Energy Policy • Commencement • Colleges in Crisis

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FEATURES 24 Restaurants Rampant The economic, health, and social costs of turning away from home cooking OSNER

R by C!"#$ L"%&'!( TU S page 44 30 Vita: Mary Costelloe Berenson DEPARTMENTS Brief life of a Renaissance scholar: 1864-1945 2 Cambridge 02138 by D#")' E. B**(*) Communications from our readers 32 Reefs at Risk 8 Right Now Fragile coral ecosystems face “death by a thousand How Lucretius made modernity, women cuts” as ocean ecosystems are altered and alcohol addiction, fighting fire with by D"+#, A!)*-, and J*)"(.") S."/ electricity 12A New England Regional Section 3 Time to Electrify Harvard farmers’ markets and other 6 Reducing oil imports—and lessening the seasonal events, summer forays, and an herbal dining destination threat of climate change by M#0."'- B. M0E-!*1 13 Montage A multitalented teacher of the basics, Colleges in Crisis 4 DAVIDARNOLD ROBERT NEUBECKER confecting Shakespeare, a conductor 0 of Prokofiev—and the Police, on the page !" Higher education faces disruptive change page 32 political meanings of “common sense,” by C-"1(*) M. C.!#2(')2') and M#0."'- B. H*!) Americans’ devotion to debt, Winslow Homer’s Civil War, and more 44 John Harvard’s Journal 67 The Alumni Witchcraft delivers a picture-perfect, if serious, 360th Commencement, replete The beauty of the brain, senior Crimson with beginnings and endings. Also, the multidisciplinary new provost, in-house citizens, Graduate School greats, election Egyptologist, a trio of new Corporation mem- results, Harvard Medalists, and more bers, lessons from engaging with Libya, Cam- 72 The College Pump bridge’s centennial concert, Marc Hauser’s Harvard’s (unactivated) Guerrilla Unit, ambiguous status, University people in the and more sports tie stories news, ant studies through the centuries, ERF 80 Treasure Radcli3e Institute’s dean steps down, C A sink sculpture a graduate student’s moral mentor, the HRISTOPHER HRISTOPHER 73 Crimson Classifieds Undergraduate faces messy life ques- C On the cover: Photograph by tions, and the oarsmen really rowed

Lisa Keating Photography.com their boats OF COURTESY

page 13 www.harvardmagazine.com LETTERS

E$+;0%: John S. Rosenberg S&#+0% E$+;0%: Jean Martin M"#"<+#< E$+;0%: Jonathan S. Shaw Cambridge  D&=);9 E$+;0%: Craig Lambert A((0>+";& E$+;0%: Elizabeth Gudrais The meaning of life, diabetes, Gandhi, burlesque P%0$)>;+0# "#$ N&' M&$+" M"#"<&%: Mark Felton A((+(;"#; E$+;0%: Nell Porter Brown W&? A((+(;"#;: Stephen Geinosky A%; D+%&>;0%: Jennifer Carling BOTHERED BY A BLOGGER I! "#$%&' ()**+,"# can be regarded B&%;" G%&&#'"*$ L&$&>@9 as even possibly the “World’s Best Blog- U#$&%<%"$)";& F&**0'( ger?” (May-June, page -.), my imagination Madeleine Schwartz, Sarah Zhang boggles at how awful the rest must be. His E$+;0%+"* I#;&%#: hagiographical profiler writes, “Sullivan’s Maya E. Shwayder Catholicism didn’t allow for situational C0#;%+?);+#< E$+;0%( morality.” But Sullivan has been—to be eu- John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam phemistic—selective in his Catholicism in Goodheart, Jim Harrison, Courtney his personal life. Why should anyone take Humphries, Christopher S. Johnson, seriously a self-anointed pundit whose Adam Kirsch, Colleen Lannon, “views are ever-changing and all over the Christopher Reed, Stu Rosner, map,” who “often goes from one extreme Deborah Smullyan, Mark Steele to another,” and whose “reasoning” is “as E$+;0%+"* "#$ B)(+#&(( OA>& much psychological as political”? 7 Ware Street, You would have improved the aesthetic Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 quality of the magazine by putting Elise dent discussions about Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 Paschen’s picture [“Poetic Paschen,” page what was important in life and how to live Website: www.harvardmagazine.com 22] on your cover. Nothing will improve its it. It seems that was all we talked about Reader services: intellectual quality beyond the pu/-sheet when I was in college in the early 6758s. 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499 level except a total editorial overhaul. We’d meet in cafés, drink black co/ee, H"%,"%$ M"<"B+#& I#>. J01# B%"&2"# 34. smoke cigarettes, alas, and no doubt pre- P%&(+$&#;: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, Champaign, Ill. tended we were Left Bank intellectuals. Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. D+%&>;0%(: Getting an education rather than a career Suzanne Blier, Robert Giles, NF ’66, THE MEANING OF LIFE was, at that time, considered the purpose Leslie E. Greis ’80, Alex S. Jones, NF ’82, I '"( ("$$&#&$ to read “The Most of college. Sad to think these discussions Thomas F. Kelly, Ph.D. ’73, Important Course?” (The Undergradu- have gone the way of parietals. Randolph C. Lindel ’66, Tamara Elliott ate, May-June, page 45) by Madeleine C"%0* D&*"#&9, M.T.S. 3:5 Rogers ’74, A. Clayton Spencer, A.M. ’82

Schwartz, who decried the dearth of stu- Providence, R.I. Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is published bimonthly by Harvard Magazine Inc., a nonprofit corporation, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617-495-5746; fax 617-495-0324. The magazine is supported by reader contribu- tions and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subven- A Note to Readers tion from Harvard University. Its editorial content is the re- sponsibility of the editors. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, Mass., and additional mailing oCces. Postmaster: Send ad- I# ;1+( +(()&, atypically, there are two Forum essays written by faculty members, dress changes to Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, drawing on their research and addressing public issues of the day: American en- 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscription rate $30 a year in U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 ergy policy (page 36), and the pressures facing the U.S. higher-education system other foreign. (Allow up to 10 weeks for first delivery.) S)?- (>%+=;+0# 0%$&%( "#$ >)(;02&% (&%,+>& +#D)+%+&( should be (page 40). Both seem timely, when the future of the nation—and of many other sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware countries—depends not only on near-term economic issues and longer-term fiscal Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail [email protected]. Single threats but also on suitable schooling and a sustainable environment. Illuminat- copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and handling. M"#)(>%+=; ()?2+((+0#( are welcome, but we cannot assume responsibil- ing the latter priority is the photographic essay by David Arnold ’71 that shows the ity for safekeeping. Include stamped, self-addressed envelope decline of the world’s corals as the climate changes (page 32), complementing his for manuscript return. Persons wishing to reprint any por- tion of Harvard Magazine’s contents are required to “A Melting World,” on the shrinkage of glaciers (May-June 2006, page 36); Jonathan write in advance for permission. Address inquiries to Irina Kuksin, publisher, at the address given above. Shaw wrote the texts for both articles. We welcome your comments. !The Editors Copyright © 2011 Harvard Magazine Inc.

2 J)*9 - A)<)(; 2011 LETTERS

J)(; %&"$ the excellent article by Mad- ly discussion among a cadre of devotees. lifelong struggle. The thought that a con- eleine Schwartz. Her description of stu- The issues of reconnection of habitat stant weight simply reflects equal caloric dents too busy to reflect on the meaning and the safe passage of wildlife—surely intake and expenditure over days, weeks, of what they are doing, and their deeper measures of global health—were often or years is simplistic, and we know that goals in life, is quite troubling. It seems topics of intense discussion and debate, metabolic expenditure varies in response student society has changed a lot since our seeking to elevate landscape ecology from to caloric intake. Professor Lewis points day, when all-night “bull sessions” about the deep, dark morass of artsy design that out that some people quickly lose weight the meaning of life and social issues like too often seemed to inform both process when they exercise while others cannot, civil rights and war were the norm. It’s no and solution, while almost trivializing es- and it has also been shown that an in- accident that it turned into a time of po- sential ecological tenets. The work of For- crease in caloric intake over steady-state litical action and rebellion against the sta- man and Steinitz in landscape ecology and levels (F,488 calories per day) resulted in tus quo. landscape planning would be a wonderful weight gain for only some of the study par- It seems to me that college has tradi- topic for a future article. ticipants. The strength of the metabolome tionally been a time to think deeply about T&$ B"@&%, M.D.S. 378 in explaining why some people get fat and things. If college students now are too Miami others don’t is that it encompasses both busy getting on with their lives to reflect diet and heredity, and this is the question on society and the world, then who will T1"#@ 90) (0 2)>1 for featuring Honey- many of us would love to have answered. be prepared to lead? Who will be think- bee Democracy (Open Book, May-June, page F%"#@ G)2= 3.7, M.D. ing about the big questions, like building 65). Your timing is perfect: in 67:5, I col- Summit, N.J. a world economy that preserves the envi- lected a swarm from a tree branch in the ronment, and how to keep our democracy Yard on the morning of Commencement! ON GANDHI from degenerating into fruitless partisan T102"( D. S&&*&9, P1.D. 3:E I# 1+( %&,+&' of Joseph Lelyveld’s Great battling and demagoguery? Professor of neurobiology and behavior, Cornell Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with In- J01# F. S>1+,&** 35-, P1.D. 35E Ithaca, N.Y. dia (May-June, page 67), Sugata Bose states Princeton, N.J. that Hermann Kallenbach made “an un- METABOLITES AND DIABETES successful attempt to enlist Gandhi’s sup- Editor’s note: Dean of freshmen Thomas Y0)% 2"<"B+#& is a great read. Howev- port for the Zionist cause. Gandhi consis- Dingman, Hobbs professor of cognition er, I feel it is the editor’s job to insist that tently supported the rights of Palestinians and education Howard Gardner, and Gale authors clearly make a distinction between to their land from 6767...on.” Not so fast. professor of education Richard Light— diabetes types 6 and F. In “Fathoming Me- First, it is unclear whether “Palestin- the three “architects” of the “Reflecting on tabolism” (by Jonathan Shaw, May-June, ians” even existed at this time. Local Ar- your life” sessions for freshmen described page F:), professors Gerszten and Wang abs generally self-identified as members in Madeleine Schwartz’s column—wrote speak in considerable detail about “dia- of clans (one reason for the failure of the to note, “We wanted to acknowledge the betes” without telling us which they are local Arab uprising in 1947). George Ha- indispensable role of Katie Steele, director targeting. One would hope both are being bash of the rejectionist Popular Front for of freshman programming, who has been studied, but expect that they would have the Liberation of Palestine bragged that a partner in the conceptualization of the quite di/erent metabolomes. In most re- the term “Palestinian people” had been program and the individual most respon- spects they should not be lumped together. invented, out of whole cloth, to bolster sible for putting it into operation.” F%&$&%+@ H"#(&#, M.D. 34- the Arabs’ claim on “Palestine.” And until Baltimore 1948 Jews used the term “Palestinian” to WILDLIFE, AFOOT AND define their own culture; I own a book of IN THE YARD Jonathan Shaw responds: Robert Gerszten Hebrew songs from the period, printed in I 1"$ ;1& ,&%9 <00$ fortune as a mid- guesses that there would indeed be meta- Israel, called Palestinian Song Book. career professional to enroll in 67E7 in the bolic di/erences between type 1 (juve- Second, wholly aside from population M.D.S. program of the Graduate School nile/gestational) and type 2 (adult-onset) migrations making “rights” to land irrel- of Design (GSD), focusing on “Land- diabetes. The patients in this study of a evant, the land Jews occupied during Gan- scape Planning and Ecology.” While I was population of middle-aged adults were all dhi’s time generally was bought by the pleased to see “Throughways for Wildlife” adult-onset cases, as the text makes clear. Jewish Agency—sometimes from absen- (Right Now, May-June, page 9), I thought tee landlords, but bought nonetheless. It it appropriate to share that at least 22 years I '"( +#;%+<)&$ by the last sentences was not “their [Palestinian] land.” ago, seminal work at the GSD on wildlife in the article. In the exercise study, meta- Third, Zionism does not conflict with crossings—led by Richard T.T. Forman bolic markers were able to distinguish be- Palestinian rights to “their land.” In fact, [now professor of advanced environmental tween the more fit and the less fit, but the in what historian Benny Morris now studies in the field of landscape ecology], fundamental question would be whether views as a historic mistake, Israel de- one of America’s preeminent landscape metabolomics can explain why some peo- clined, in the confusion of 1948, to ex- ecologists, and Carl Steinitz [Wiley pro- ple e/ortlessly maintain a stable weight pel all of its Arabs. Those who remained fessor of landscape architecture and plan- throughout adulthood while others with and their descendants live in Israel today, ning emeritus]—was a topic of almost dai- similar lifestyles and dietary habits face a many as citizens. By contrast, Saudi Ara-

H"%,"%$ M"<"B+#& 3 S ECTION Advertisement ONCE A HARVARD GRAD, bia is oCcially Judenrein [clean of Jews]; nearly all Arab countries expelled their ALWAYS A HARVARD GRAD. Jews in fact if not in law; and the Pales- When you graduated, it said tinian negotiating position—shockingly, something about you. It still does. accepted by Israel—is that all Jews must P)?*+(1&%: Irina Kuksin leave lands under Palestinian control. D+%&>;0% 0! C+%>)*";+0# "#$ F)#$%"+(+#< Bose implicitly confirms that from 1919 Felecia Carter onward, the “Palestinians” believed that D+%&>;0% 0! A$,&%;+(+#< Robert D. Fitta everything east of the Mediterranean was N&' E#<*"#$ A$,&%;+(+#< M"#"<&% “Palestinian land” on which Jews did not Abigail Williamson belong. Gandhi evidently agreed. D&(+<#&% "#$ I#;&<%";&$ M"%@&;+#< O%%+# T+*&,+;B 3:4 M"#"<&%: Jennifer Beaumont Brooklyn C*"((+G&$ A$,&%;+(+#< M"#"<&% Gretchen Bostr0m S)<";" ?0(&3( %&,+&', subtitled “The C+%>)*";+0# "#$ F)#$%"+(+#< DEREK McLANE ’80 enigma of Mahatma Gandhi,” notes that M"#"<&%: Lucia Whalen OA>& M"#"<&% Background: 6LQFHJUDGXDWLQJIURP it took time for Gandhi to shed his ra- Katherine Dempsey-Stou/er +DUYDUG'HUHN0F/DQHKDVZRUNHG cial prejudice against Africans, but fails DVDVHWGHVLJQHUIRU%URDGZD\DQG G+!; P%0>&((0%: Claire Murphy RSHUD´0\SURXGHVWPRPHQWZDV to note that he never shed his prejudice ZLQQLQJD7RQ\$ZDUGIRU33 Variations,” against Jews. He subscribed to the ca- I,9 L&"<)& M"<"B+#& N&;'0%@ VD\V0F/DQH´,WZDVDGHVLJQ,ZDV nard that the Jews killed Jesus, a sin that A((0>+";& P)?*+(1&%, S"*&( Lawrence J. Brittan, Tel. 631-754-4264 SDUWLFXODUO\IRQGRIDQGRQHWKDW, branded the Jewish People for eternity. He ZDVQRWDWDOOVXUHDQ\RQHHOVHZRXOG N&' E#<*"#$ "#$ M+$-A;*"#;+> denounced Zionism as depriving Muslims DSSUHFLDWHµ A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( of their rightful claim to Palestine. In the Harvard Gave Him: +RZGLG0F/DQHҋV Robert D. Fitta, Tel. 617-496-6631 +DUYDUGH[SHULHQFHFRQWULEXWHWRKLV Holocaust, he advised Jews to accept their N&' Y0%@ A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( FUHDWLYHVXFFHVV"´,ZDVVXUURXQGHG fate: “I can conceive the necessity of the Beth Bernstein, Tel. 908-654-5050 E\DQHFFHQWULFJURXSRIIULHQGVDQG immolation of hundreds, if not thousands, Mary Anne MacLean, Tel. 631-367-1988 FODVVPDWHV7KHGLYHUVLW\DQGZLGH to appease the hunger of the dictators.” In T%",&* A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( UDQJHRIWKHLUWDOHQWVFRQWLQXHWR Northeast Media Inc., Tel. 203-255-8800 LQVSLUHPHDQG,VWLOOWDNHJUHDWSULGH 67.5, when it was known that the Ger- LQFRQVLGHULQJP\VHOIDSDUWRIWKDW mans killed not hundreds or thousands, M+$'&(; A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( Nugent Media Group, Tel. 773-755-9051 DPD]LQJFROOHFWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVµ but 5,888,888 Jews, Gandhi said, “They D&;%0+; A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( A Harvard Grad Gives Back: 0F/DQH Heth Media DOVRWDNHVSULGHLQQXUWXULQJWKHQH[W Tel. 248-318-9489 JHQHUDWLRQRI+DUYDUGWDOHQW´2YHUWKH S0);1'&(; A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( ODVWWZR\HDUV,ҋYHUHWXUQHGWR+DUYDUG William O. Taylor WRFRQGXFWDVHULHVRIVHPLQDUVRQVHW Daniel Kellner, Tel. 972-529-9687 GHVLJQDQG,KRVWHGVWXGHQWVDWP\ W& #0;& with sadness the death W&(; C0"(; A$,&%;+(+#< S"*&( VWXGLRDQGDWWKHWHFKQLFDOUHKHDUVDOV on May 1, at home in Boston, of Wil- Virtus Media Sales, Tel. 310-478-3833 RIVHYHUDO%URDGZD\SOD\V,ZDV liam O. Taylor ’54, chairman emeri- GHVLJQLQJ7KHLUSDVVLRQIRUWKHWKHDWUH B0"%$ 0! I#>0%=0%";0%( PDGHLWIHHOOLNH,ZDVPHHWLQJ\RXQJHU tus of the Boston Globe, where he had This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was YHUVLRQVRIP\VHOIµBMW is pleased served with distinction as publisher. founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- to support Derek’s efforts with a tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s Among his many other pro bono ac- governance. The membership is as follows: Stephen donation to the Harvard-Radcliffe J. Bailey, AMP ’94; Je/rey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Dramatic Club. tivities, Bill was a member of the Harvard Magazine Incorporated Bennett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; Fox Butterfield ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98, Jona- Once a BMW, always a BMW. board of directors from 1995 to 2001 (YHU\&HUWLÀHG3UH2ZQHG%0:LV than S. Cohn ’91; Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John (much of that time alongside his de Cuevas ’52; Casimir de Rham ’46, J.D. ’49; James ULJRURXVO\LQVSHFWHGIXOO\SURWHFWHGDQG F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadiman ’74; Benjamin M. FRPHVZLWKWKHSHDFHRIPLQGNQRZLQJ classmate, Daniel Steiner ’54, LL.B. Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. Giles, NF ’66; Rich- LWҋVEHHQ&HUWLÀHG%XWÀUVWHYHU\&32 ’58)—a critical period when the forc- ard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83, Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; %0:LV$%0:7KHOHJHQGDU\ es now transforming publishing and Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Philip C. Haughey ’57; Brian 8OWLPDWH'ULYLQJ0DFKLQHŠ R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Bla/er Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen the media took form and accelerated. Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, NF ’82; Bill Kovach, NF ’89; %HIRUHDOOWKHVPDUWUHDVRQVWKDWPDNH His early insights into these changes Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jennifer 8 Lee ’99, Anthony LWDQH[FHSWLRQDOFKRLFHLVWKHRQH regularly informed the magazine’s Lewis ’48, NF ’57; Scott Malkin ’80, J.D.-M.B.A. ’83; UHDVRQWKDWPDNHVLWLQFRPSDUDEOH Margaret H. Marshall, Ed.M. ’69, Ed ’77, L ’78; Lisa L. 6RVWRSE\D%0:FHQWHUWRGD\DQG evolving responses. Even after he Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David McClintick ’62; Winthrop L. H[SHULHQFHRQHIRU\RXUVHOI was diagnosed with a brain tumor in McCormack ’67; John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher 2009, Bill remained a magazine incor- Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, JF bmwusa.com/cpo ’57, Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98; Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert porator and an informal counselor— N. Shapiro ’72, J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter roles that we especially remember and A. Spiers ’76; Scott H. Stossel ’91; Sherry Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. Weiss ’54; Elizabeth Winship ’43; value. !The Editors Jan Ziolkowski. ©2011 BMW of North America, LLC.

