyond their control. Choose listed in the further resources section. one scene involving the whole gang • Ned Kelly—Australia’s Iron Outlaw that could have been regarded as FOR DEBATE AND DISCUSSION a turning point. Rewrite the scene • Public Records Offi ce Victoria, Ned in a way that results in a different Conduct a class debate on the topic: Online, . • How effective is the technique of around the Kelly gang, Ned Kelly and • State Library of Victoria, Jerilderie using Ned’s voice-over to move the the others were no more than a bunch Letter, this plays in shaping the sympathies be forgotten, not celebrated and com- • Ned Kelly fi lm • ‘Films tend to refl ect the attitudes and values of the period in which FURTHER RESOURCES This study guide was produced by ATOM. they are made.’ For more information about ATOM study Discuss this statement in the light of Another recent novel about Ned Kelly guides or The Speakers’ Bureau visit our this fi lm and at least one of the earlier is: Peter Carey, True History of the Kelly web site www.metromagazine.com.au fi lm versions of the Kelly story. Some Gang, University of Press, of the areas that you could consider St Lucia, 2000. are: gender roles, family values, per- ceptions about law and order/crime Like Drewe’s novel, Carey’s book is

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