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Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) First Published June 2021

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Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) First Published June 2021 European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus (L.)) Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) First published June 2021 Natural England Commissioned Report NECR360 www.gov.uk/natural-england Natural England Commissioned Report NECR360 European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus (L.)) Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) J Graham, C Rowland, J Ribbens, S Colclough (SC2) Published June 2021 This report is published by Natural England under the Open Government Licence - OGLv3.0 for public sector information. You are encouraged to use, and reuse, information subject to certain conditions. For details of the licence visit Copyright. Natural England photographs are only available for non-commercial purposes. If any other information such as maps or data cannot be used commercially this will be made clear within the report. ISBN: 978-1-78354-753-1 © Natural England 2021 Project details This report should be cited as: GRAHAM, J., ROWLAND, C., RIBBENS, J., COLCOUGH, S. 2021. European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus (L.)) Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ). Galloway Fisheries Trust report for Natural England. Natural England. Natural England Project manager Laurence Browning Contractor Galloway Fisheries Trust, Fisheries House, Station Industrial Estate, Newton Stewart DG8 6ND Author J Graham, C Rowland, J Ribbens, S Colclough (SC2) Keywords Solway Firth, Marine Conservation Zone, MCZ, Smelt, Sparling, Osmerus eperlanus Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England Access to Evidence Catalogue: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ . For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0300 060 3900 or e-mail [email protected]. A Scottish Registered Charity No. SC 020751 Commissioned Report No. – GFT20:06:23 European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus (L.)) Recovery Management Plan for the Solway Firth Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) For Natural England J Graham C Rowland J Ribbens S Colclough SC2 For further information on this report please contact: Natural England Enquiry Service on 0300 060 3900 or e-mail [email protected] or Galloway Fisheries Trust Fisheries House Station Industrial Estate Newton Stewart DG8 6ND Telephone: 01671 403011 E-mail: [email protected] Contents I. LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES............................................................................. v 1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 2. AIMS............................................................................................................................ 2 Part 1: Smelt Management: a National Perspective ..................................................... 3 3. SMELT ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Ecology................................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Habitat requirements .......................................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Spawning habitat .........................................................................................................................................4 3.2.2 Juvenile habitat ............................................................................................................................................4 3.2.3 Adult habitat .................................................................................................................................................4 3.3 Location................................................................................................................ 5 3.4 Conservation and legal status .......................................................................... 6 3.4.1 UK level .........................................................................................................................................................6 3.4.2 Marine Conservation Zones ........................................................................................................................8 4. PRESSURES ............................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Historic over-exploitation ................................................................................ 10 4.2 Current smelt fisheries .................................................................................... 10 4.3 Degraded water quality .................................................................................... 12 4.4 Instream modifications and barriers to migration ....................................... 12 4.5 Habitat disturbance, damage and loss .......................................................... 13 4.6 Disease ............................................................................................................... 13 4.7 Impingement ...................................................................................................... 13 i 4.8 Climate change: species shift......................................................................... 14 4.8.1 Species shift: bass predator example ......................................................................................................14 4.8.2 Species shift: plankton community structure prey example ....................................................................14 4.8.3 Conclusions of climate change: species shift as a pressure...................................................................15 4.9 Marine developments ....................................................................................... 15 5. CASE STUDIES ....................................................................................................... 16 5.1 River Cree case study ...................................................................................... 16 5.1.1 Smelt population behavior in the River Cree ...........................................................................................16 5.1.2 Smelt surveys in the River Cree ...............................................................................................................16 5.1.3 Spawning in the River Cree ......................................................................................................................17 5.2 Thames case study........................................................................................... 19 5.2.1 Smelt population behaviour in the Thames ..............................................................................................20 5.2.2 Smelt population surveys in the Thames .................................................................................................20 5.2.3 Spawning locations in the Thames ...........................................................................................................21 5.3 Wider principles ................................................................................................ 21 5.3.1 Smelt recovery examples ..........................................................................................................................22 5.3.2 Examples of the recovery of other migratory species .............................................................................24 6. RESTORATION OF MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES ..................................... 26 6.1 Before starting work on MCZ restoration projects...................................... 26 6.2 Research is required ........................................................................................ 27 6.2.1 Environmental DNA ...................................................................................................................................27 6.2.2 Scientific research .....................................................................................................................................28 6.2.3 Citizen science...........................................................................................................................................30 6.2.4 Key groups to be involved.........................................................................................................................31 6.2.5 Follow up studies .......................................................................................................................................31 6.3 Species recovery within a MCZ ...................................................................... 32 6.4 River habitat restoration and management .................................................. 33 6.4.1 Habitat creation..........................................................................................................................................33 6.5 Coastal habitat restoration and management .............................................. 34 6.5.1 Saltmarsh habitats .....................................................................................................................................34 6.6 Marine habitat restoration and management ............................................... 35 6.6.1 Managing commercial fishing activities ....................................................................................................35 6.6.2 Monitoring and control of marine invasive non-native species ...............................................................36
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