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Cultivating Salicornia Europaea (Marsh Samphire) Contents 1 Author: Daryl Gunning August 2016 Cultivating Salicornia europaea (Marsh Samphire) Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Halophytes ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Marsh Samphire – Salicornia europaea .................................................................... 1 1.2.1. Classification and description .............................................................................. 2 1.2.2. Geographical range and habitat ........................................................................... 5 1.3. Historical, current, and potential uses of Salicornia europaea ..................... 9 1.3.1. Glass and soap ............................................................................................................. 9 1.3.2. Nutrition and culinary ............................................................................................. 9 1.3.3. Oil seed ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.4. Forage/feed crop ..................................................................................................... 11 1.3.5. Medicinal .................................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Historical Aquaculture – wastewater management ........................................ 12 2. Commercial cultivation .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1. The Middle East ............................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Mexico .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.3. Europe ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.4. UK. ......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5. Ireland ................................................................................................................................. 26 2.6. Selective breeding and bacterial assisted growth of Salicornia ................. 27 3. Growing Salicornia europaea ............................................................................................... 28 3.1. Pre-germination treatment – Cold stratification .............................................. 28 3.2. Early germination ........................................................................................................... 29 3.3. Seedling development .................................................................................................. 32 3.4. On-growing stage ............................................................................................................ 35 3.4.1. Aeroponics ................................................................................................................. 35 3.4.2. Aeroponic propagators ......................................................................................... 36 3.4.3. On-growing with aeroponics ............................................................................. 42 3.5. Samphire flowering ....................................................................................................... 43 4. Seed sourcing .............................................................................................................................. 46 4.1. Wild source ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.2. UK/European nursery sources ................................................................................. 47 4.3. Seed saving & storage ................................................................................................... 47 5. Irish oyster hatchery wastewater – samphire growth trial .................................. 48 5.1. Aim ........................................................................................................................................ 48 5.2. Methods .............................................................................................................................. 49 5.2.1. Cold stratification .................................................................................................... 49 5.2.2. Early germination ................................................................................................... 50 5.2.3. Seedling development ........................................................................................... 52 5.2.4. On-growing ................................................................................................................ 54 5.3. Results ................................................................................................................................. 57 5.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 65 6. Other halophytes with commercial potential ............................................................... 68 6.1. Sea kale (Crambe maritima) ....................................................................................... 68 6.2. Sea aster (Tripolium pannonicum) .......................................................................... 72 6.3. Results Sea purslane (Atriplex portulacoides) .................................................... 76 7. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 79 8. References .................................................................................................................................... 81 9. Appendices .................................................................................................................................. 88 9.1. List of Israel exporters of Salicornia ....................................................................... 88 9.2. Technique for measuring growth ............................................................................ 88 9.3. How to use Excel to randomise a data set ............................................................ 90 9.4. Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate levels in oyster hatchery wastewater before and after treatment with samphire ................................ 91 9.5. List of halophyte plant and seed suppliers .......................................................... 92 Written by: Daryl Gunning (Daithi O’ Murchu Marine Research Station & University College Cork). Edited by: Lucy Watson, BIM. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Laura Barrett, IT Tralee, for her help in conducting the Irish Samphire grow out trials and all members of staff at the hatchery for allowing me to use their facilities. To Lucy Watson and Professor Gavin Burnell, for their guidance and edits to the manual as it was being compiled. 1. Introduction 1.1 Halophytes Our planet is currently experiencing a crisis of dwindling fresh water supplies and salinization of soil and groundwater (Singh, et al. 2014 and Ventura and Sagi, 2012). This water shortage is expected to increase in the future due to a growing world population and rise in prosperity (De Vos et al. 2010). Already, almost one- third of the area farmed (380 million Ha) is affected by salinity (Ramani et al. 2006). With this in mind, it is essential that we develop new crops that have a greater salt tolerance than conventional agricultural crops (Ventura et al. 2011a). One option is to increase the salt-resistance of our salt sensitive conventional agricultural crops through conventional breeding programs or by developing genetically adapted plants. However, results from initial work on such techniques have been disappointing. Another option is to domesticate halophytes for commercial crop production (Ventura and Sagi, 2013). A halophyte is “a naturally evolved salt-tolerant plant that has adapted to grow in saline environments”. In some cases halophytes require this exposure to salinity to survive (Singh et al. 2014 and Ramani, et al. 2006). Halophytes also have numerous commercial applications and potential, such as: raw material for vegetable or fodder, a source of oilseed with a high nutritional value, use as a biofuel precursor, and they can be used as secondary metabolites in pharmaceuticals, food additives, and nutraceuticals (Buhmann et al. 2015; Fan et al. 2013; and Liu et al. 2005). Note: “Saltwort” is also a common name given to various genera of flowering plants that thrive in salty environments. Saltworts include plants from the following genera: Salsola, Salicornia, Tecticornia, Sarcocornia, Suaeda, and Halogeton 1.2 Marsh Samphire – Salicornia europaea One such halophyte that has enormous potential in Ireland is Marsh Samphire (Salicornia europaea L.). Marsh samphire is common on the coastline of Ireland and the UK and has a long history of utilisation by humans. Over the past 5 years or so, it has gained huge popularity, especially in culinary circles, being a very 1 popular addition to the menus of restaurants the length and breadth of the country. 1.2.1
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