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Egypt Exploration Society Egypt Exploration Society Some Alexandrian Coins Author(s): J. G. Milne Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 4, No. 2/3 (Apr. - Jul., 1917), pp. 177-186 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853884 Accessed: 15-12-2015 20:34 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Egypt Exploration Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 137.52.76.29 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 20:34:01 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 177 SOME ALEXANDRIAN COINS BY J. G. MILNE, M.A. THE coins issued at Alexandria under Roman rule for use in Egypt have been rather undeservedly neglected by English students. It is true that they have not the artistic charm of Greek coins of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.; but there is a con- siderable store of interesting material for the purposes of mythology and religion to be found in the types, and the value of the series fromnthe historical and economical point of view is very high. The apparent commonness of the Alexandrian coins may have depreciated them in the estimation of collectors; but, although hoards comprising thousands of specimens are found in Egypt, the number of distinct varieties is large- probably about ten thousand-and any hoard examined will probably reveal some new type. The notes which follow have been written partly with the view of showing the range of interests covered by the series. The coins which furnish the headings are in my own collection; the first five appear to be unpublished, while the other two are selected as illustrating the eccentricities which may turn up and relieve the monotony of ploughing through one of the enormous hoards of the third century. The other coins reproduced in the plates, with the two exceptions noted where they occur, are also mine. (1) An undated tetradrachm of Vespasian (P1. XXXV, Fig. 1). Obv.:-AYTOKPATKAI2AOYE2IIA2IANOY. Head of Vespasian r., laureate. Rev.:-Winged Nike advancing 1., wearing long chiton, holding in r. hand wreath, in 1. palm. 24 mm. 11'64 gr. The most noticeable peculiarity of this coin, regarded as an Alexandrian tetradrachm, is the absence of any date upon it, in which respect it is almost unique. The series of tetradrachnis struck at Alexandria under the Roman emperors began in A.D. 20 and ended in 296, and the issues were consistently dated by the Egyptian regnal years of the emperors, furnishing the longest dated series of coins in Greek or Roman history; in the whole of this period there are only one or two instances where the date is omitted. The explanation of the anomaly in the present case suggests an interesting possibility. The reverse type is one of those ordinarily used by the Alexandrian mint in the first three years of Vespasian; but the obverse is not: the regular legend on the Alexandrian tetradrachms of this emperor is, in year 1, AYTTIT4AAYIOYESIIA2IANKAI, 23-2 This content downloaded from 137.52.76.29 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 20:34:01 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Plate XXXV I 2 3 6 4 5 7 8 9 IO SOME ALEXANDRIAN COINS (I) This content downloaded from 137.52.76.29 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 20:34:01 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 178 J. G. MILNE in year 2 and later, AYTOKKAISSEBAOYESIIAIANOY. The formula which appears on this coin is that normally employed at Antioch; and it further seems that the portrait of Vespasian in this case is rather of the Antiochene than of the Alexandrian type1. This leads to the conclusion that the coin was struck with anr obverse die brought from Antioch in conjunction with a reverse die of Alexandria; as the Alexandrian tetra- drachms of Vespasian are regularly dated on the obverse, and those of Antioch on the reverse, the absence of a date is thus explained. Why a die of the mint of Antioch should have been used in Egypt is not obvious. The coin comes from a hoard obtained, and probably found, at Tell el-Maskhuteh (Heroonpolis, the Egyptian Pithom) on the high road from Egypt to Syria; and it is rather tempting to suppose that it may have been struck locally with dies borrowed from two different directions. There is no sufficient reason for thinking that there was any regular mintage in Egypt outside Alexandria, though there may have been tem- porary establishments set up in the provinces on occasions of special stress2; but it is possible that unauthorised or semi-official issues may have been made at garrison towns, such as Heroonpolis, if the paymaster of the troops found himself running short of current coin. The tetradrachm does not appear to be a counterfeit in the ordinary sense of the term, as it is of good weight and seemingly of the same fineness as con- temporary official pieces. Another explanation may be put forward-that the obverse die was engraved at the Alexandrian mint by an artist brought from Antioch, who in a moment of forget- fulness cut the imiage and superscription according to the pattern which he had been accustomed to follow. It is quite likely that mint officials would be moved from one town to another; there is a noteworthy instance of the importation of foreign practice into the Alexandrian mint in the reign of Severus Alexander. In years 4, 5, and 7 of this emperor there occurs, concurrently with tetradrachins of the ordinary Alexandrian style and fabric, a group of issues which are in several respects quite distinct3. The coins of the latter class are struck on flans which are rather thinner and more spread than is usual at Alexandria, and the whole effect is one of more neatness and finish; instead of the rough edges characteristic of the somewhat lumpy tetradrachms of this period, most examples of this special group have a smooth and rounded edge, occasionally almost suggesting a collar. Further, they have a portrait of the emperor which is artistically superior to the ordinary one, and shows somneclear differences in treatment- for instance, in the hair, which resembles the work of the Roman mint; the lettering of the inscriptions is also Western in style. These traces of Roman influence are emphasized by what is in some ways the greatest peculiarity of the series-the die- 1 For purposes of comparison I have given illustrations of the ordinary Alexandrian (PI. XXXV, Fig. 2) and Antiochene (P1. XXXV, Fig. 3) obverses of Vespasian. The iconography of the Eastern mints under the Roman emperors is not very consistent; but I have tried to select examples which will represent the average type as fairly as possible. 2 Perhaps the most likely case of such a practice is in the ninth year of Gallienus, when Egypt was partly occupied by the supporters of Macrianus and Quietus. The proof is too long for a note, but I hope to give it in full later. Dutilh's argument (Journ. Intern. Arch. Num., Vol. II. p. 283) that the hoards of Roman coins found in certain parts of Egypt are to be connected with supple- mentary mints appears to be unsound. 3 PI. XXXV, Fig. 4 gives an example of the ordinary, P1. XXXV, Fig. 5 one of the special, type of year 5. This content downloaded from 137.52.76.29 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 20:34:01 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOME ALEXANDRIAN COINS 179 positions. The regular practice of the Alexandrian mint was to strike coins with the die-position T11; but in this special group the dies are placed indifferently tt or TI. Such a variation in the die-position was quite usual at Rome; but it was a complete novelty at Alexandria, where the die-position TT had come down from Ptolemaic times, and the imperial mint "perpetuated the tradition with a persistency that was almost Chinese."2 It seems very probable, therefore, that workmen were imported from Rome to Egypt in the reign of Severus Alexander to introduce new methods at the mint; but, as has often happened in affairs of currency, change was unpopular, and the old order prevailed. There may similarly have been an importation from Antioch in the time of Vespa- sian; and this theory is supported by the fact that there is a bronze Alexandrian coin in the British Museum (no. 263 in the Catalogue), which has the same Antiochene form of legend on the obverse as our tetradrachm, though the portrait is more of the Alexandrian style. The reverse of this coin is dated in year 3, which may serve to date the tetradrachm also. (2) Bronze dichalkon of Marcus Aurelius (P1. XXXV, Fig. 6). Obv.:-Head of M. Aurelius r., laureate. Rev.:-Scorpion; in field, L B. 13 mm. 1*63 gr. This little coin furnishes the only representation of the scorpion as an independent type in the Alexandrian series3. There is a group of bronze coins of the eighth year of Antoninus Pius which bear on their reverses busts of the Sun, Moon, and five planets in conjunction with the signs of the Zodiac; and in this group the scorpion duly occurs in the type of Mars in Scorpio.
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