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X CS5 CS5 L ETTERS

should have thrown themselves into the Harry T. Levin. He was a superb teacher sea from cli/s…It would have aroused the and it was a major honor and pleasure to world and the people of Germany…As it is have also been the assistant in his “Proust, they succumbed anyway in their millions.” Mann, and Joyce” course. His ironic wit, That is not an “enigma,” it’s Jew hatred. lexical learning and scholarship, bound- B)%;0# C"+#&, LL.B. 34F less memory, and dazzlingly informative Professor of law, Temple University and entertaining lectures were legendary. TRAVEL THE WORLD WITH Philadelphia His friendship, too, was inestimable. But FELLOW ALUMNI AND woe unto him who, as I once did, incurred I &#H09&$ ()<";" ?0(&3( thoughtful his wrath. Your quotes could be multiplied HARVARD STUDY LEADERS review and commentary. However, I was ad near-infinitum, but I’ll limit myself to surprised that he twice characterized one, about Gertrude Stein: “Unfortunately OVER 50 TRIPS ANNUALLY Gandhi’s method as “passive resistance” for Miss Stein, words have meanings.”

UPCOMING TRIPS and never used the term “nonviolence.” J01# S+20# 3.5, P1.D. 347 Gandhi’s method was the opposite of pas- New York City sive, as the examples in the essay attest. Gandhi once wrote that there are three POLITICAL PASSIONS, CONTINUED options when confronted with violence or Editor’s note: The letter by Peter McKinney injustice. The weakest is passivity; stron- ’56 in the March-April issue (page 7), ques- ger than that is violence; most powerful tioning why most Harvard-aCliated mem- of all is nonviolence (satyagraha). It is not bers of Congress are Democrats, prompted merely resistance, but creative action to sharp responses in May-June (page 2) that transform the situation, without violence. prompted sharp rejoinders; we o/er a sam- This clarification seems essential. ple here. This heat may shed some light on CRUISE THE MOSEL & RHINE, OCTOBER 21–30, 2011 J0&* N+<< 3E8 the political divisions in the nation today. Portland, Ore. S&,&# letters responded to McKinney S)<";" ?0(& suggests that Gandhi’s re- on the unthinking political conformity at lationship with Hermann Kallenbach in Harvard. Two disagreed politely. Five dis- the Transvaal during which Gandhi left his agreed smugly, asserting the self-flattery wife and shared a bedroom with Kallen- that alumni are Democrats because Re- bach is of little “relevance” and the same- publicans are stupid, bigoted, evil nitwits. sex attraction “speculative at best.” Irrel- Congratulations for making McKinney’s evant to what? Informing us that Gandhi point. I hope at least a few Harvard liberals

SWAHILI COAST & DUBAI, JANUARY 6–28, 2012 had same-sex feelings does not lessen his are thoughtful enough to have been embar- STUDY LEADER: PROFESSOR ALI ASANI life or stature. It was an important element rassed by the condescending intolerance. in his emotional life. That Bose chooses to E)<&#& K)(2+"@ 3E6 denigrate the importance of this chapter Orinda, Calif. in Gandhi’s life is his right as a critic, but it should not be his aim as a scholar. T1& =1%"(& “herd of independent minds” P")* L. M"%(0*+#+, M.A.T. 354 came to my mind in reading the letters re- New York City acting to comments by Peter McKinney. Most of the letters harp on the same lit- QUOTE-MASTER HARRY LEVIN any of half-truths and out-and-out absur- T1"#@ 90) for the wonderful quotes in dities about Republicans as a way of ex- the May-June issue (“The Quotes Queue,” plaining why no self-respecting Harvard INDIA’S GANGES, JANUARY 17–FEBRUARY 3, 2012 page 5) from my great former professor grad would have anything to do with such To book your next trip, call us conservatives. Writers focused on two SPEAK UP, PLEASE specifics above all: Conservatives and Re- at 800.422.1636. Harvard Magazine welcomes letters publicans are flawed because they believe on its contents. Please write to “Let- global warming is a “hoax” and the world For more trip options, visit ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, was created 6,000 years ago. alumni.harvard.edu/travel Cambridge 02138, send comments by e- As a conservative, I do not believe glob- mail to your turn@har vard.edu, use our al warming is a hoax. But like many con- website, www.harvard maga zine. com, servatives, and MIT’s Sloane professor of or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may meteorology Richard Lindzen and a good be edited to fit the available space. many other climate scientists, I do believe (please turn to page 79)

6 J)*9 - A)<)(; 2011 IT’S A WAKE UP CALL FROM YOUR FINANCIAL ADVISOR. YOU SHOULD PROBABLY PICK IT UP.

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TECTONIC TREATISE some *,+)) lines of Latin, laden with al- lusion, philosophical reflection, and long forays into ancient physics, the work is de- Swerves manding even for a highly trained classi- cist, which Greenblatt, an English profes- sor, readily admits he is not. But neither is !"# $%&' (,))) years ago, a how it re-emerged, and how the mindset he addressing an audience of specialists. “I Roman named Titus Lucretius it advocated informs our present, is the didn’t want to write a book whose central Carus set down his thoughts subject of The Swerve: How the World Became concern is a technical analysis of Lucre- M on topics ranging from creation Modern (Norton), a new book by Cogan tius’s poem or the detailed reception his- to religion to death. The format for his ob- University Professor and noted Shake- tory of that poem in later literary works,” servations, many of them highly technical speare scholar Stephen Greenblatt, to be he says. “I wanted to tell a story about its and uncannily modern, was a single el- published in September. power—how it helped inspire the Renais- egant poem: readers would stomach such Even with its sugary rim, De rerum na- sance and remade our whole culture.” material more easily if it was presented tura is not an easy read. At six books and Watching this power slowly unfold is artfully, he suggest- ed, just as a child would drink bitter medicine more read- ily out of a cup with a honeyed rim. He was right. In later centuries, when that poem, De rer um natura (“On the Nature of Things”), came un- der siege for its sub- versive potential, the work’s captivat- ing beauty would be key to its sur- vival. Still, it bare- ly weathered the incursions of time and hostile author- ities, which con- spired to put it out of view for nearly a millennium. The improbable story of

8 J,-. - A,/,0$ 2011 Illustration by Boris Kulikov RIGHT NOW one of the book’s pleasures. There is in when something comes along that vio- calls, he was amazed at its apparent pre- Greenblatt’s work a keen appreciation lates every one of your fundamental be- science. “So much that is in Einstein or that the course of history is at any mo- liefs?’” Greenblatt says. “How were these Freud or Darwin or Marx was there,” he ment perched on a razor’s edge, and that radical things transmitted in a time when says. “I was flabbergasted.” And indeed, many of the chains of consequence culmi- there was quite a repressive apparatus?” from Galileo to Darwin to Einstein, who nating in the modern Zeitgeist can be traced It was a question that Poggio’s character paid tribute to Lucretius in the preface to seemingly inconsequential instances— helped to answer. Himself subject to the to a 13(+ translation of the poet’s work, butterflies flapping their wings to beget service of a repressive Church as the sec- science would begin to describe empiri- faraway storms. In Swerve, the butterfly is retary to a notoriously corrupt pope, he cally a universe of atomic particles with Poggio Bracciolini, an unemployed papal found freedom in discovering and perus- behaviors dictated by forces independent secretary who, finding himself by chance ing the wisdom of the ancients. of the divine. Meanwhile, Greenblatt with the time and the means to hunt down There were others like him. Once Poggio finds Lucretius in the very roots of the copies of ancient texts, stumbled upon a delivered De rerum natura from its monas- American tradition: “I am an Epicurean,” proclaimed Thomas Je2erson, the owner Once Poggio delivered De rerum natura from of at least five editions of De rerum natura, who put his stamp on a Declaration of In- its monastery prison, the beauty of the poem dependence emphasizing the “pursuit of happiness.” and the power of its ideas did their work. In the end, Greenblatt acknowledg- es, history is complicated—there is not a manuscript of Lucretius in a German mon- tery prison, the beauty of the poem and the straight line between Lucretius and the astery in 1+1*. He then did something that power of its ideas did their work. Green- modern world. “And yet the vital connec- would resonate for centuries: he ordered blatt traces the emergence, from an exposi- tion is there,” he writes. “Hidden behind that the poem be copied, and thereby de- tion, and ambivalent denial, in the writing the worldview I recognize as my own is an livered a long-dead Roman’s philosophy, of the humanist Lorenzo Valla, to repro- ancient poem, a poem once lost, apparently conceived in another time and largely for- duction by Machiavelli and an appearance irrevocably, and then found.” gotten, into a new era. in the pages of Thomas More, to its place !4%"50$5&' 6!7 It was not an era friendly to what Lu- in the thought of the unhappy Giordano cretius had to say. The Roman poet had Bruno, the sixteenth-century friar whose 0$#8%#' /"##'9-&$$ #-:&5- &;;"#00: modeled the universe as a collection of execution is a testament to the murderous [email protected] tiny atom-like particles in perpetual mo- reflexes of a threatened Church. THE SWERVE 7#905$#: tion (the titular “swerve” was his term for That was only the beginning. When http://books.wwnorton.com/books/ the deviation that leads them to collide he read the poem initially, Greenblatt re- The-Swerve and compose larger forms). His scheme countenanced no judgment or indeed life after death, just dissemination of body GENDERED BENDER and soul back into particles. The impera- tive, therefore, said Lucretius, echoing the refrain of his Greek intellectual fore- Women and Alcohol bear Epicurus, was for man to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in the one life available to him. In the Lucretian universe %#' Shelly F. Greenfield ment programs for women struggling it was unthinkable that the gods, caught joined the Harvard Medi- with addiction to alcohol and other sub- up in their own pleasures, could take the cal School faculty in 133(, stances. Women initially metabolize only slightest interest in human a2airs. Man W scientists were just be- about a quarter as much alcohol in the was free to make his own way. Part of the ginning to document the fact that men stomach and intestines as men do (a fact reason the poem disappeared in the first and women become addicted to alco- not documented until 1990); consequently, place, Greenblatt shows, was that it did hol, and recover from that illness, dif- more alcohol enters the bloodstream as not sit well with religious authorities who ferently—to recognize that “there may ethanol. Women’s generally lower body wished their subjects to cower before di- be gender-specific variables that a2ect mass, and lower body water content, also vine judgment and who touted earthly health,” says the professor of psychiatry act to intensify alcohol’s e2ects. su2ering as a path to an afterlife. In Pog- at McLean Hospital. Due at least partly to these physiologi- gio’s world, with a Renaissance papacy During the last 15 years, scientists have cal di2erences, the disease of alcohol de- bent on protecting its prerogatives against documented notable gender di2erences in pendence proceeds on a faster course perceived heresy, the Roman’s ideas were the physiological e2ects of alcohol—dif- in women, requiring medical treatment disturbing indeed. ferences summed up in Women & Addiction, four years sooner, on average, than for “For the Renaissance world, a Christian a 2009 volume co-edited by Greenfield, male problem drinkers. Alcohol-addicted world, the question was, ‘What happens who has pioneered more e2ective treat- women are also quicker to develop cirrho-

H&"<&"; M&/&=5'# 9 RIGHT N OW sis, fatty liver, and cognitive After six months, impairment, and have a great- er risk of dying in alcohol- women from the related accidents than men do. These gender di2erences all-female group are not confined to humans: female rats become addicted continued to to a wide range of substances, including alcohol, nicotine, improve, where- cocaine, heroin, and meth- amphetamines, more quickly as women in than males. Epidemiological data sug- the mixed group gest why earlier studies of al- coholism used mostly men: as were likely to recently as the early 1980s, the ratio of alcohol-dependent have relapsed. men to alcohol-dependent women in the United States the exclusion of their own was 5:1. By the early 1990s, needs. A pilot study of this though, that ratio had nar- woman-centered approach rowed to 2.5:1—a trend mir- found it to be just as e2ective rored in Europe. A common as a typical, mixed-gender, explanation blames changing 12-week treatment program social norms: for women to during the course of treat- drink in public or talk about ment; more significant are the having a glass of wine with results indicating that after dinner at home became more six months, women from the socially acceptable, even fash- all-female group continued to ionable. Data on the age at improve, whereas women in which teenagers first try al- the mixed group were likely cohol also reflect this cultural IMAGES PULMAN/STONE/GETTY JOSH to have relapsed. Women with shift: girls used to wait much longer than ing issue with the notion that addiction “low self-e>cacy” (a lack of faith in their boys to take their first drink, but since treatment strategies developed for men own ability to stay clean), who have prov- the 1990s, that gap, too, has disappeared. will work equally well for women, she en more vulnerable to relapse with typi- The male-female gaps have narrowed and colleagues have developed a treat- cal treatment, did best in the all-female not only for alcohol but for other sub- ment manual with a focus on issues spe- treatment group, faring even better than stances—a fact that has made Green- cific to women—for example, their ten- women with greater self-confidence. Per- field’s work increasingly important. Tak- dency to act as caretakers, sometimes to haps, says Greenfield, the woman-focused program, administered in a single- 20 Substance Use among Adolescents Ages 12 to 17 gender environment, “isn’t impor- tant for all women, but will be re- This chart, showing the percentage of ally essential” for some. teenagers who reported using alcohol Greenfield believes the combina- 15 or drugs in the previous month during the 16-year survey, illustrates tion of woman-centered content the convergence of substance-use and group dynamics are what make rates between males and females. her treatment so e2ective. In the all- female groups, “From day one, people 10 shared personal information very quickly,” she reports. “There seems to males be a kind of bond of understanding.” Seeking to quantify the dynamics of 5 females this supportive environment, Green- field and colleagues are monitoring so-called “a>liative statements” in the di2erent treatment groups by 0 1979 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 tallying how many times one group member voices support or empathy SOURCE: OFFICE OF APPLIED STUDIES, SAMHSA, NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE

10 J,-. - A,/,0$ 2011 RIGHT NOW for another. In particular, tabulating the dy- is gratified by the “explosion” of work what about men? Is there something that namics of the mixed-gender groups enables on women and addiction. If anything, would be most helpful to their recovery?’” them to compare the flow of these state- she says, there may now be a shortage of she reports. “That’s a di2erent question, ments between men and women. researchers who are investigating fac- and we don’t know the answer.” Following up the pilot study, Green- tors specific to men, because the treat- !#-5=&9#$% /,;"&50 field is now evaluating her woman-fo- ments for male addicts were developed cused treatment in a randomized controlled before recent discoveries about addic- 0%#--. /"##'@#-; #-:&5- &;;"#00: trial with a larger group. Meanwhile, she tion dynamics. “People often ask, ‘Well, sgreenfi[email protected]

BLASTING BLAZES Snu!ng Flames with Electricity

%"## .#&"0 &/!, the Defense team found that by using an oscillating particles, which drag the plasma with it. Advanced Research Projects electric field (of the kind generated by al- Pushed o2 its fuel source, the flame dies. Agency (DARPA) laid down a ternating current), rather than a static Whether this discovery will yield fire- T challenge to scientists: find a way field, the flame could actually be snu2ed suppression technologies of the kind that to use electric fields or sonic waves to sup- out. Because a flame is a complex system, DARPA hopes for remains to be seen. Nev- press fire instantly. “Fire, especially in en- composed of myriad dynamic parts, Car- ertheless, Cardemartiri points out that closed military environments such as ship demartiri explains, scientists still don’t this kind of basic research, which has holds, aircraft cockpits, and ground vehi- have a complete quantitative understand- yielded new insight into how electrical cles, continues to be a major cause of mate- ing of this process. But they think that waves can control flames, could have an rial destruction and loss of warfighter life,” the soot in the flame might play an im- impact on other important applications noted the agency in its announcement. portant role, by concentrating the posi- of combustion—perhaps even in cars or This spring, scientists in the lab of Flowers tively charged ions in the plasma; when a power plants. !?!'&$%&' 0%&7 University Professor George Whitesides high-voltage electric field emanating from succeeded in extinguishing a flame a foot the tip of a wire is pointed at the flame, /#!"/# 7%5$#05;#0 #-:&5- &;;"#00: and a half high with a strong electric field. it exerts a repelling force on the charged [email protected] A flame, explains Ludovico Cardemartiri, the postdoctoral fellow who ran the experi- ments, is really a chem- ical reaction in which part of the combustible fuel source is being ion- ized—separated into positively and nega- tively charged particles that form a gas cloud of charged particles called a plasma. That much has been known for a long time, and sci- entists have even used static electric fields to “bend” flames. The Whitesides

George Whitesides and colleagues have discovered that they can extinguish a !ame by pushing it off its fuel source, using an electric "eld that emanates from the tip of a wire.

