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An Aquaculture Strategy for the Solway Prepared By AN AQUACULTURE STRATEGY FOR THE SOLWAY PREPARED BY POSEIDON AQUATIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LTD and THE CENTRE FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES JUNE 2007 FUNDED AND COORDINATED BY 358-GBR An Aquaculture Strategy for the Solway Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................1 1.2 THE SOLWAY .....................................................................................................................................1 1.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK AND SOLWAY ....................................................... 3 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY ...................................................................................5 1.5 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................5 1.6 USE OF THE STRATEGY ....................................................................................................................6 1.7 METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................................7 2 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................... 8 2.1 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................8 2.2 EXISTING MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES SPECIFIC TO THE SOLWAY ..21 2.3 USERS AND INTERESTS IN THE SOLWAY .....................................................................................25 2.4 OWNERSHIP OF THE FORESHORE IN THE SOLWAY ...................................................................28 3 REVIEW OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS SUITABLE FOR THE SOLWAY........30 3.1 CONTEXT .........................................................................................................................................30 3.2 MUSSEL CULTIVATION ...................................................................................................................30 3.3 OYSTER CULTURE ...........................................................................................................................35 3.4 CLAM CULTIVATION .......................................................................................................................38 3.5 COCKLE RE-LAYING ......................................................................................................................39 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE ......................40 4.1 INTER -TIDAL SHELLFISH CULTURE .............................................................................................40 4.2 BOTTOM SHELLFISH CULTURE .....................................................................................................41 5 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................44 5.1 VISION OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOLWAY ..................................................44 5.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOLWAY . 44 5.3 STRATEGIC ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................................45 6 STRATEGY ELEMENT 1: SITING ISSUES AND GUIDELINES..........................46 6.1 NATURE CONSERVATION ..............................................................................................................46 6.2 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL AMENITY ............................................................................................63 6.3 INSHORE FISHERIES AND SEA ANGLING ....................................................................................68 6.4 TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL USE ............................................................................................73 6.5 CULTURAL HERITAGE ....................................................................................................................76 6.6 ACCESS AND SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................76 6.7 WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................................................78 7 STRATEGY ELEMENT 2: OUTLINE ZONING PLAN .........................................81 7.1 DEVELOPMENT OF A ZONING PLAN ...........................................................................................81 7.2 ZONING PLAN .................................................................................................................................83 7.3 CARRYING CAPACITY .....................................................................................................................96 June 2007 POSEIDON Aquatic Resource Management Ltd & CMACS An Aquaculture Strategy for the Solway Final Report 8 STRATEGY ELEMENT 3: MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND APPROACHES ........97 8.1 DISTURBANCE .................................................................................................................................97 8.2 PREDATOR CONTROL ..................................................................................................................100 9 STRATEGY ELEMENT 4: BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT.................................... 102 9.1 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL ...........................................................................................................102 9.2 MARKET POTENTIAL ....................................................................................................................104 9.3 BUSINESS STRATEGY .....................................................................................................................105 9.4 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL & SOCIO -ECONOMIC IMPACT ......................................................108 10 STRATEGY ELEMENT 5: STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION............................ 112 10.1 DEVELOP PARTNERSHIP ARRANGEMENTS ...............................................................................112 10.2 IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FOR AQUACULTURE IN THE SOLWAY ..............113 10.3 SECURE AND PROMOTE INVESTMENT IN AQUACULTURE .......................................................114 10.4 DEVELOP THE MARKET FOR SOLWAY AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS ........................................115 10.5 ADD VALUE THROUGH INNOVATION AND INTEGRATION .....................................................116 10.6 PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .....................................117 Appendices APPENDIX A: TERMS OF REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................................118 APPENDIX B: PEOPLE MET ..................................................................................................................................................................121 APPENDIX C: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................122 APPENDIX D: CROWN ESTATE SHELLFISH RENTS ..........................................................................................................................125 APPENDIX E: BIRD DISTRIBUTION MAPS .........................................................................................................................................126 APPENDIX F: IMPACT OF LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT OF MARINE SHELLFISH OPERATIONS .....................................141 June 2007 POSEIDON Aquatic Resource Management Ltd & CMACS An Aquaculture Strategy for the Solway Final Report Maps MAP 1: THE SOLWAY – TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE .....................................................................................................................2 MAP 2: EXISTING AND DISUSED AQUACULTURE TRIAL SITES IN THE SOLWAY ...........................................................................4 MAP 3: PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF THE FORESHORE IN THE SOLWAY ............................................................................................29 MAP 4: TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLWAY ...........................................................................................................................31 MAP 5: NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS (S PECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION ) .......................................................48 MAP 6: NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS (SPECIAL PROTECTION AREAS / RAMSAR SITES ).....................................49 MAP 7: NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS (S ITES OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST )................................................50 MAP 8: NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS (N ATIONAL AND LOCAL NATURE RESERVES ) .........................................51 MAP 9: LOCATION OF ZOSTERA AND SABELLARIA BEDS ...............................................................................................................56 MAP 10: LANDSCAPE (N ATIONAL LANDSCAPE DESIGNATIONS )...................................................................................................64 MAP 11: COCKLE FISHERY ZONES 2006 – 2007.................................................................................................................................69 MAP 12: COCKLE BED LOCATIONS IN THE SOLWAY ........................................................................................................................70
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