Photograph courtesy of George Whitesides H&"<&"; M&/&=5'# 11 OWN A PIECE OF HISTORY

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Extracurriculars Nature and science The Arnold Arboretum Seasonal classic American story premiered at the www.arboretum.harvard.edu; 617-495-2439 The Farmer’s Market at Harvard Colonial Theater in Boston in 1935 and • July 30 through September 11, with an art- www.dining.harvard.edu/flp/ag_market. now returns featuring Audra McDonald, ist’s reception on August 3, 6 - 8 p.m. All Around Us

html Norm Lewis, and David Alan Grier under features works by self- In Cambridge: the direction of Diane Paulus. taught painter Ricardo Maldonado, who Tuesdays, noon-6 p.m. (rain or shine) Loeb Drama Center, 64 Brattle Street. captures the ever-changing character of Lawn between the Science Center and Continuing: The Donkey Show, a high- trees through varying degrees of light, Memorial Hall, at the corner of Oxford energy Studio 54 adaptation of A Midsum- shapes, and colors. and Kirkland streets. mer Night’s Dream featuring chiseled male In Allston: fairies, an acrobatic Titania, and a cross- film Fridays, 3-7 p.m. gendered mix-up of lovers. Wear your The Harvard Film Archive Corner of North Harvard Street and 1970s-era attire and prepare to “boogie... http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa; 617-495-4700 Western Avenue. on down!” Visit the website for complete listings. Organized by Harvard University Din- Oberon Theater, 2 Arrow Street. • July 22-24

ing Services, this outdoor market runs World on a Wire, by Rainer Werner Fass- and E thnology A r c haeology through October, emphasizing local music binder. Recently restored and re-released, goods—fresh produce, baked treats, jams, Harvard Summer Pops Band this visionary science-fiction thriller was herbs (from Gilson’s Farm, see page 12K), • July 28 at 4 p.m. in Harvard Yard made for German television in 1973. arvard College; College; o f H arvard and Fellows President M useums/ Courtesy A rt chocolates, and cheeses—and sponsoring • July 31 at 3 p.m. at the Hatch Shell on the • July 29-August 29 cooking demonstrations and other events. Charles River Esplanade in Boston The Complete Joseph L. Mankiewicz of- Concerts are free and open to the public. fers a retrospective celebrating this pro- theater Harvard Summer School Chorus lific Hollywood writer, director, and pro- American Repertory Theater • August 5 at 8 p.m. Sanders Theatre. ducer, including All About Eve, Suddenly Last www.americanrepertorytheater.org Harvard Summer School Orchestra Summer, Cleopatra, and Guys and Dolls. 617-547-8300 (box office) • August 6 at 8 p.m. Sanders Theatre. • August 12-13 arvard H arvard kim masteller/ right: to t • August 17 through October 2 Both concerts are free and open to the George Kuchar’s Weather Diaries. The rnold arboretum; Peabody M useum o f Peabody arboretum; ardo MA ldonado/ A rnold R i c The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess. This public. director will appear in person to talk le f From Left to right: Bankers Receive News from a Dak Runner (detail), India, c. 1850, at the Harvard Art Museums; a painting by Ricardo Maldonado from All Around Us, at the Arnold Arboretum; do-it-yourself cuneiform at the Peabody Museum’s Wonders of Writing family event

Harvard Magazine 12A New England Regional Section harvard c ollege o f harvard and f ellows c k rogers/©President atri p Denizens of New England Forests, a new permanent exhibit at the Harvard Museum of Natural History about and screen his favorite personal video journals, filmed while he was holed up in motels chasing tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions.

Exhibitions Harvard Art Museums www.harvardartmuseum.org; 617-495-9400 • Continuing: Company to Crown: Per- ceptions and Reactions in British India highlights a hybrid Indo-European paint- ing style. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology www.peabody.harvard.edu; 617-496-1027 • July 16, noon to 4 p.m. Wonders of Writing This drop-in family event provides the chance to explore cuneiform (from the an- cient Middle East), Maya glyphs, and Az- tec code-writing. Recommended for ages five and up. • August 20, noon to 4 p.m. Trash Tales Learn about artifacts and the stories be- hind shoes made from tires, toys created from scrap wire, and other trash-to-trea- sure transformations. Recommended for ages five and up. Harvard Museum of Natural History www.hmnh.harvard.edu; 617-495-3045 Oxford Street New England Forests, opened in late May, is the museum’s new permanent exhibit. This multimedia display with exquisite

12B July - August 2011 HarvardMagAd-May11:Layout 1 5/20/11 5:41 PM Page 1

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We are here to help. Mim Adkins© Photography Now is the perfect time to prepare for the fall real estate market. f ilm ar c hive Hammond Real Estate has the largest market share of any single real estate

o ce in Cambridge. Carol Kelly & Myra von Turkovich have been business H arvard partners and top producing Realtors® in the greater Cambridge marketplace The Harvard Film Archive screens a for 30 years. restored print of Rainer Werner Fassbind- er’s sci-fi thriller World on a Wire in July. For more information: Please visit our newly updated website at www.carolandmyra.com, dioramas and other features examines the come to our o ce at Two Brattle Square, or call us at 617-497-4400. natural history and ecology of regional for- ests and their responses to human activity. (The exhibit was made possible, in part, by a gift from Paul Zofnass ’69, M.B.A.-J.D. ’73, who grew up in nearby Belmont and en- carolandmyra.com joyed visiting the museum as a child.)

Carol Kelly & Myra von Turkovich • Vice Presidents, ABR • [email protected] Libraries www.hcl.harvard.edu/info/exhibitions 617-495-2417 Houghton Library • Through August 26 Peace If Possible, or Justice At Any Rate: Wendell Phillips at 200 documents the in- fluential career of this champion of civil rights. Letters from Harriet Tubman, Lu- cretia Mott, Charles Sumner, and William Lloyd Garrison are on display along with Custom designed Team Building & some of Phillips’s papers. 617-496-4027. Leadership Development programs Pusey Library • Continuing: Going for Baroque: The with Thompson Island Iconography of the Ornamental Map ex- plores how decorative cartographic devic- Outward Bound Professional es—cartouches, vignettes, figural borders, Create positive lasting change for your organization title pages, and frontispieces—could pro- vide narrative underpinnings for the geo- (617) 328-3900 ext. 114 spatial content of maps. 617-496-8717. [email protected] Tozzer Library www.thompsonisland.org • Continuing: Native Life in the Ameri- cas: Artists’ Views showcases the work of little-known Native American and wom- en artists who were primarily illustrators, designers, and printmakers rather than painters. 617-495-1481.

Events listings also appear in the Univer- sity Gazette, accessible via this magazine’s website, www.harvardmagazine.com.

12D July - August 2011 Explorations

Celebrate Summer in New England

Forays within two hours’ drive of Boston • by Nell Porter Brown

Watch Hill

Land Trust (www.westerlylandtrust. org), active in preserving both rural Wilcox Park land and urban properties, have been instrumental in the process, as has Westerly, Rhode Island the concentrated financing and atten- Located near popular public beaches tion of mutual-fund manager Charles and the Watch Hill seaside community, Royce, a longtime summer resident. Westerly is a year-round center of arts ac- In recent years the trust has bought tivity and percolating revitalization. Babcock-Smith House the former United Theater, built in Grand nineteenth- and twentieth-cen- 1928, and the majestic, granite-faced esterly c hamber o f ommer e W esterly tury brick and stone buildings in various cock-smithhouse.com), near the spot where Industrial Trust Bank. Plans are under states of refurbishment and occupancy sit granite was discovered in the area in 1845, way to preserve and try to re-adapt those around the wonderful Wilcox Park. This helps elucidate this industrial history. sites. The Colonial Theater (www.theco- library; ©radius images/Corbis; ©radius images/Corbis; p ubli c library; W esterly the o f c ourtesy arboretum-styled landscape was designed The library itself, a private, nonprofit lonialtheater.org) runs an annual Shake- by an associate of Frederick Law Olmsted organization, is a town hub. It will soon speare festival—in July there are free ourtesy c ourtesy t: and boasts old-growth trees, a giant ce- reopen its Hoxie Gallery, which displays outdoor performances of The Tempest in dar grove, and perennial gardens pleasant the work of local artists, and hosts many Wilcox Park—while the Granite Theatre to walk in. An open meadow also slopes popular gatherings, including art festivals (www.granitetheatre.com) offers plays toward a renovated fish pond, offering and summer concerts in the park. and musicals year-round. A heralded jazz

rom le f c kwise f rom Clo sunny expanses for reading, napping, and There has been an on-again, off-again venue, the Knickerbocker Café (www. playing on the grass. concerted effort to revitalize Westerly, theknickerbockercafe.com) has been The park is owned and operated by the which sits just across the Connecticut newly renovated and boasts a line-up of Westerly Public Library, opened as a me- border, during the last two decades. Or- bands and danceable music. morial to Civil War soldiers and sailors in ganizations like the Artists’ Cooperative Not every redevelopment effort comes 1894, during the community’s heyday as Gallery (www.westerlyarts.com)—start- to fruition, of course, or ultimately suc- a primary source of granite for buildings ed in 1992 as a focal point for regional art- ceeds. Visitors may see some obvious lags and monuments across the nation. The ists, it now offers rotating monthly exhib- in the local rebuilding efforts. But West- Babcock-Smith House Museum (www.bab- its and juried shows—and the Westerly erly’s clear draw lies in this very dynamic,

Harvard Magazine 12E New England Regional Section in its eclectic, organic mix of funky and Connecticut (which is part of the town of Misquamicut, try the quiet country setting traditional: it has not been “quaintified.” Stonington and includes a historic district of the Woody Hill B & B (www.woodyhill. The Corks and Perks (coffeehouse by day, with sites ranging from shipworks and com), the homey ambience of Grandview dynamic bar by night) coexists smoothly mills to worker housing). B & B (www.grandviewbandb.com), or with the “real drinks for real people” Dan- The beaches, about a 15-minute drive head back downtown, take in a show you ny’s Bar; the natural-foods store and the from Westerly (or a longer but doable bike can easily walk to, and stay within sight auto-parts outlet serve the same patrons. trip), tend to please everyone. Misqua- of Wilcox Park at the Parkside East B & B Moreover, the number of independently micut State Park offers public access to (www.parksideeastbandb.com). owned, diverse restaurants is reassur- sand and sun, and the usual assortment ing in this age of commercial sprawl and of snack bars and ice-cream and T-shirt Worcester, chain businesses. Take the Van Ghent Café shops. The more affluent Watch Hill, on (www.vanghentcafewesterly.com), a Bel- a spit of land leading to Narragansett Bay Massachusetts gian breakfast and lunch place, for exam- and the Rhode Island Sound, is a car or It may surprise some to know that this ple, and 84 High Street (www.84highstreet. bike ride away from the public beach and former industrial giant of a city is more Document1Document1 11/20/03 11/20/03 11:51 11:51 AM AM Page Page 1 1 com), known for generous portionsDocument1 of has11/20/03 restaurants, 11:51 shops, AM andPage hotels. 1 The than worth spending time in as a tourist. American food, or the Prime Time Café most opulent is the Ocean House (www. The urban center rivals Providence in size (www.ptcafe.com), a great place for dining oceanhouseri.com), a $140-million hotel, and offers not only a wide range of art, with young children. The relatively new resort, and condominium complex (that culture, and history but a disproportion- Bridge Restaurant (www.bridgeri.com) opened in 2009, once again through the ate number of great restaurants, parks, a has a diverse menu with good vegetarian efforts of Charles Royce). A replica of the lake—and a string of fun vintage-clothing options along with fresh seafood. Its relax- eponymous Gilded Age hotel, the new ver- and home-goods stores. ing outdoor patio overlooks the Pawcatuck sion is beautiful to behold, and, not sur- Where to begin? The Higgins Armory River, which separates Westerly and its prisingly, expensive. (www.higgins.org) is a testament to neighboring sister community, Pawcatuck, For other options just minutes from founder John Woodman Higgins’s passion

ASSISTEDASSISTEDLIVINGLIVINGRETIREMENTRETIREMENTCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITY ASSISTEDRetirementLIVING RETIREMENT CommunityCOMMUNITY Here’sHere’sHere’sAssisted what what what people Livingpeople people are are are saying about us. Whatsayingsaying Do Harvard about about us. Alumnius. Have in Common? Cadbury Commons Ballet classes: An Uncommon Senior Residence age 2 through teen, adult and pointe. The Harvard alumni who chose CadburyName:Name:MiltonMilton Commons R. R. Enroll now Occupation:Occupation:Name:PostalPostal Supervisor,Milton Supervisor, R. Retired Retired Summer classes start 7/5 Hobbies:mayOccupation:Hobbies: haveReading,Reading,Postal retired Walking, Supervisor, Walking, Exercisingfrom Exercising Retired work,Hobbies:Lifestyle:Lifestyle: butReading,Independent, notIndependent, Walking,from Activelife. Exercising Active The Fall classes start 9/8 ChoiceChoiceLifestyle: of Senior/Assisted of Independent,Senior/Assisted Living: Active Living: differenceChoiceCadbury ofCadbury Senior/Assisted is Commons people–those Commons Living: Cadbury Commons “Therewho“There is alive is stable a stablehere and and gentle and gentle atmosphere the atmosphere Nina Alonso, Director, FPB of “Therestaff helpof help that isand a and stable empathyserves empathy and them. throughout gentle throughout atmosphere Our the the community.ofcommunity. help I and feel I feelassured empathy assured that throughout thatI am I partam part of the of 1798a Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02140 others’community.programsothers’ lives, lives, as I theyfeel as will theyareassured ofengageare mine. ofthat mine. For I youram Formyself, part myself, of I feelothers’interests,I feel that lives, that Cadbury as Cadbury ourthey Commonsare professional Commonsof mine. provides For provides myself, a a 617.491.5865 wellI well feeltrained trained that and Cadbury andcaring caring group Commons group of people of provides people who who a arewellstaff interestedare trained interested is sensitive in and my in caring welfare.”my welfare.”to group your of people needs. who www.freshpondballet.com are interested in my welfare.” CallCall (617) (617) 868-0575 868-0575 to arrange to arrange a personal a personal tour,CallCalltour, (617) or(617) visit or 868-0575 visit868-0575 www.cadburycommons.com www.cadburycommons.com to arrangeto arrange a personal a personal tour, tour,or or visit visit www.cadburycommons.com www.cadburycommons.com WhereWhere The The Emphasis Emphasis Is On Is OnLiving Living Where The Emphasis Is On Living 66 Sherman6666 Sherman Sherman Street, Street, Street, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge, 66 Sherman Street, Cambridge, EQUAL EQUAL MA 02140◆ ◆ (617) 868-0575 HOUSING HOUSING MAMA 02140 02140 (617)• (617)868-0575 868-0575 OPPTYEQUALOPPTY ◆ HOUSING MA 02140 (617) 868-0575 OPPTY

12F July - August 2011 Higgins Armoy

New England Regional Section

Higgins Armoy

India, Turkey, and Japan. Weekend ourtesy o f Clark U niversity c ourtesy armory; the H iggins o f c ourtesy right: to t for steel. He spent his life collecting it, programs may offer combat demon- mostly in the form of armor, finally erect- strations, living-history group reen- rom le f f rom ing a four-story Art Deco-style building actments, and explorations of the (now on the National Register of Historic culture of knighthood. There is also Clark University Hadwen Arboretum Places) to house most of it as an educa- a unique “OverKnight” interactive tional resource for the public. The build- parent-child program for groups, and such as The Strange Life of Objects: The Art of ing holds more than 5,000 items, includ- the building may be rented for parties. Annette Lemieux (through October 9) and ing European swords, daggers, gauntlets, Downtown’s Worcester Art Muse- an exploration of Leisure, Pleasure, and the spears, and complete suits of armor, as um (www.worcesterart.org) has a dy- Debut of the Modern French Woman (through well as elaborate helmets (including one namic permanent collection of creative September 11) featuring eighteenth- and from 550 b.c.e.), along with less familiar works from around the world, as well as nineteenth-century prints and illustra- weapons and armor from African nations, thought-provoking temporary exhibits, tions. Children, teenagers, and adults can 2377 Lg Harv Mag May_sp:Layout 2 3/3/11 12:02 PM Page 1

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Harvard Magazine 12G New England Regional Section also take a range of art classes and work- thoroughly cared for today, it is still a won- Provenance and Architectural Garage. shops. derful place to poke around in. Lodging options are far more routine. For outdoor fun, Regatta Point, on Worcester’s long industrial history has The chains—Hilton, Marriott, Qual- Quinsigamond Lake, a short drive from always drawn immigrants; today, the city ity Inn, and Hampton—all have hotels in downtown, offers swimming, sailing, and houses newer arrivals, including Brazil- Worcester, and the “luxury” choice is the inexpensive canoe rentals. There is also the ians, Iraquis, Southeast Asians, and im- largely impersonal Beechwood Hotel and 60-acre Elm Park, among the first parcels migrants from various African nations.. conference center (www.beechwoodho- of land bought (28 initial acres in 1854) by a Ethnic restaurants abound. Try the Viet- tel.com), located away from downtown municipality with the intention of creating namese food at Pho Dakao (593 Park Av- near the University of Massachusetts a park; it was later developed by the firm of enue) and the vegetarian dishes at Quan medical center by Lake Quinsigamond. Frederick Law Olmsted and is still an oasis Yin (56 Hamilton Street), or African with walking and biking paths, fountains, fare at Tropical Gardens (344 Chandler and places to picnic. Less well known is Street). For big portions and a fun twist Peterborough, Clark University’s Hadwen Arboretum on pastas and Mexican food, go to the Fly- New Hampshire (www.clarku.edu/students/outingclub/ ing Rhino (www.flyingrhinocafe.com) on The “Peterborough Idea,” conceived resources/Arboretum_historical_notes.pdf Shrewsbury Street—Worcester’s restau- around the turn of the last century, was a or www.massachusetts-mapsite.com/us_ rant row. way to give diverse artists a peaceful place ma_hadwen_arboretum_vt.html). A 1907 The newer Haiku Sushi (www.hai- to create in the company of their peers. It bequest, it had at one time more than 400 kurestaurant.com) doubles as a steak- was the founding principle of the Mac- varieties of trees; though it could be more house: where else can you order the Dowell Colony, started on a local farm by 14-ounce “cowboy rib-eye” steak with composer Edward MacDowell and his your miso soup? Seafood lovers who want wife, Marian, and has since grown into a more buzzing social milieu might want a major force in the art world. It has also to experience the favored Sole Proprietor helped shape the course of this scenic (www.thesole.com), which features a gi- New England town—immortalized in Our ant inflatable crab on its roof during the Town, written by Thornton Wilder, a one- summer. The menu offers classic New time colony resident. England maritime fare along with sushi Nestled along the Contoocook River, specialties and irresistible desserts, such Peterborough is home to about3,000 resi- as whoopie pies and banana splits. For a dents. It was historically a prosperous mill The Mariposa Museum... full taste of the range of Worcester’s res- town within the Monadnock region but taurants, visit the city’s weekly alterna- has long reveled in its reputation as a seri- and World Culture Center tive newspaper at www.worcestermag. ous center for the arts, summer residents, com/chow/reviews. and culture-minded retirees. The Sharon Worcester has a few shopping dis- Arts Fine Craft Gallery downtown (www. tricts, but those looking for unusual items sharonarts.org/shop/fine-craft-gallery- should stop into Unique Boutik and the info) offers works by regional artists and Futon Co. (home goods and local art), exhibits; it is an arm of the nearby Sharon across the street from the Sole Propri- Arts School of Art and Craft, which runs etor. Or drive across town to a burgeon- classes for all ages, year-round. The Mari- ing restaurant and retail area called the posa Museum and World Culture Cen- Blackstone Canal District and check out ter (www.mariposamuseum.org) seeks

Blackstone Vignettes (a resale coopera- to teach people about art and traditions A tive), vintage clothing store Alexis Grace, across the globe. It holds a small but in- or two home goods/salvage places called triguing collection of international folk art, and encourages visitors to Peterborough Players “Please Touch”; children can dress up in kimonos, play mu- the M ari p os o f c ourtesy t: sical instruments, and put on puppet shows. The museum, co-founded by David Blair ’70 and his late wife, Linda Marsella ’70, also hosts unusual exhibits and events that eterborough p layers the p eterborough o f c ourtesy c enter; Culture world and museum explore world culture, art forms, p le f to c kwise f rom Counter c lo

12H July - August 2011 New England Regional Section

and spirituality: this spring, for example, located right in down- visitors could learn about an ikonostasi (a town, is simply clean Greek Orthodox home altar) and an el- and comfortable—and a L lery

t G ephant orphanage in Kenya, or they could an easy walk for coffee watch a Mevlevi Turning Ceremony, a sa- at Aesop’s Tables in the cred whirling exercise founded in Turkey welcoming Toadstool

rts Fine Cra f A rts hundreds of years ago. Bookstore. The town has a rich theatrical tradition Food choices down- and still boasts the Peterborough Players town include the (peterboroughplayers.org), a professional hearty American-style Cathedral theater troupe established in 1933. Sum- bistro lunch or dinner of the Sharon Arts Fine Pines mer shows include Arms and the Man, Mea- at Harlow’s Deli, Café, Craft Gallery sure for Measure, and Puss In Boots. and Pub (www.harlowspub.com) with great Accommodations run the gamut. The live jazz and dance music at night. Or visitors serve (www.fws.gov/wapack) southeast Peteridge at the Pond (www.peteridge. of all ages may enjoy sliding onto stools at of Peterborough, which includes a 21-mile com) has two guest houses for larger fami- the historic Peterborough Diner (www.pe- spur of the Appalachian Trail, or Casalis lies or groups and the Three Maples (www. terboroughdiner.com), housed in an original State Forest (www.greater-peterborough- threemaples.com) in Sharon has hiking and 1950 Worcester Lunch Car. chamber.com/new-hampshire-camping. walking trails from the back door. In nearby For outdoor trips, the Monadnock re- html), with hikes that connect to Temple Troy, The Inn at East Hill Farm (www.east- gion offers its eponymous mountain, one Mountain. For quiet contemplation, con- hill-farm.com) is a great, old-style, low-key of the most-climbed in New England, but sider a trip to the Cathedral of the Pines

haron S haron the o f c ourtesy the Pines; o f o f Cathedral c ourtesy R ight: to t family resort, complete with bingo and ping- also has a surprising diversity of other (www.cathedralofthepines.org), an inter- pong tournaments, while the Jack Daniels parks and trails of interest, such as the faith center and memorial grounds open

From L e f From Motor Inn (www.jackdanielsmotorinn), 1,672-acre Wapack National Wildlife Re- May through October.

An Evening with Chef and Author Joanne Chang ’91

On may 11, 2011, loyal magazine donors gathered at Harvard’s Murr Center Lounge for a reception and book signing with joanne chang ’91, chef, restaurant owner, and author of the new cookbook Flour: Spectacular Recipes from Boston’s Flour Bakery + Cafe.

To learn how you can become a Friend of Harvard Magazine, and for details about our fall friends event, please visit www.harvardmagazine.com/friends.

Harvard Magazine 12I Premier Properties GRAND SHINGLE-STYLE John Frye House c 1760 PRIVATE HATCH ROAD RESIDENCE WINCHESTER WATERFRONT RETREAT

Restored 19th century barn converted to an Historic Landmark just one block from Quintessential 6 BR, 5 B, house & guest house elegant single family. Incredibly charming, harbor in Newport’s sought-after Point enjoyed by Mary & Mike Wallace (Brookline filled with character & original period detail. neighborhood. Authentic restoration, native) for decades. Unsurpassed water views, Elegant entertaining along with comfortable meticulous preservation, and 21st-C viewpoints_envelope_Layout220' private beach, 1 1/6/11 90' dock,4:58 PM manicured Page 1 1.4 A., living space. 10 rooms with 6 bedrooms & 3 amenities: wide-board floors, exposed beams, coveted 480 s.f. screened porch, secret garden. 1/2 baths. Secluded country setting on a private 6 fireplaces, custom paneling and cabinetry, Not to be missed! Exclusive: $7,800,000 cul-de-sac. Beautifully landscaped grounds, hand-wrought iron hardware, 6-zone gas heat, separate studio and 2 car garage. Convenient central A/C. 10 rooms, 4 bedrooms, 4.5 baths, 3rd-floor getaway suite. Private courtyard, VIEWPOINTS to transportation, shopping and restaurants. R E A L E S T A T E HISTORIC VINEYARD HAVEN SEA CAPTAIN’S HOME Exclusively offered at $1,495,000 off-street parking. Offered at $885,000 Bobbi Reed Box 877 | Vineyard Haven, MHistoricA 02568 district 5 BR colonial has harbor peeks , classic sunroom, office /library Barbara Currier Broker, Realtor®, cRS, gRiw/ 1/1/2 baths and large living room with traditional fireplace. Garage attached [email protected] 401-848-6721 o 508.693.0222 ext 1# Call: 617-593-7070 www.gustavewhite.com to office/apartment. Beautifully updated decor, 3 baths, original hardwood floors, c 508.737.3339 • f 508.693.5888hand detailed woodwork. Newly listed. Exclusive $1,925,000. [email protected] [email protected] BarbaraCurrier.com www.viewpointsmv.com (508) 693-0222 • [email protected] LINK 171 Huron Avenue • Cambridge, Mass. 02138 VBox 877 • 71 Main Street, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 ECO-FRIENDLY HIDDEN JEWEL MILLENNIuM REAL ESTATE INC. CAMBRIDGE – SOMERVILLE – WINCHESTER, MA BOSTON – BEYOND!

Designed and built with SIGNIFICANT Somerville THOUGHT for the environment and an eco- Urban Oasis – Stunning & spacious 3 bedroom, friendly life style! Nestled in a picturesque area Millennium Real Estate provides Boston- 2.5 bath, garage available for rent. Open floor of Winchester Highlands gives commuters area and MetroWest clients with impeccable plan, gourmet kitchen, dining room, living room, EZ access to Boston via train, bus or highways service and extensive knowledge of the real oversized windows. Private master suite with city in minutes! Main living space 3168+ sq ft plus estate market. Our smaller-sized company views. Steps to Kendall & Inman Squares. 3 level detached carriage barn features full utility gives us a competitive edge over any other capabilities yet keeps original character – opens industry name. Our agents are hand-picked Kim Walker-Chin, MBA endless possibilities of use! A MUST SEE! for experience, customer service and real Realtor® Only $1,349,000!!! estate prudence. We know that our name is 617.817.1593 | [email protected] LORRAINE E.P. MALLOY only as good as our agents. We have a pulse “The Deal is in The Price” c: 617-605-1651 | w: 781-933-7200 | f: 781-933-8231 on the real estate market that ensures you Coldwell Banker [email protected] | www.LorraineMalloy.com make the most informed decisions. Residential Brokerage Paul Zerola, Esq. 171 Huron Avenue 616 Main Street Phone: 617-285-3400 | Fax: 781-899-1330 Cambridge, MA 02138 Woburn, MA 01801 www.millenniumrealestateinc.com www.NewEnglandMoves.com

If you would like to list a property in Harvard Magazine’s September-October issue, celebrating Harvard’s 375th Anniversary, contact Abby Williamson: 617.496.4032.

110702_PremProp_rev.indd 1 6/2/11 12:31 PM tastes and tables Premier Properties GRAND SHINGLE-STYLE John Frye House c 1760 PRIVATE HATCH ROAD RESIDENCE WINCHESTER WATERFRONT RETREAT Rustic Charms Conviviality, slow food, and the freshest herbs around

purée—paired interestingly with the meat. The rich lamb was offset by the next course, a nuanced sweet-pea soup made with a twist of spearmint and goat’s milk, Restored 19th century barn converted to an Historic Landmark just one block from Quintessential 6 BR, 5 B, house & guest house “not as heavy as cream and an earthier elegant single family. Incredibly charming, harbor in Newport’s sought-after Point enjoyed by Mary & Mike Wallace (Brookline filled with character & original period detail. neighborhood. Authentic restoration, native) for decades. Unsurpassed water views, flavor,” Callahan noted. On the side were Elegant entertaining along with comfortable meticulous preservation, and 21st-C viewpoints_envelope_Layout220' private beach, 1 1/6/11 90' dock,4:58 PM manicured Page 1 1.4 A., ravioli filled with barbecued pork and living space. 10 rooms with 6 bedrooms & 3 amenities: wide-board floors, exposed beams, coveted 480 s.f. screened porch, secret garden. chopped cranberries. 6 fireplaces, custom paneling and cabinetry, Not to be missed! Exclusive: $7,800,000 1/2 baths. Secluded country setting on a private Smoked salmon, quick-cured with salt, cul-de-sac. Beautifully landscaped grounds, hand-wrought iron hardware, 6-zone gas heat, separate studio and 2 car garage. Convenient central A/C. 10 rooms, 4 bedrooms, 4.5 baths, sugar, herbs, and citrus, had a nice crusti- 3rd-floor getaway suite. Private courtyard, VIEWPOINTS to transportation, shopping and restaurants. R E A L E S T A T E HISTORIC VINEYARD HAVEN SEA CAPTAIN’S HOME ness and tasted of lavender, thyme, and Exclusively offered at $1,495,000 off-street parking. Offered at $885,000 Bobbi Reed Box 877 | Vineyard Haven, MHistoricA 02568 district 5 BR colonial has harbor peeks , classic sunroom, office /library basil. The fillets came with a Provençal- Barbara Currier Broker, Realtor®, cRS, gRiw/ 1/1/2 baths and large living room with traditional fireplace. Garage attached style stew (barigoule) of artichokes, leeks, [email protected] 401-848-6721 o 508.693.0222 ext 1# Call: 617-593-7070 www.gustavewhite.com to office/apartment. Beautifully updated decor, 3 baths, original hardwood floors, c 508.737.3339 • f 508.693.5888hand detailed woodwork. Newly listed. Exclusive $1,925,000. and fennel mixed with navy beans, celery, [email protected] [email protected] carrots, and a scattering of pea tendrils— (508) 693-0222 • [email protected] LINK BarbaraCurrier.com www.viewpointsmv.com earth and sea combined. Then the small Box 877 • 71 Main Street, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568 171 Huron Avenue • Cambridge, Mass. 02138 V slabs of regionally made artisanal cheeses arrived with a homemade biscuit, a stellar ECO-FRIENDLY HIDDEN JEWEL MILLENNIuM REAL ESTATE INC. CAMBRIDGE – SOMERVILLE – green-tomato jam, and Marcona almonds WINCHESTER, MA BOSTON – BEYOND! encrusted with rosemary and lavender. inner guests at The Herb Ly- night. “Ask me anything you want.” (One (The farm also sells its herbs and jams at arm ceum at Gilson’s Farm are free woman inquired, as the evening and wine- farmers’ markets around Greater Boston.) to wander through the Europe- drinking wore on, if he was married.) Dessert was a coconut and lemon verbe- an-style gardens or the green- In all, about 28 diners sit together Euro- na panna cotta served with spare elegance

eum at gilson’s f gilson’s at c eum D houses filled with lush rosemary, thyme, pean-style at two tables: you are next to on a plate decorated with grapefruit slices and spearmint. Or they can sit out on a strangers if you don’t come with your own and an innovative juniper-berry sauce; the stone terrace with a glass of wine, breath- large party. (Reservations are required.) cutting sweetness merged with the soft ing in the fragrant air, before settling in There is also a BYOB policy, which can chunks of white cream in your mouth. for a $55 prix fixe, six-course meal in the lead to sharing your wine and others’ dur- Sprigs of lemon verbena also graced each Designed and built with SIGNIFICANT Somerville THOUGHT for the environment and an eco- Urban Oasis – Stunning & spacious 3 bedroom, the herb ly o f Courtesy handsome, wood-beamed barn. ing the three-hour meal. People become place setting and could be swirled in one’s friendly life style! Nestled in a picturesque area Millennium Real Estate provides Boston- 2.5 bath, garage available for rent. Open floor Open year-round on Fridays and Satur- chatty, and even loud. Because it’s a self- water glass, creating a delicious scent and of Winchester Highlands gives commuters area and MetroWest clients with impeccable plan, gourmet kitchen, dining room, living room, days, this largely unheralded restaurant is selecting group, most of whom have trav- flavor. At Gilson’s, the focus is on the herbs, EZ access to Boston via train, bus or highways service and extensive knowledge of the real oversized windows. Private master suite with city set amidst a charming, five-acre working eled a good distance to dine in a beautiful not surprisingly, and the subtle art of mix- in minutes! Main living space 3168+ sq ft plus estate market. Our smaller-sized company views. Steps to Kendall & Inman Squares. 3 level detached carriage barn features full utility gives us a competitive edge over any other herb farm in the historic town of Groton, spot, a jolly mood abounds, especially as ing and matching extracted flavors, just as capabilities yet keeps original character – opens industry name. Our agents are hand-picked Kim Walker-Chin, MBA Massachusetts, off Route 2. Proprietor Da- each artfully prepared dish, on a menu a painter dabs to get just the right color. Or, endless possibilities of use! A MUST SEE! for experience, customer service and real Realtor® vid Gilson counseled special-needs kids that changes seasonally, arrives. as Callahan puts it, each course aims to be Only $1,349,000!!! estate prudence. We know that our name is 617.817.1593 | [email protected] before switching to farming in 1989. He vn.p.b. only as good as our agents. We have a pulse “The Deal is in The Price” Callahan’s amuse-bouche was a refreshing “performance art for the palate.” LORRAINE E.P. MALLOY greets guests, emphasizing the kitchen’s Vietnamese spring roll with Gilson’s cilan- c: 617-605-1651 | w: 781-933-7200 | f: 781-933-8231 on the real estate market that ensures you Coldwell Banker [email protected] | www.LorraineMalloy.com make the most informed decisions. Residential Brokerage “slow food” philosophy, then leaves the eve- tro and edible Johnny jump-ups. This was Editor’s note: Groton is also the site of the Paul Zerola, Esq. 171 Huron Avenue ning to chef Paul Callahan. A bouncy young followed by farm-raised Vermont lamb tar- Kalliroscope Gallery, a converted church, 616 Main Street Phone: 617-285-3400 | Fax: 781-899-1330 Cambridge, MA 02138 man, Callahan seems to enjoy hanging out tare, flavored with lemon and thyme. Each that features chamber music, readings, and www.NewEnglandMoves.com Woburn, MA 01801 www.millenniumrealestateinc.com with diners, revealing how the food is pre- accompaniment—rye crou- exhibits, and is owned pared, just as much as cooking it. “I’m your tons, pickled Groton-grown The Herb Lyceum at by Paul Matisse ’54 If you would like to list a property in Harvard Magazine’s September-October issue, personal chef for the evening,” he said one ramps with a spicy Asian Gilson’s Farm (www.harvardmagazine. th celebrating Harvard’s 375 Anniversary, contact Abby Williamson: 617.496.4032. Above: Meals are served at two communal kick, a dollop of tomato- 368 Main Street (Route 119) com/2002/05/pure-fabri- tables in the restored barn. and-mirin sauce, and a bean Groton, Massachusetts cations.html). 978-448-6499 www.gilsonslyceum.com Harvard Magazine 12K

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47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.indd 1 7/27/10 6:42:35 AM BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN 47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.pgs 07.27.2010 06:39 Montage Art, books, diverse creations

15 Fakery and Shakespeare 16 A Baton with Sting 18 Open Book 20 Devoted to Debt 21 Off the Shelf 22 Chapter and Verse

how I got the job…,” he mar- vels), working with authors ranging from Abbie Ho2man to Theodor Seuss Geisel (“Dr. Seuss”). He was also involved with the publisher’s Beginner Books imprint (started by Seuss and his wife, Helen, along with Phyllis Cerf), which published easier-to- read Seuss titles. Then he branched out, ap- plying his facility at writing parodies (honed as an under- graduate on the sta2 of the Christopher Cerf in Harvard Lampoon, his home of!ce in where he and Manhattan, sur- Channel Cer!ng rounded by his books, Michael Frith keyboards, !les, ’01 c o - w r o t e With sound, image, and word, Chris Cerf teaches the basics. screens, and stuffed the James Bond animals by !"#$% &#'()"* p a r o d y b o o k Alligator) at the National Lampoon, which Cerf joined in 3456 as a contributing editor +"$,*-.+)" !)"/ ’01 had author, columnist, and TV panelist on from its first issue (see “Funniest Pages,” laughter in his blood even be- What’s My Line? November-December 7636, page 75). That fore he was born: New Yorker Like his father, the jovial Cerf is a creator same year, he signed on with a fledgling Cfounder Harold Ross intro- in several media. “I’ve found that the most children’s television program, Sesame duced his parents and comically bran- interesting way to go, too,” he says. “To Street—his Beginner Books experience dished a shotgun at their wedding. build on what you learn in one place and came in handy—and to date has composed Those parents would be Phyllis Fraser, use it somewhere else.” His professional more than 766 songs for it. “If you write a onetime Hollywood actress and lat- career also began in his father’s footsteps. four or five songs a year and the show lasts er book editor, and Bennett Cerf, co- For eight years after college, Cerf was an 86 years, you have a huge body of work!” founder of Random House publishers, editor at Random House (“Don’t know he explains. That body of work has earned

Photograph by Robert Adam Mayer H#"9#": M#%#;$<) 13 MONTAGE

“He had the voice down to a T,” Cerf says. “We wrote the paper just like the New York Times, only more so. The Times’s own writers were all available—they were out on strike! Nora Ephron was involved, and Frances FitzGerald [’07] did a book re- view. Nobody slept for four weeks; it was one of the highlights of my profession- al life. Our big terror was that the strike would end and the real Times would start publishing again before we went to press. Luckily it didn’t, and we sold millions of them.” In recent years Cerf has been rolling out his own educational programs under the auspices of Sirius Thinking Ltd., the media company he launched with three partners, including Michael Frith, in 344>. Between the Lions, co-produced with WGBH-TV in Boston, a children’s literacy initiative that Above: A younger Cerf with includes a daily television show, a website, Muppeteer Jim Henson (right) and and print and multimedia components, Muppet Ernie. Left: Cerf and col- premiered on PBS in 7666. It stars a pair league Norman Stiles "ank dog star of lions who live in and run an enchanted Lomax as Cerf holds Delta the cat. Below: Cerf today with characters library. Cerf co-produces and writes songs from Between the Lions for the show, which has won six Emmys. “Sesame Street targets preschoolers, three- to Lampoons,” he explains. (He and five-year-olds, and early fives,” Cerf says. National Lampoon co-founder Hen- “Lions’ sweet spot is pre-kindergarten to ry Beard ’05 have collaborated on first grade: four- to seven-year-olds.” several humorous books, includ- Lomax: The Hound of Music, another Sir- ing The Experts Speak.) His versa- ius project, launched in 766=. It follows tility embraces a 34=5 collabora- Lo max, a good-natured dog hooked on tion with actress/producer Marlo melodies, around the country with his him three Grammys and eight Emmys, for Thomas on Free to Be…A Family (the book/ human and feline compan- both songwriting and producing. record/TV special sequel to Free to Be…You ions, Amy Cerf’s songs include parodies of pop and Me) and Not the New York hits, including Beatles classics like “Let Times, a parody of the Grey It Be” (“Letter B”) and “Hey Jude” (“Hey Lady published during the Food,” sung by the Cookie Monster). As 345= strike that closed down “Bruce Stringbean,” Cerf belted out a the newspaper. Co-conspir- send-up of The Boss’s “Born in the U.S.A.” ators on the latter, among that featured various farm animals mak- his “most enjoyable adven- ing sundry sounds while getting along tures,” included George Plimp-

famously, a lesson in diversity called “Barn ton ’8=, editor/writer Rusty CERF CHRISTOPHER OF COURTESY PHOTOGRAPHS in the USA.” Sesame Street puppet-meister Unger, and writer/sati- Jim Henson even created a stu2ed char- rist Tony Hendra. acter based on Cerf: the piano-banging The group dis- lead singer of “Little Chrissy and the covered that the Alphabeats.” (Cerf’s rock-piano style, Toledo Blade used which owes much to Jerry Lee Lewis, is the same type- energetic enough to fracture a keyboard faces as the Times occasionally.) and was willing For some years Cerf headed Sesame to print the parody, Street’s “non-broadcast division,” which and the Washing ton spun o2 educational products like books Post’s Carl Bern- and records from the show. “Sesame uses stein agreed to all the media, just like we did on both write the lead story.

14 J?&@ - A?%?,* 2011 M ONTAGE

and Delta, as they scout out folk songs you can do, so we just had to use it,” Cerf people like two-time Grammy-winning and teach viewers about musicality and notes. He and his Sirius colleague Norman guitarist Larry Campbell. The program America’s musical heritage. The peda- Stiles visited Anna Lomax, the musicolo- has aired on about half the PBS stations in gogy draws on the ideas of twentieth- gist’s daughter, to ask permission to use the country, but depended on a one-time century Hungarian composer Zoltán the family name. As they explained the grant from the Bingham Trust and, Cerf Kodály, who advocated “using folk mu- show’s concept of a roaming puppet dog says, “in this environ- sic to teach music,” Cerf explains. “Folk obsessed with tunes, “She just sat there ment, it’s kind of hard songs are a great way to teach young looking blankly at us, and we thought we to find millions of dol- Visit harvardmag.com/ children—they’ve got lots of repetition, were in more and more trouble the more lars to keep making extras for video and audio of Cerf’s work. and call-and-response.” we said,” Cerf recalls. “Then she said, ‘You new episodes.” Should The dog star’s namesake is, of course, guys are crazy—you’re nuts! But I love it!’” those millions turn up, we’ll not have Alan Lomax ’18, who unearthed and re- Lomax doesn’t do “kiddie music.” “We heard the last of Lomax, but if not, it’s safe corded much of America’s folk music, and got the best bluegrass and folk musicians to say that Chris Cerf will find something “‘Hound of Music’ is about as bad a pun as we could possibly find,” Cerf explains— else—or 36 other things—to do.

Shakespeare play unearthed by his father, a con man whose unsuccessful track re- Fakery and Shakespeare cord has landed him in jail more often than not. Convinced that the play is his father’s A con man, his son, and a fiction on two levels final con—a sophisticated forgery meant to make good on his life’s goal of adding < ,-') !$"!&),, the debate still rag- missing something or that everybody who “to the world’s store of wonder and magic, es about who Shakespeare really was: was telling me I was missing something disorder, confusion, possibility”—Phillips A mere actor? A pseudonymous earl? was missing something,” he explains. “I uses the introduction to challenge the I Rival playwright Christopher Mar- love a lot of it, but somehow that’s not play’s genuineness. Along the way, his lowe? The novelist Arthur Phillips ’46 is enough for a lot of people.” introduction gradually morphs into a not typically listed among the contend- The Tragedy of Arthur plays an elaborate confessional memoir as he becomes in- ers but, with The Tragedy of Arthur (Ran- game with the reader. A narrator named creasingly “addicted to the pleasures of dom House), he has briefly thrown his Arthur Phillips, who bears an uncanny re- self-revelation.” hat into the ring. semblance to the author—he has written Except that the life he recounts is only Structured, Pale Fire-like, as a lengthy novels called Prague and The Egyptologist and glancingly autobiographical. The real introduction to a newly discovered went to Harvard—is under contract to Phillips’s father is distinctly not a con Shakespeare play, the novel concludes with write an introduction to an unpublished man. “Conservative, lawyer, bow-tied,” a full five-act play in impeccable iambic pentameter written by Phillips himself. Phillips presented the play to a handful of Arthur Phillips scholars and theater companies before let- ting them in on the joke—and managed to persuade a few of them of its authenticity along the way. (One company regretfully declined, its managers said, not because they didn’t believe it was Shakespeare, but because their line-up was booked through 7631.) Phillips won instant acclaim with his first novel Prague (7667), about expats adrift, ironically, in Budapest, the less glamorous of the two post-Iron Curtain capitals. The Tragedy of Arthur is no less funny and no less mischievous than his previous four novels, but takes up an especially rig- orous line of questioning: Why are we so inclined to worship Shakespeare? Phillips seems to take the question personally. “I’ve read Shakespeare since I was a kid and I liked some of it, but I always felt that ei-

ther I was missing something or he was BARBI REED

H#"9#": M#%#;$<) 15 MONTAGE says the son, succinctly. bit in a lot of things.” he began, to laughter, and then refused to Phillips is happily mar- Like English royalty. break character for the better part of an ried to a Pilates instructor “By the time I was in fifth hour, insisting that his novel was every bit named Jan, not divorced grade I had memorized the true story it claims to be. He read from from a former Czech mod- all the English monarchs one of its comic high points, a scene in el named Jana. And he has from Egbert through which Arthur absconds with Heidi, a fel- definitely never seduced Elizabeth II,” he recalls. low Shakespeare-skeptic from Germany. his twin sister’s girlfriend; He studied medieval his- “Old King Hamlet’s ghost just walked by! he doesn’t have a twin. tory at Harvard, hoping Also, wait, don’t get yourself excited about In person, Phillips for a chance to wield this this, though, because first let’s talk about comes across as far more knowledge, but the pro- the Norwegian army for an hour first,” he sympathetic than his gram wasn’t for him. “We exclaimed excitedly in Heidi’s Teutonic self-pitying fictional alter never talked about any of accent. ego. Slender, verging on the kings, we never got to It’s not that Phillips isn’t a Shakespeare gaunt, with icy blue eyes, talk about sword-fight- enthusiast—it would require years to he is at once soft-spoken and command- ing,” he recalls. “All we talked about was imitate the Bard’s verse so well—but he ingly charming. Unlike many novelists, he climate change in the fourteenth century finds that the mythology surrounding the doesn’t seem loath to think of himself as and what that did to the labor supply and playwright obscures the more workaday an entertainer. “One of the rules I set for how the potatoes….” He trails o2. Luckily, realities of being a writer: Shakespeare myself about 3> years ago was, ‘Sit down with The Tragedy of Arthur, he’s been able was just a guy writing on deadline like every day and try to have fun or amuse to put his knowledge of English kings to everyone else. What if, 866 years from yourself or entertain yourself or don’t good use. now, he suggests as an analogy, the only worry about anything other than holding At a recent reading at the Harvard Book television writer known from our era was your own attention, and if you can’t do Store, he launched into a deadpan pre- Sopranos creator David Chase? that, there’s no point to this,’” he says. This sentation of The Most Excellent and Tragical !#')&$# #*&#, pursuit of amusement accounts, perhaps, Historie of Arthur, King of Britain, for the variety of Phillips’s career track: the play at the end of the Sarah Hicks before turning to fiction, he had stints as new novel. “The best place a child actor, a jazz musician, and five-time to start when dealing with winner on Jeopardy. “Maybe it’s the Jeopardy a possible Shakespeare play thing,” he surmises. “I’m interested a little is probably my childhood,” A Baton with Sting Conductor Sarah Hicks spans Prokofiev and the Police. by :#9$: ')

:)!#:) $<*- her career as a was amazed that Hicks was conductor, Sarah Hicks ’41 enough of a fan to know the had “the first of two turning words to his songs. Once A points.” She was conducting Folds saw her singing along a Minnesota Orchestra program fea- during rehearsal, he re- turing the group Pink Martini, the first laxed—and Hicks realized pops show she’d ever done (see “Stirred, that such crossover ventures Shaken, and Sung,” January-February could be a way to pursue two 766=, page 35). Some classical musicians passions: her work, and the look at such work as slumming, but music she listened to when Hicks found it a revelation: “I thought, not working. “Few people ‘Wait a second. This is legitimate, well with my background and written, evocative. I’m having fun, the training” attempt this, she orchestra’s having fun. What’s not to explains. “Most pops conduc-

like?’” tors are arrangers who fell SYMPHONY CAROLINA NORTH THE OF COURTESY The second turning point came with into conducting and probably her second pops show, conducting the aren’t classically trained. But I have a com- to Curtis, so I’ve got the classical training.” music of singer/pianist Ben Folds, who position degree from Harvard and I went That made Hicks the perfect choice

16 J?&@ - A?%?,* 2011 M ONTAGE for her latest crossover coup, conducting Sting’s Symphonicity tour on 16 European dates this summer. The show features or- chestrated versions of songs from through- out Sting’s career, both solo and with the Police. “The Sting tour is a true marriage of both worlds,” Hicks says. “Presenting his music in this way makes it di2erent, changes the whole nature of what he’s written. That’s a reason to do crossover projects. It shouldn’t be one thing support- ing another. You’re trying to make some- thing new.” Born in her mother’s native country, Japan, Hicks grew up mostly in Hawaii as a child-prodigy pianist, playing music rather than leading it. When she devel- oped chronic tendonitis as a teenager, she thought Sarah Hicks conducting her music career was ELGESON the Minnesota H

over. It hurt too much to REG

Orchestra G play the piano, and her fa- ther found her crying in her room one day. her instructor if she could give conduct- says. “I was hooked.” At Harvard, though His advice: “Stop crying. You can still hold ing a try. He handed over his baton and she specialized in composition because of a stick.” She switched to the viola, because disappeared for 76 minutes. “That gave music department requirements—her se- it was less painful to play, and joined the me enough time to conduct the first move- nior thesis, The AIDS Oratorio, set poetry high-school orchestra. One day she asked ment of Dvorak’s Eighth Symphony,” she and prose written by people with AIDS

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H#"9#": M#%#;$<) 17 MONTAGE

to music—she recalls having “a fantastic There is no more powerful gambit time conducting: so many groups to work OPEN BOOK in contemporary political rhetoric with, doing things like opera and musical than resorting to “common sense,” to theater.” principles grounded in the sentiments Hicks’s current posts with the ( U n ) c o m m o n of “the people.” But it is not evident Minnesota Orchestra (principal conduc- why this is so, nor how it came to be. tor of pops and presentations), North Sophia Rosenfeld, Ph.D. ’96, associate Carolina Symphony (associate conduc- Sense professor of history at the University tor), and Curtis Institute of Music (sta2 of Virginia, has dug deeply into this conductor) keep her busy with works fertile ground. Readers can draw contemporary resonances. This excerpt is from from both the classical and modern the introduction to her book, Common Sense: A Political History (Harvard, $29.95). canon. Between those responsibilities and endeavors such as Symphonicity, her Hot things can burn you. Two plus and thus opposed to the rulership of schedule can be mind-boggling. A typical two make four. Seeing is believing. Blue kings. We have no reason, even now, workday involves rehearsals, studying mu- is different from black. A leopard can- to accept this pairing of common sense sic she’ll conduct next week, writing an not change its spots. If I am writing these and republican governance as anything arrangement she’ll conduct next month, words, I exist. more than wishful thinking or a rhetori- and working on a contract for an event There are many reasons not to write cal masterstroke on the part of Paine. next year. a book about common sense, especially For most of history, and indeed even in Arranging is her professional specialty, if you happen to be a historian. For one, North America in early 1776, the oppo- with a special emphasis on pop/classical common sense is, by de!nition, ahistorical site was surely the case; the direct rule of projects. One recent work was an “’=6s- terrain. In modern parlance, we sometimes the people was deemed an obvious recipe themed show” (“the 34=6s, not the 3==6s,” use common sense to mean the for disorder, instability, and worse. she quips) that takes the likes of Dexy’s basic human faculty that lets us It is worth noticing, though, that Midnight Runners and Cyndi Lauper make elemental judgments ever since the appearance of into the classical world. “I think it’s a about everyday matters Common Sense, Paine’s fa- more interesting process than conducting based on everyday, real- mous call to arms of that something for the fiftieth time,” she says. world experience…. fateful year, Americans in “I branch out into everything I can. The Other times we mean particular, but ultimately future of classical music has to be more the widely shared and exponents of democ- inclusive than it’s been in the past, and seemingly self-evident racy everywhere, have that’s part of my vision for myself. I want conclusions drawn from paid enormous lip ser- to work until I retire, and I don’t intend this faculty, the truisms vice to the epistemologi- to retire until I die. We shouldn’t just be about which all sensible cal value of the collective, playing the great classical composers. Arts people agree…. everyday, instinctive judg- organizations have a curatorial responsi- If that is not problem ments of ordinary people. bility, yes, but they also have to serve the enough, the tenets of com- This is particularly true when community—and survive. Those go hand mon sense are ostensibly so it comes to matters of public in hand. Now we’re scrambling to become banal, so taken for granted, that Thomas life.…Trust in common sense— relevant. This is a conversation we should they generally go without saying.… Paine meaning both the shared faculty of have been having generations ago.” Moreover, when historians do con- discernment and those few fundamental, With a foot in both the pop and classi- sider common sense, they generally do inviolable principles with which everyone cal worlds, Hicks is just the person to lead so from a position of hostility: it is what is acquainted and everyone agrees—has, the discussion. Some years ago, she was social scientists see as their professional in the context of contemporary demo- briefly in a garage band with other classi- obligation to work against.… cratic politics, itself become commonsen- cal musicians. And even though she claims There is a good reason, however, why sical. Politics has been recast (no matter not to be much of a singer, Hicks was the historians might well want to pause and the growing complexity of the world we lead vocalist because, she says, “There’s re"ect on the history of common sense inhabit) as the domain of simple, quotidian something therapeutic about screaming itself, including its evolving content, determinations and basic moral precepts, into a microphone. meanings, uses, and effects. That reason of truths that should be self-evident to all. “Part of me always wanted to be a rock is the centrality of the very idea of com- …How did this come to be? How— star, which is why I’m attracted to the mon sense to modern political life and, and with what lingering consequenc- kind of projects I do,” she admits. “I find especially, to democracy. es—did common sense develop its it satisfying to be onstage with my hair Consider for a moment Thomas Paine’s special relationship in modern times down, in four-inch heels and sequined eighteenth-century boast that common with the kind of popular rule that we tank top—and I dare you to find any sense is !rmly on the side of the people call democracy? other conductor who regularly performs

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS OF LIBRARY in that—listening to a standing ovation.”

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ARE THE NEXT GENERATION OF PREEMINENT EDUCATORS,

SCIENTISTS, ARTISTS, AND CIVIC AND BUSINESS LEADERS

 ’   ’,  ’  Research has the power to yield new ideas for relieving suffering in the world. 3at concept inspired Chris Pascucci ’84 and his wife, Silvana ’83, JD ’86, to create an endowed fellowship for Harvard graduate students working on their dissertations—especially in fields that benefit society, such as microfinance and community building. “We wanted to help them explore their passions and pur- sue research that could greatly improve the lives of disadvantaged people everywhere,” says Chris. 3e couple is excited to see how their gift will translate into hope for people who need solutions.

To read more, please visit www.alumni.harvard.edu/stories/pascucci.    ’ History and business have long fascinated John Carey PhD ’79. After earning a doctorate in history from Harvard, John chose to ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE develop his financial skills and join Pioneer Investments, where he has managed the Pioneer Fund for many years. But his shift in career ambitions has not stopped him from helping others pursue their scholarly dreams in the humanities. John and his late wife, Harriet Stolmeier Carey ’74, chose to support a PhD student in Support the history through an immediate-use gift to the Graduate School Fund Fellows Program. “I was a scholarship and fellowship student myself from college on, and I’ve always felt it was important to give back,” he says. “It’s a kind of social contract between generations.”

To read more, please visit www.alumni.harvard.edu/stories/carey.

PHOTO CREDITS PASCUCCIS: GORDON M. GRANT; CAREY: COURTESY OF JOHN CAREY

110719_AAD_full.indd 1 6/2/11 1:04 PM MONTAGE

profitability was not, he writes, the result of a sinister cabal or conniving scoundrels, Devoted to Debt but rather of countless choices that lie at the heart of a market economy. “The same banal The American love a!air with credit—and the new realities of investment decisions—where can this dol- economic constraint and income inequality lar get the greatest return?” that “produced our nation’s wealth-producing farms and factories also produced our omnipresent by <#,666 of mortgage, credit-card, or Microsoft. Although business owners historically I and other forms of debt—a huge sum, In Debtor Nation: The History of America in extended informal loans to their cus- but less (because of the recession) than Red Ink, Louis Hyman, Ph.D., ’65, recon- tomers, Hyman explains, most did so the figure for the third quarter of 766=, structs the history of personal debt in reluctantly. Recordkeeping was cumber- when the average family owed more modern America. This is a fascinating, some. Butchers, bakers, and candlestick- than D37>,666 to financial institutions important, and at times ominous story. It makers lacked information about a given and other organizations. This enor- begins around 3435, when personal indebt- customer’s finances, and few had excess mous ocean of red ink has become big, edness existed at the fringes of the econo- capital to tie up in such loans. In the early big business. In both the go-go years of my, the province of struggling merchants 3466s, only self-financed companies such 7660 and 7665, for example, the nation’s and loan sharks, and ends in our own time, as Sears, Roebuck when personal debt has become a cor- or Singer Sewing Louis Hyman, Ph.D. ’65, nerstone of economic and capital- Machine could Debtor Nation: The His- market activity, and the center of a2ord to o2er in- tory of America in Red Ink the recent financial crisis. stallment-buying (Princeton, D1>) How did petty, scattered loans plans—and even to workers become transformed, they generally lost money on such loans, as Hyman writes, into “one of making the losses up on larger volumes American capitalism’s most sig- and the economies of scale that powered nificant products, extracted and their business models. traded as if debt were just another In the 3476s, however, lending practices commodity, as real as steel?” He and attitudes began to change. One fac- answers these questions by o2er- tor behind this shift was the emergence ing a (generally) careful analysis of the finance company, which first ap- of the evolution of modern lend- peared in the automobile industry, to ing practices—from installment help dealers fund their inventories and loans to universal credit cards to later, to help customers who could not mortgage-backed securities. pay cash for a car. Over time, some of these Corporations, commercial banks, companies began diversifying, buying up and government agencies, he ar- the consumer debt of refrigerator, radio, gues, played vital roles in creating vacuum-cleaner, and other appliance our “debtor nation”; so, too, did manufacturers. financial- The breadth and magnitude of fi- product in- nance operations spread quickly, help- novation and ing power both the mass production of the evolution durable goods and their consumption by of debt mar- millions of American families. By the end kets. In di2erent of the decade, companies such as General ways at di2erent Motors and General Electric had absorbed moments, these retail finance as a core aspect of their busi- factors greatly nesses, and installment credit had spread increased the profit- throughout the retail world. Not surpris- ability of consumer ingly, collective attitudes toward credit lending during the began to shift. By the eve of World War II, twentieth century a quarter of American families were using and into the twenty- installment loans to buy cars and other first. This growing consumer durables.

20 J?&@ - A?%?,* 2011 Illustration by Miguel Davilla M ONTAGE

more destructive leveraged buy- and shapes, world culture—but the move- out of the Tribune Company, dur- ment is reciprocal, as Pells, professor of Off the Shelf ing troubled times for journalism. history at the University of Texas at Aus- Useful background on the Nieman tin, comprehensively demonstrates in this Recent books with Harvard connections Foundation’s new curator, Ann Ma- scholarly work. For instance, he notes, rie Lipinski (see page 59), another Aaron Copland, D.Mus. ’61, George Constitutional Redemption: Politi- Tribune veteran (and casualty). Gershwin, and Leonard Bernstein ’39, cal Faith in an Unjust World, by Jack M. Balkin ’78, J.D. ’81 (Harvard, $35). The Nancy Holt: Sight- author, a professor at Yale Law School, lines, edited by Alena J. turns from questions of constitutional Williams ’98 (California, theory and judicial review to public atti- $49.95). A young curator tudes toward the “constitutional project,” (still a doctoral student and explores and critiques the “Great at Columbia) presents, Progressive Narrative” that underlies with others, a compre- Americans’ story about their basic law. hensive look at the work of a monumental sculp- Big-Time Sports in American Uni- tor (Sun Tunnels) and in- versities, by Charles T. Clotfelter, Ph.D. stallation artist who has ’74 (Cambridge, $29). Now a professor of also worked in photog- economics, public policy, and law at Duke, raphy, video, and film. Clotfelter takes advantage of that venue to explore his subject. Commercial athletics, Near Andersonville:

he finds, has become a core function of the Winslow Homer’s Winslow Homer, Dressing for the universities that host it—a fact “as unre- Civil War, by Peter H. Wood ’64, Ph.D. Carnival, 1877, one of the paintings NY markable to most adults who were raised ’72 (Harvard, $18.95). A close reading examined in Near Andersonville ESOURCE, in this country as it must surely be strange of a rediscovered Civil War painting by D.Mus. ’67, followed Picasso, Duchamp, R RT to a first-time visitor from abroad.” Homer reveals deep meanings about the and Stravinsky in “intermingling elements A RT/ con"ict, slavery, and race—from an en- from high and low culture, combining the A The Sorcerer’s Apprentices: A Sea- slaved black’s perspective. The Nathan I. sacred and the profane.” USEUM OF USEUM son in the Kitchen at Ferran Adrià’s Huggins Lectures, delivered by the profes- M elBulli, by Lisa Abend, A.M. ’93, G ’99 sor of history emeritus at Duke. A Reforming People: Puritanism and (Free Press, $26). A journalistic look be- the Transformation of Public Life in ETROPOLITAN ETROPOLITAN hind the scenes at the famous restaurant Strange New Worlds: The Search New England, by David D. Hall ’58, M HE T whose proprietor inspired the School of for Alien Planets and Life beyond Bartlett Research Professor of New Eng- © Engineering and Applied Sciences’ recent Our Solar System, by Ray Jayawardha- land church history (Knopf, $29.95). We cooking class. You, too, can learn how to na Ph.D. ’00 (Princeton, $24.95). A read- think of our Puritan forebears as, well… plate the artichoke rose. ily accessible account of the increasingly Puritan, conservative. In fact, the found- successful search for other planets, by a ers of New England created “churches, Reasoning from Race: Feminism, University of Toronto astrophysicist (and civil governments, and a code of laws” Law, and the Civil Rights Revolution, 2011-12 Radcliffe Institute fellow). that marked them as “the most advanced by Serena Mayeri ’97 (Harvard, $39.95). reformers of the Anglo-colonial world.” An examination of the connections be- Divine Art, Infernal Machine, by Eliza- tween race and sex equality, civil rights beth L. Eisenstein, Ph.D. ’53 (Pennsylvania, The People’s Republic of China at and feminism—from Jim Crow to “Jane $45). A history, for our digital age, of the 60, edited by William C. Kirby, Chang Crow”—by an assistant professor of law ambivalent attitudes toward printing and professor of China studies and Spangler and history at the University of Pennsyl- printers, beginning with the conflation of Family professor of business administra- vania Law School. Mayeri was a Ledecky Gutenberg’s partner, Johann Fust, with tion (Harvard Asia Center/Harvard Uni- Undergraduate Fellow at this magazine. the necromancer “Doctor” Johann Georg versity Press, $29.95 paper). Conference Faustus. The author is professor of history proceedings featuring a stellar lineup of The Deal from Hell, by James O’Shea emerita at the University of Michigan. expert China scholars (many from Har- Harvard Kennedy School Fellow ’86 (Pub- vard’s faculties) on the country that has, licAffairs, $28.99). The former managing Modernist America: Art, Music, for example, been on an increasingly ac- editor of the Chicago Tribune and editor of Movies, and the Globalization of celerated march from 83 percent rural the Los Angeles Times details the disastrous American Culture, by Richard Pells, (in 1949) to two-thirds urban within the merger of those enterprises, and the even Ph.D. ’69 (Yale, $35). America exports, foreseeable future, with all that entails.

H#"9#": M#%#;$<) 21 MONTAGE

The making of national mortgage mar- to consumers in the form of charge cards. ues, “borrowed their mortgages, financed kets was a second key development—the Merchants and manufacturers quickly their cars, and charged their clothes.” Be- result of government initiatives intended recognized the resulting benefit: in the tween 3456 and 3454, the amount of debt to expand home ownership and thus mid 34>6s, to take one example, the Boston outstanding tripled as buying and bor- jump-start construction during the Store in Fort Dodge, Iowa, calculated that rowing became “thoroughly entangled.” Great Depression. At the center of New the average revolving-account customer Hyman notes several times that the Deal programs like the Federal Housing bought 07 percent more than the average growth of credit between 3406 and 34=6 Administration (FHA) was a new instru- cash customer. occurred against the backdrop of large- ment that enabled borrowers to repay scale economic change. As the U.S. econ- their home loans with a long-term mort- T+) ."-&$/)"#*$-< of all this credit and omy transitioned from manufacturing to gage. This innovation was a decisive break the dependence it engendered—on the service provision—and, one might add, as from older, prevalent forms of mortgages part of both businesses and households— stagflation and increased global competi- by which borrowers took out loans for had important consequences. Most no- tion challenged historically high levels three to five years and paid back some or ticeably, it helped fuel material prosper- of national prosperity—income inequal- all of the principal within that time, refi- ity for millions of middle-class consumers ity grew rapidly and the future of middle- nancing or rolling over the balance when who could not otherwise have attained class incomes, upon which so much of the the loan came due. (The bank that had the trappings of “the good life” for which postwar credit expansion had been predi- issued the loan could choose whether to higher-income consumers paid cash. For cated, became much less stable. In this renew the mortgage when the note came most households, “credit had become an context, the logic of borrowing against due.) The stock market crash brought entitlement.” Homebuyers, Hyman contin- those future incomes “began to unravel.” such lending to a halt as nervous investors and bankers pulled their capital from the mortgage market, making refinancing im- possible for many homeowners and trig- C hapter & Verse gering a wave of foreclosures. Correspondence on not-so-famous lost words The FHA aimed to guide private capital into a new, government-enabled mar- ket for home lending; public guarantees Jessica Pierce asks whether anyone can Willow,” with the refrain, “We’re with would undergird privately issued long- identify the origin of the expression “to it, we’re with it, we’re with it.” term mortgages that would be amortized die like an animal.” as buyers paid back both principal and “What was Karl Marx but Macauley interest. If a buyer defaulted, the insur- More queries from the archive: with his heels in the air?” (May-June). ance program would repay the principal A description of nationalism as “the Dan Rosenberg located this remark by to the lender. Interest rates were regulated religion of an extremely high percentage William Butler Yeats, !rst requested in at levels below > percent. Lenders’ profits of mankind an extremely high percent- the March-April 1995 issue, in the poet’s were assured because virtually all risk had age of the time.” collection On the Boiler, in the essay “To- been transferred to the government. “Good men and bad men/Lying in morrow’s Revolution” (part iv, page 19), These and other New Deal policies their graves—/Which were the good (Cuala Press, Dublin, 1939). helped increase home ownership and men/And which were the knaves?” revive the construction industry: in 3410, An original source for the motto “What her rugged soil denies/The almost a half-billion dollars was lent in “Adopt, adapt, and adept.” harvest of the mind supplies” (May- FHA-guaranteed mortgages; by 3414, “If it is a university, it cannot be Cath- June). Andre Mayer and Dan Rosenberg about D8 billion in insured mortgages and olic; if it is Catholic, it cannot be a uni- tracked this reference from the March- home improvement loans were issued. versity.” April 1995 issue to the “sweet New Eng- As mortgage practices changed, Hyman “The scent of woodsmoke in an April land poet” John Greenleaf Whittier. The writes, “the stigma of mortgage indebted- lane…” poem, titled “Our State” on page 114 ness receded over the course of the 3416s.” A poem in which the poet (Robert of the Complete Poetical Words of John In the 3486s and 34>6s, the growth of Graves?) points with pride to his vol- Greenleaf Whittier (1884), is described revolving credit laid the groundwork for umes of prose but will not say why he elsewhere as “Originally entitled ‘Dedi- the modern credit card. Revolving credit, wrote them, lest he commit the absur- cation of a School-house.’ It was writ- in which buyers pay back a given amount dity of the man who bred cats because ten for the dedication services of a new over time with interest but without a spe- he loved dogs so much (or bred dogs school building in Newbury, Mass.” cific end date, emerged in retailers’ e2orts because he loved cats). to avoid World War II-related restrictions Who coined the phrase “the moving Send inquiries and answers to “Chapter on installment lending. During and after edge”? and Verse,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware the war, department stores and other busi- A musical satire on trendy clergymen, Street, Cambridge 02138, or via e-mail nesses hustled to protect their sales, issu- to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan’s “Tit to [email protected]. ing an increasing volume of revolving debt

22 J?&@ - A?%?,* 2011 M ONTAGE Income inequality grew rapidly and the profits to everyone else in the form of credit-card debt and mortgage-backed future of middle-class incomes, upon which securities? “American capitalism,” he concludes, “is America, and we can so much of the postwar credit expansion had choose together to submit to it, or rise to its challenges, making what we will been predicated, became much less stable. of its possibilities.” Hyman has written a hefty book on an The last chapters of the book examine gap between the American reality and the important subject. One closes its covers how issuers, households, and govern- American Dream, but without rising real more knowledgeable and more thoughtful ment dealt with debt in an increasingly wages the debts remained.” about the role of credit and our current insecure economy. Hyman’s explanation of The result of almost a century of fi- economy. But such understanding does the origins of mortgage-backed securities nancial innovation, intermittent govern- not come cheap. The dense chapters and in the late 3406s, the collateralization of ment policymaking, and increased real sparse, at times inconsistent, statistics these assets, and the advent of subprime borrowing by households is our cur- make high demands on the reader. And lending reads like an eerie prelude to the rent economy—critically dependent on Hyman’s reconstruction of complex finan- 766= financial crisis. So does the history of credit in a volatile world. “The relative cial history, though incisive, would have home-equity loans, which consumers used danger of relying on consumer credit to been stronger with additional attention to fund not only what they bought but drive the economy,” Hyman observes, to how consumers viewed the tentacular also the credit-card debt (and attendant “remains a macroeconomic puzzle to growth of credit in their lives. But despite interest rates) they incurred when they be solved.” Will we invest the profits these shortcomings, this is a book well originally purchased all kinds of goods from borrowing productively to create worth your time and energy. and services. For their part, legislators jobs and sustainable purchasing power and other policymakers (like the Federal on the part of most households? Or will Historian Nancy F. Koehn is Robison professor of Reserve) consistently “pushed credit to we distribute economic returns to a business administration. Her most recent book is rectify income inequality. Credit,” Hyman small number of Americans at the top The Story of American Business: From the writes, “appeared to close the material of the food chain and then lend those Pages of the New York Times.

The smart place to stay.

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H#"9#": M#%#;$<) 23 Restaurants Rampant Dining out is surging— yet there are reservations.

by Craig Lambert

! "##$, %&''(! ()'*+ appeared on the cover of cepts reservation requests. (Adrià has announced that elBulli will the New York Times Magazine, becoming only the second close on August ,, to reopen in "#,1 as a creativity center.) Spaniard, after Salvador Dalí, to do so. Like Dalí, Adrià Deploying elements like liquid nitrogen, Adrià shatters cook- is both an artist and a kind of surrealist. His restau- ing conventions and analyzes recipes with an exactitude that ri- rant, elBulli, on the Costa Brava north of Barcelona, vals science. (In fact, after a "##0 guest lecture at Harvard, this has attracted every honor a chef could hope for. In proponent of “molecular gastronomy” signed an agreement for a ,--. Guide Michelin awarded it a three-star rating, mak- collaboration with Harvard physicists and engineers—see “The ing it then only the third such restaurant in Spain. Harvard Center for Gastrophysics?” March-April "##-, page ,$— (There are only -/ Michelin three-star restaurants in which led to an undergraduate course on the science of cooking.) the world today, and just nine in the United States.) The industry His work has intrigued other scholars as well. Consumer-be- Ibenchmark, Restaurant Magazine, declared elBulli the top restaurant havior specialist Michael Norton, associate professor of busi- in the world a record five times between "##" and "##-. ness administration, wrote (with Julian Villanueva and Luc Wa- Open just six months a year—Adrià and his colleagues devote thieu) “elBulli: The Taste of Innovation,” a "##0 Harvard Business their annual “downtime” to creating an entirely new menu—el- School teaching case on Adrià’s eatery. “High-end consumers are Bulli seats only 0,### diners annually. Yet a reported two million interested in eating as an experience,” Norton explains. “There’s e-mails flood in on the single October day that the restaurant ac- a rise in top restaurants that cater to people wanting not just a

24 J234 - A25267 2011 Photograph by Nico Kai/Iconica/Getty Images great steak, but outlandish food, something that no one else in the still be a six- or eight-ounce hunk of animal protein in the cen- world o8ers. For wealthy people, this is part of a broader trend, ter of the plate and some token vegetables. I want a maximum of a shift from buying stu! to buying experiences: travel, instead of big three ounces of meat or fish and at least 0# percent of my meal cars. At elBulli, the food is extraordinary but the experience is to be plant foods. Entrées are never less than ="< anymore, and I even more extraordinary.” often end up feeling I had way too much salt. Insecure chefs salt That experience starts a year before the meal, when a diner up the food—I’ve had to send =$# plates back because the food wins the lottery and receives a reservation, “so you have a year was so salty that I found it inedible. It just doesn’t feel that honest of anticipation,” says Norton, who has dined there. From Barce- to me; the creativity is a little too fraught. There’s a lot of ego on lona, there’s a two-hour drive through sparsely populated moun- that plate. tains—“You can get lost,” he reports. On arrival, Adrià person- “I used to eat out a lot, and now I eat out very, very little,” she ally greets his guests, who receive a guided tour of the kitchen, continues. “Eating a good, simple, home-cooked meal is almost al- which is larger than the dining area. “Then you sit down and have ways my preference. Every now and then I think, ‘I’ll give it an- this amazing, crazy meal,” Norton says. “You drive back late at other chance’—and then I do, and it confirms that I don’t want to night—and tell people about it for the rest of your life.” keep doing this. If I’d eaten at home it would have been healthier, Adrià has little interest in preparing the world’s best bouil- simpler, and way more what I want it to be.” labaisse; what would interest him might be turning the ingredi- ents of bouillabaisse into a pyramid of foam that tastes exactly Moms with Menus like bouillabaisse should. He has served ravioli made of transpar- 9& 6*>?3& %(@7, though, is that Americans are eating ent agar-agar jelly rather than pasta, putting the filling on view. more of their meals away from home. The National Res- For the “nitro caipirinha” cocktail, a waiter trundles in a trolley Ttaurant Association reports that the fraction of Americans’ with liquid nitrogen (at -,-/ degrees Celsius), which precedes the food budgets spent in restaurants has about doubled since ,-<<, cocktail into the drinking vessel and instantly freezes it to a sor- from "< to 1- percent. Restaurant industry sales have zoomed up bet: the guest then eats the cocktail with a spoon, before it melts. from =1".< billion in ,-.# to an anticipated =/#1 billion this year: ElBulli may be the apotheosis of restaurant dining as a form adjusted for inflation, a ".<-fold increase. of theater: foodstu8s become the raw material of art, not nutri- Those restaurant meals are in large measure replacing home- tion. The eating experience decouples itself almost entirely from cooked ones—a transformation that a8ects our health, weight, food’s functional attributes: sustenance, nourishment, health. finances, and family lives. Yet “home-cooked” retains an irreduc- Though the food is unquestionably delicious, even the sensations ible cachet; its positive associations are so strong that restaurant of taste and texture may knuckle under to the goals of displaying menus often tout “home-cooked” items that are, of course, noth- the chefs’ imaginations and startling the diner with a meal’s origi- ing of the sort. nality. “Creativity comes first,” Adrià says, in Norton’s case study. “Professionally cooked” is becoming the norm. “There’s a con- “Then comes the customer.” vergence of factors,” says Walter Willett, Stare professor of epide- miology and nutrition and chairman of the department of nutri- Entrées and Ego tion at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). “Americans 9& ():&!7 ;% celebrity chefs and cooking-as-entertain- are more time-pressured than before and most families have two ment have influenced the way people eat in restaurants, people working outside the house—there isn’t somebody at home “T and made chefs a lot more self-conscious,” says Mollie who has time to shop and prepare meals. As real wages have gone Katzen, the Berkeley, California-based author of the Moosewood down, Americans have maintained a fairly flat family income by Cookbook, who is something of a celebrity chef herself, having putting another person into the workforce, and that’s cut down hosted cooking shows on television and sold more than six mil- on discretionary time in a major way.” lion cookbooks under ,< di8erent titles. “It’s not that I don’t enjoy “I have friends in their forties who grew up right at the height a good meal in a restaurant—I do. But with chefs trying to make of Mom never being in the kitchen,” says Katzen, who co-wrote names for themselves—it’s so competitive—a lot of times it’s Eat, Drink, and Weigh Less ("##/) with Willett. “They didn’t see their about trying to be clever, rather than just trying to be delicious. I mothers in the kitchen in any meaningful way—it wasn’t an inte- had a meal the other day in a new restaurant here that’s getting a gral part of life in the home. So they were opening a lot of cans, or lot of press for all its local sourcing and so on—and the food was buying fast food. In my [baby-boom] generation, our mothers lived extremely precious, very fussed-over and complicated. There was a in the kitchen; that’s where they parked themselves during the lot of discussion with the waiter about what you were getting; it day and held court. In my family, at dinnertime, the kids would all was a big, ornate deal. And it didn’t taste all that good! Just give help with the final steps: setting the table, helping Mom get the me a beautiful, perfectly prepared salad. I don’t want a cerebral ex- food on the table, helping clear afterwards. It was a team activ- perience in a restaurant—I’m not going for entertainment.” ity, part of what we did together as a family. My guess is that an Since "##$, Katzen has been a consultant to the Harvard Uni- equally, if not more, common way to gather around food now is to versity Dining Services (see “Delicious Minimalism,” Septem- sit around the TV and watch Top Chef.” ber-October "##/, page $") and is co-creator of its Food Liter- Demographic changes have no doubt a8ected eating patterns. acy Project. She is also a charter member of the Harvard School Compared to the ,-<#s, there are now relatively more divorced of Public Health Nutrition Roundtable. “I love going to an ethnic adults, more single-parent and single-person households, and hole-in-the-wall that serves, say, a beautiful Vietnamese pho,” she more two-income households whose earners haven’t time to cook says. “But for American, nouvelle, fusion, French, Italian, it will dinner. All these groups may eat out or order take-out meals for

H(':(') M(5(A*!& 25 Fast food is the “enemy of home cooking. Food writer and editor John “Doc” Willoughby in one of It’s de"nitely easier, probably cheaper, and the test kitchens at the Cook’s Illustrated headquarters unfortunately a kind of food many have gotten used to eating....You get addicted to the high fat and sugar content,” like a drug. convenience and/or conviviality. Technological innovations such a McDonald’s,” says John as the microwave oven, and the increased availability of salad- “Doc” Willoughby ’.#, and entrée-bar fare, also enable people to quickly prepare meals for nine years executive at home that are not “home-cooked.” editor of Gourmet maga- Restaurants have also changed vastly since the ,-<#s. About zine, and currently exec- half are now fast-food establishments, a category that has bur- utive editor for publica- geoned in recent decades. Adding table service, as at Denny’s tions at Boston Common or International House of Pancakes, moves establishments up a Press, publishers of Cook’s notch to “family dining.” Add a liquor license (and omit break- Illustrated. “Fast-food fast service) for the “casual dining” category, where average "##- joints are the enemy of checks ranged from =,, to ="# per person in the “Big .” chains: home cooking. It’s defi- Applebee’s, Red Lobster, Chili’s, Olive Garden, Ruby Tuesday, nitely easier, probably Outback Steakhouse, and TGI Friday’s. At the pinnacle of the res- cheaper, and unfortu- taurant pyramid, “fine dining” draws loads of attention on food nately a kind of food that programs but only , to < percent of the market. many have gotten used to Fine-dining places typically serve only dinner, mid-scale eat- eating. There are studies eries o8er lunch and dinner menus, and low-end places cook all now showing that if you three, or just breakfast and lunch. Time spent at a restaurant rises eat a constant diet of fast with the bill. Gourmets and gourmands linger hours over multi- food, you get addicted course French dinners, but at fast-food eateries, customers may to the high fat and sug- never even set foot inside—they simply buy meals at a drive- ar content of it, just as if through window. it were a drug—so food The growth of fast food has clearly increased the number of without that content meals eaten out, if not their unit cost: eating breakfast at a res- doesn’t satisfy you.” taurant was once a special occasion, but now McDonald’s tries Those same economies to persuade commuters to stop by every morning for a co8ee and of scale that help restau- Egg McMuBn. The pace of meals, and their circumstances, can rant chains keep prices influence menu o8erings. “Urban sprawl and urban flight have down can also make food made commute times longer, squeezing out time for breakfast at a generic commodity, home,” says the business school’s Norton. “People leave for work with a consequent com- at / (.>. and eat in the car. Food design takes this into account: promise of quality. Lo- can this be eaten in the car? That’s one reason we see so many cally owned eateries can sandwiches and bite-sized foods like Chicken McNuggets ap- more easily buy fresher, pearing in the marketplace in recent decades.” Cizik professor local ingredients. “We of business administration Clayton Christensen notes that in de- did a story in Gourmet about small family-owned restaurants be- signing milkshakes for commuters, vendors may choose an opti- ing put out of business by chains,” Willoughby says. “You need mal thickness based, not on taste or texture, but on the duration community support for these restaurants, even if they cost a bit of the average commute, which dictates how long the milkshake more than the chain. If a restaurant is owned by someone in your should last before melting. town, if you can a8ord it, you should go there.” There is also the health fallout from fast food to consider. “Un- Fast, Cheap, and Out of a Bowl fortunately, [fast food] has had an adverse e8ect on nutritional ! 5&!&'(3, restaurant food is far costlier than homemade. status and the obesity epidemic,” says Willett. “It’s not that eat- Katzen points out that it is “incredibly economical to prepare ing out is a problem—it’s the food people eat in restaurants. Due Iyour own meals. You can spend =,.<# to make your own sand- to our dominant Northern European eating culture, Americans wich, or buy one for =,#. It’s easy to spend a couple thousand dol- value quantity over quality: if you get a bigger serving, that’s val- lars a year on lunch sandwiches!” ue.” Yet at the fast-food end, economies of scale and eBciencies of In "##", researchers Lisa Young and Marion Nestle of New mass production mean that “you cannot cook more cheaply than York University reported that restaurant portion sizes began

26 J234 - A25267 2011 growing in the ,-.#s, rose sharply in the ,-0#s, and “have contin- tening, ingredients. “[A]t your favorite restaurant, chances are, ued in parallel with increasing body weights.” One reason KFC you’re eating a ton of butter,” wrote chef Anthony Bourdain in his can undersell the home cook (though their labor and real-estate "### memoir, Kitchen Confidential. “In a professional kitchen, it’s al- costs likely outstrip those for foodstu8s) is that “the basic ingre- most always the first and last thing in the pan….Believe me, there’s dients of unhealthy food are incredibly cheap,” Willett explains. a big crock of softened butter on almost every cook’s station, and “White starch and sugar cost next to nothing. So you can make it’s getting a heavy workout.” huge serving sizes—$#-ounce sodas, for example—and people Big portions mean big consumption. “People eat what is on think they’re getting value.” the plate,” says assistant professor of business administration Ja- The large portions often consist of cheap items: sugars, starch- son Riis, a consumer psychologist who is studying overeating. “It es, and refined carbohydrates like pasta, all highly caloric. A "##" is tough to take the rest home.” He cites an experiment by food report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicated that in psychologist Brian Wansink, author of Mindless Eating, who ex- the ,--1--/ period, Americans consumed "< percent of all meals perimented with a “bottomless” bowl of soup (unobtrusively re- and snacks—but $" percent of all calories—away from home. Up- plenished by a pipe hidden beneath the table) at the Cornell Uni- scale eateries, too, dish out ample doses of costlier, but still fat- versity Food and Brand Lab. Subjects thought they ate the same

Photograph by Jim Harrison H(':(') M(5(A*!& 27 amount as when using a normal soup bowl, The danger as cooking becomes but in fact ate .$ percent more. “We use spatial cues as to when to stop eating,” Riis glamorized is that, just as with restaurant says. “If there is more on the plate, we eat more.” meals, it will be turned into another The current American epidemic of obe- sity (its prevalence has doubled since ,-0#) form of theatrical entertainment. owes much to large portions—especially sweet, liquid ones. “Sugared beverages are the single most important television outlets like the Food Network, legions of websites, source of needless calories in the U.S. diet,” says Willett. “They’re gourmet foodstu8 suppliers, and grassroots savants in their home . to - percent of consumption. If you could get rid of those, almost kitchens. Call it the Williams-Sonoma revolution: by any name, half of the obesity epidemic would disappear.” the new passion for good home cooking may represent a counter- Riis and his colleagues have tried asking patrons in fast-food trend to the influx of restaurants. eateries if they might like to try “downsizing” instead of “super- Authors like Katzen are pushing back against the dining-out sizing” their meals. Even without any price discount, about a juggernaut. In her most recent cookbook, Get Cooking ("##-), she third of the customers were willing to take smaller portions—an wrote, “Somehow, as our options have increased—from restau- option not usually o8ered. Riis’s investigation suggests that o8er- rants and take-out to more and more frozen heat-and-eat op- ing varied portion sizes could reduce restaurant expenses while tions of every kind—the fine, ancient craft of cooking has become still satisfying customers. something of a lost art.” For her, cooking “is a life skill, our birth- right as human beings: knowing how to cook and feed ourselves. Home on the Range It connects you back to yourself and to the community. My par- ';!*@(334 &!;259, along with the burgeoning of restau- ents looked on getting a driver’s license not as a privilege but a re- rants has come a simultaneous revival of the domestic culi- sponsibility. I feel the same way about cooking. It becomes a whole Inary arts. That movement may have begun with Julia Child, craft: a skill that forces you to plan, to concentrate, to execute, to but now embraces thousands of books, magazines, and "1-hour put events in a certain chronological order. It keeps your mind

Fresh from the backyard: Mollie Katzen in the garden at her home in Berkeley, California

28 J234 - A25267 2011 Photograph by Lisa Keating Photography.com sharp. Cooking is a meditation.” The danger as cooking be- comes glamorized—producing Chef’s Knives and Cardiologists rock-star chefs and glitzy televi- sion series—is that, just as with @;>& %';> 79'&& 5&!&'(7*;!6 of Jewish bakers,” says David Eisenberg, Osher restaurant meals, cooking will distinguished associate professor of medicine. “I grew up cooking and with a great be turned into another form of “I appreciation for food as a powerful, celebratory aspect of life. We forget that at our theatrical entertainment. Con- peril.” Eisenberg (see “The New Ancient Trend in Medicine,” March-April "##", page 1/) sees temporary food television sets a himself as an ambassador between the food and culinary community and the medical profes- di8erent goal from its forebears. sion, which is sworn to prevent, treat, and manage disease. “I think the two groups need to The earlier generation of cook- have a much closer relationship,” he says. “And teach one another, and create a united front.” ing programs was instructional, To that end, Eisenberg is a prime mover behind the annual “Healthy Kitchens, Healthy Lives” attempting to teach viewers the (healthykitchens.org) course that the Medical School’s Osher Research Center o8ers in part- skill, Willoughby says. Further- nership with the Culinary Institute of America (CIA). For four days each April, at the CIA’s more, “Julia Child is very unin- facility in Napa Valley, California, 1## healthcare professionals, /< percent of them physicians, timidating. She drops things, convene to hear restaurant chefs and cookbook authors like Mollie Katzen explore the sub- forgets things, she makes mis- tleties of legumes, vegetables, and spices; learn about menu planning and the relationship of takes, and tells you it will all whole grains to blood glucose levels; and savor some highly flavorful, healthy meals. Much of come out OK. But today, most the food they cook themselves; it’s a hands-on course taught by professionals. “We have some of food television is not instruc- of the most masterful chefs in America,” Eisenberg says, “showing us how to make, say, five dif- tional. Viewers are just watching a ferent delicious dishes in five to ,# minutes apiece.” talented chef cook, and getting a There are sessions on prescribing exercise and counseling patients on nutrition, but the main vicarious experience of cooking. thrust is leading by example. “We know for a fact, based on medical literature, that clinicians’ It’s like a celebrity reality show. personal behavior is the strongest predictor of their providing advice on that same behavior to These are professional chefs do- patients,” Eisenberg says. “Doctors who have quit smoking, who exercise, wear seatbelts and ing things in the kitchen that sunscreen, counsel their patients more on these things. What if physicians accepted it as part you cannot do—and that’s not of their responsibility to think about food di8erently?” what home cooking is about.” “Most of these clinicians don’t know cooking skills,” he reports. “They barely know how to Spectacularly entertaining hold a knife—we’ve had to create knife-skill workshops. If you can’t use a knife in the kitch- gourmet shows can thus become en, and if your parents and grandparents never taught you to cook, you’re really starting from an enemy of home cooking by scratch. Most college students don’t know how to do it, either. We’ve had two generations of implicitly suggesting that “ev- women who became working parents and so were not at home cooking; if women were the erything has to be perfect,” Wil- predominant teachers of cooking skills, we now have "# to $# years of people who never got loughby declares. “Then people those skills.” start feeling that they are un- Teaching healthcare professionals about culinary matters is one part of a fabric of change able to cook well—so they’re that, Eisenberg says, will have to include K-," education, new business ventures, and scientific not going to cook at all. People evidence of the significant clinical benefits of eating well. “Restaurants are not going to stop have become very intimidated selling stu8 that makes them money,” he says. “Restaurants are just serving the market. Once by cooking, and they shouldn’t the demand shifts, so will the food supply.” be. If you publish a recipe with a mistake in it, you very rarely get letters saying, ‘You screwed up this recipe.’ What you get are let- the same factor whose scarcity helped fuel the rise of restaurants: ters saying, ‘I made a mistake somehow when I made this—can time. “It bothers me when people say it doesn’t take any more time you tell me what I did wrong?’ Today there’s a supposition on to cook at home than to eat out,” says Willoughby. “That’s not most people’s part that they don’t know how to cook, and there- true. It does take more time: you have to shop, for one thing. But fore it’s their mistake.” it’s worth it: you get a better result. You can do this.” Thus, a central challenge for home-cooking advocates is to give The underlying fact is that there is always enough time to do people confidence that—much of the time, anyway—they can the things we set as priorities. “There’s something about our cul- make better food at home than they are likely to get in most res- ture: people are willing to spend an unmeasured amount of time taurants. “There will always be a future for home cooking,” Wil- sitting in front of the TV and passively taking in food as enter- loughby says, “because there are people who like to cook, and tainment,” says Katzen. “But God forbid taking "# minutes to people who have to cook. Plus, it has a social payo8: cooking for cook. I don’t know anybody who keeps track of the amount of time yourself or your family leads to social cohesion. And it can be fun!” they spend cruising around online and reading blogs. But people Cook’s Illustrated, the magazine Willoughby works on, and the re- are very resistant to the amount of time it takes to cook some- lated PBS television show, America’s Test Kitchen, stick to practical thing. They have to understand that the point of cooking is not to matters: “How do I make mashed potatoes so that they come out see how little time you can spend doing it.” every time the way I want them?” as he puts it. To reap the rewards of home cooking demands an investment of Craig A. Lambert ’"#, Ph.D. ’$%, is deputy editor of this magazine.

H(':(') M(5(A*!& 29 Elkhorn coral, Carysfort Reef South, Florida, 1970 and 2010 Copyright © Jerry Greenberg All Rights Reserved

A brain coral, four feet in diameter, against a backdrop of pillar coral, Rhone Reef, British Virgin Islands, 1989 and 2011 ©Armando Jenick S!"##$%-%"&'( coral a large population of fish that reefs are best known for their are captured for the global beauty, and as home to rafts Reefs at Risk trade that stocks both restau- of colorful fish. That these rants and aquaria worldwide, complex ecosystems support and also represents an impor- a quarter of all marine spe- The world’s most fragile tant food source for marine cies is less commonly appre- predators and birds. ciated. If the nutrient-poor marine ecosystems are in decline. The fact that reefs every- open oceans of the world where are threatened, there- have been compared to life- by JONATHAN SHAW fore, is more than just a sad less deserts, reefs—which footnote to the ecological grow beneath just one-tenth of ) percent of the ocean’s surface— changes that are taking place on land. When a reef goes, it takes a are more often compared to rainforests. That’s not only because of key part of the global marine ecosystem with it. the biodiversity they host, but because of their important role in Photographer David Arnold ’*), who in +,,- documented melt- “primary production”: the utilization of chemical or light energy ing glaciers (see “A Melting World,” May-June +,,., page /.), has in the conversion of inorganic into organic matter that forms the now embarked on a project to document the decline of shallow- base of the food chain. “Primary productivity in an acre of coral water coral reefs. Working with some of the pioneers of under- reef is actually greater than in an acre of tropical rainforest,” says water landscape photography, Arnold this year visited the same professor of biology Robert Woollacott, curator of marine inver- places they had photographed years before. The earliest images tebrates in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The nutrient- reproduced here were made in )0*, by freelance photographer rich waters surround- Jerry Greenberg (who, at ing coral reefs support Contemporary photographs by DAVID ARNOLD 1/, appears in the Arnold

A bed of staghorn coral, Carysfort Reef (six miles east of Key Largo), 1970 and 2010 Copyright © Jerry Greenberg All Rights Reserved Wreck of the Rhone, British Virgin Islands, 2005 and 2011 ©Jim Scheiner

photograph on the previous page (lower right), carrying a print Pillar and other corals, Rhone Reef, of his original shot); the most recent of the “before” photographs British Virgin Islands, 2005 and 2011 ©Jim Scheiner in this series from Key Largo and the Caribbean were made in +,,2, just seven years ago. Unlike glaciers, which melt or freeze according to the tempera- ture, coral reefs are not simple. “It’s death by a thousand cuts,” says Arnold. Threats can be local or global, and are at least in part the direct or indirect result of human activity. Ocean warming, high-intensity storms, sedimentation, nutrient runo3, and over- fishing can all destroy a reef. Coral grows in the presence of a captive photosynthetic organ- ism called a dinoflagellate; its pigments give the coral some of its color, and it provides the coral with sugars that enable it to grow. If that relationship breaks apart—in response to heat stress in- duced by a change in sea-surface temperature, for example—the coral is said to bleach; it will die and break apart if not repopu- lated by another dinoflagellate. Global warming is thus a notable threat to coral reefs right now. Heat stress also makes coral more vulnerable to bacterial and fun- thrive in the warm, sun-drenched seas within +, to +- degrees of gal diseases. Meanwhile, rising levels of atmospheric carbon diox- the equator where shallow-water corals grow best. The fact that ide, which are making the ocean less alkaline, could hamper many algae grow faster than coral makes reefs vulnerable to ecosystem marine organisms—including coral and algae, echinoderms, and disruption. Left unchecked by herbivorous fish or sea urchins, the molluscs—from forming their normal skeletons, which are made algae smother entire reefs. of calcium carbonate, a substance that dissolves as pH drops. As the human population increased in the Caribbean, for ex- Other threats to coral include overgrowth by algae, which ample, local fishing depleted the stocks of herbivorous fish to the

34 J4#5 - A4647& 2011 In the Philippines and Indonesia, in particular, dynamite fish- ing—“The idea is to create a shock wave that will stun fish,” Woollacott explains—threatens the very fabric of reefs by break- ing them apart. And in Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is being attacked by crown-of-thorns starfish, which eat coral. (“One of the starfish’s few predators,” says Woollacott, “is a very large gas- tropod mollusc called Triton’s trumpet, which is valued by peo- ple who like to put seashells on their co3ee tables.”) At least, he notes, the starfish populations tend to come in bursts, and then crash naturally. “Without coral,” Woollacott points out, “you don’t a have cor- al-reef ecosystem,” one of the most “visually spectacular ecosys- tems in the sea on Earth. You don’t have the beautiful fish, you don’t have the diversity of molluscs. What coral provides is het- erogeneity in the environment, both in terms of food sources and with the complexity of the three-dimensional physical habitat in which large numbers of species of di3erent organisms can coex- ist and interact to form a complex ecosystem.” Coral reefs protect point that they were “no longer able to do their job in the ecosys- coastlines, generate hundreds of billions of dollars in annual rev- tem of keeping algae under control,” Woollacott explains. That enue, and, according to the Planetary Coral Reef Foundation, pro- left only sea urchins to eat the algae. When a massive die-o3 of vide the basis for ), percent of the world’s diet. In Earth’s oceans, sea urchins around Jamaica took place after a )01+ El Niño event they are the charismatic canaries in a coal mine—), percent have (El Niño weather patterns raise regional sea-surface tempera- already been lost, and an estimated ., percent more are at risk. tures) the algae, unchecked, overran reefs there. Coastal nutrient These photographs provide a glimpse of one possible future for runo3, by stimulating algal growth, can have a similar e3ect. these fragile gardens of the sea.

H"(8"(9 M"6":;<' 35 VITA Mary Costelloe Berenson Brief life of a Renaissance scholar: 1864-1945 by !"#$% %. &''('$

)%$ &%*$#*! &%*%$+'$ presented to me a letter There followed visits to picture galleries with Berenson, cor- of introduction from an old college friend and was respondence, and trips to Florence and Rome, chaperoned by her “W invited to visit my family at our house in the country husband, until she decided in August 1891 to spend a year in Italy at Fernhurst in England, his visit was like a chemical reaction.” learning about art from Bernard. Upon her return to England, she In 1890, Mary (Smith) Costelloe was bored with life and her hus- asked for a divorce, which Frank refused. Separation meant leav- band of five years, and avidly welcomed her guest’s enthusiasm ing their two daughters in his care; though she had mixed feel- for art and culture. Meeting the young scholar, a Lithuanian Jew ings about child-rearing, Mary felt torn at having to choose “be- recently graduated from Harvard, stirred giddy, girlish feelings tween being a person and being a mother.” Even so, and despite that the future Mrs. Berenson recounted years later. society’s disapproval, she returned to Bernard in Italy to continue The daughter of Philadelphia Quakers, she had attended Smith her study of Renaissance painting. (Only after Frank died in 1899 College and then the Harvard Annex (later Radcli,e College) as were they able to marry.) one of its first eight students. She studied Berkeley, Hegel, and She began writing art-historical pamphlets and scholarly ar- other philosophers, and recalled how once, after hearing the Eng- ticles, sometimes under the pseudonym Mary Logan. In 1894, she lish art critic Edmund Gosse mention the “sacred word Botticelli” co-wrote The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance with Bernard, al- during a Harvard lecture, she looked at her brother, essayist Lo- though—at her mother’s insistence—she asked the publisher to gan Pearsall Smith, “with eyes brimming with emotion and ex- omit her name as coauthor. Other publications followed, on indi- citement,” and exclaimed: “Oh Logan! We are at the very centre vidual artists as well as Italian schools of painting. These became of things!” quasi-textbooks for the emerging discipline of art history in the That fall of 1884, Mary Smith met Frank Costelloe, a visiting United States, and over the years, Mary secured her own reputa- Irish Catholic barrister nine years her senior who seemed her tion as a scholar and connoisseur of Italian Renaissance painting. ideal; she swiftly accepted his proposal of marriage and they wed The Berensons’ lives and their study of art together are well in London the following September. “I had taken it for granted,” known, including their extensive picture-dealing while work- she wrote, “that philosophy and philanthropy, and English poli- ing as intermediaries for art dealers, including the unscrupulous tics through which philanthropy could be most e,ective, were British dealer Joseph Duveen, and for wealthy collectors such as the only rational pursuits of human beings and I fully meant to Isabella Stewart Gardner in Boston. Well known, too, were their dedicate myself to them, but when I got really into their toils they ardent love a,airs, which they dissected seemingly ad infinitum became dust and ashes in my mouth.” After several years focused to each other until Mary tried (unsuccessfully) to throw herself on Frank’s activities, with one young child and another on the out of a window in 1918 upon learning of yet another liaison on way, she confided to her journal that hers had become a one-sid- Bernard’s part. ed marriage, leaving no time to complete her education. As his wife and business partner, Mary was one of the most When Berenson arrived that day for dinner, his hostess’s ho- significant influences on Bernard Berenson’s career. Through- rizon expanded: “When this beautiful and mysterious youth ap- out their marriage of more than 50 years, even though she com- peared, for whom nothing in the world existed except a few lines plained of his violent rage and his “slipshod sentences” as a of poetry which he held to be perfect and the pictures and music writer, Mary never lost her admiration for his keen knowledge he held to be beautiful, I felt like a dry sponge that was put into of art, connoisseurship, and culture. He continued to reawaken water. Instinctively I recognized that those were the real val- the sensation she reported about their first meeting: “At last, I ues for me, however wicked and self indulgent they might be.” felt, I really was at the centre of things, not sitting on a bench Though she learned later that “he thought my conversation very in Boston listening to a lecture, but partaking in imagination at silly, but my pink satin dress very becoming,” she concluded, least, of the real feast.” “[W]hen I was brought into contact with a brilliant, cultivated (and I must add handsome) contemporary who was not con- Diane E. Booton is an art historian and a specialist in the history of the cerned with the Kingdom of Heaven, but passionately loved the book. The quotations in this article are reprinted, with permission from the earth and the beauties thereof, I felt that he possessed the key Camphill Village Trust, from an undated autobiographical narrative by that would give me the entrance into a garden where I could live Mary Berenson preserved among the Berenson family papers at Houghton freely and be happy.” Library (MS Am 2013).

30 J-./ - A-0-+( 2011 Mary and Bernard Berenson in the garden of her mother’s country house near Fernhurst, England, 1898 H#*1#*! M#0#2"$% 31 Reproduced by permission of the Berenson Library, Villa I Tatti–Harvard University F O to R time electrify U Reducing our dependence on imported oil—while addressing M the threat of climate change

by &(

T!" ,"<")+ *7(?" () #(= 7,(<"*, to more than ;.11 per barrel—and the resulting, predictable outcry over the return of the ;/ gallon of gas—have prompted hurried responses from policymakers in Washing- ton, eager to do something about constituents’ economic fears. We have seen this movie before—from the .465 OPEC oil embargo to the 0112 run-up in costs to nearly ;.31 per barrel, before the world economy crashed and demand for petroleum-based fuels shrank. Throughout those nearly four decades of roller- coaster oil prices, the United States has accomplished relatively little in the way of more e@ective energy policy—and virtually nothing in terms of addressing the rising threat of climate change, which is tied to the emissions produced by burning fossil fuels. Perhaps now we can begin a debate that holds seri-

ous promise of making needed gains on both fronts: a more eco- ber and was signed into law one day later by President Bush. nomically sensible energy policy that puts us on a much sounder Regrettably, climate change is now a partisan political issue. footing to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The Economy and the Environment The Climate Change Context R"*7#)'()8 +# 7,"*('")+ #$%&%9* State of the Union mes- T!" #$%&% %'&()(*+,%+(#) came into o-ce with ambitious sage this past January, Representative Michele Bachmann, speak- plans to deal with the challenge of climate change. The president ing on behalf of Tea Party supporters, argued that “the president proposed that the United States reduce annual emission of cli- could stop the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] from im- mate-altering greenhouse gases by ./ percent by 0101, and by 21 posing a job-destroying cap-and-trade” market to deal with cli- percent by 0131. The House of Representatives, then controlled mate change; she was referring to the proposed system of tradable by the Democratic party, took an even more aggressive stance: the permits, originally embraced by Republicans, as a way to reduce comprehensive Waxman-Markey bill, which narrowly passed the greenhouse-gas emissions (which would most likely require leg- House (0.4-0.0) in June 0114, would have required the nation to islation, not mere regulatory action). She went on to suggest cut emission of greenhouse gases by 5 percent in 01.0 relative to “that the president could agree on an energy policy that increases 0113, by .6 percent by 0101, by /0 percent by 0151, and by more American energy production and reduces our dependence on for- than 21 percent by 0131. But the Senate failed to act on this ini- eign oil.” tiative, and in the current political context, prospects for U.S. cli- Given that current oil prices threaten the recovery of the econ- mate-change legislation are dim at best. omy, this last point merits serious consideration. Why not take Earlier this year, the House, now under Republican control, it on and address it with an integrated response? A thoughtful in a largely party-line vote (0//-.64) went so far as to decree approach to reducing our dependence on imported oil could al- that the nation should suspend its support for the periodic in- leviate, at least to some extent, the threat of disruptive climate ternational assessments of climate science conducted by the change. Properly implemented, it could also provide a stimulus Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). There is for the millions of new jobs needed to get us out of our present an irony to this development. IPCC was established under the economic malaise (an ancillary objective of the original Waxman- UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) ne- Markey bill). gotiated in .440 with active participation by President George Imports currently account for approximately :1 percent of H.W. Bush during the so-called Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. U.S. oil consumption: we bought /.0 billion (/0-gallon) barrels of The resulting treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate that Octo- crude oil and petroleum products in 0114. At the recent ;.11 a

36 JA=> - AA8A*+ 2011 Oil in, dollars out: tankers in the Houston Ship Channel MAGES I barrel, this implies an annual expenditure of ;/01 billion. To put cents a gallon. Nearly /1 percent of the U.S. corn crop is now used ETTY

G this in context, the total U.S. trade deficit amounted to ;/42 bil- to produce ethanol—with limited benefit in terms of reducing ei- lion in 01.1. Oil prices hit a peak of ;./6 a barrel as recently as ther oil consumption or greenhouse-gas emissions, but with sig- July 0112. Few would argue that prices could not return to this or nificant impacts on the price of corn as a food (see “The Etha- to even loftier levels in the future: the price of oil is dictated by in- nol Illusion,” November-December 011:, page 55). We live in an ternational events largely beyond our control. Think what would interconnected world and there are persuasive arguments that happen if the current instability in the Middle East were to ex- the emphasis on growing corn as a feedstock for ethanol has at tend to Saudi Arabia. And we are not the only party in the market least contributed to the recent rise in global food prices. Why not CRAIG HARTLEY/BLOOMBERG VIA CRAIG HARTLEY/BLOOMBERG for oil. China’s dependence on foreign oil is rising rapidly: with abolish the corn-ethanol subsidy? This would not directly a@ect its economy booming, China has moved from self-su-ciency in farmers, because the subsidy is paid to those who blend the etha- .443 to importing more than half of its petroleum and equivalents nol with gasoline. That would save taxpayers nearly ;3 billion a in 0114, as consumption nearly tripled during that period. Given year—and would have a minimal, or even positive, e@ect on the this increasing demand, even higher prices are very likely. price of gasoline. If we are to seriously reduce our dependence on imports, we The Shortcomings of Ethanol and Energy Taxes need to cut back significantly on consumption of oil to fuel our A77,#B(&%+"=> 61 7",<")+ of oil consumed in the United cars, trucks, and buses. Oil-industry veteran T. Boone Pickens States is used to power transportation. George W. Bush’s admin- has proposed that we use compressed natural gas (CNG) as a istration set a goal of having up to 6.3 billion gallons of so-called substitute for oil-based fuels for large trucks and buses. And renewable fuel deployed as an additive to gasoline by 01.0. We indeed, the United States has abundant sources of natural gas have comfortably surpassed this objective already: more than .1 that can be extracted profitably with current technology from billion gallons of corn-based ethanol were blended with gasoline shale—enough perhaps to accommodate anticipated demand in 01.1. for a century or more—assuming that we can address the re- But we accomplished this milestone at significant cost. Refin- lated environmental challenges, specifically the recent sugges- ers blending ethanol with gasoline benefit from a subsidy of /3 tion that production of gas from shale is associated with a sig-

H%,C%,' M%8%D()" 37 Electricity from towering turbines: wind- energy farm in Ethridge, Montana MAGES nificant release to the atmosphere of methane, a greenhouse gas it. As for a tax only on imported oil, at current prices, a levy of I

that is even more consequential than carbon dioxide. ;01 per barrel would raise more than ;21 billion annually for the ETTY G But proposed legislation to implement the plan would require Treasury and could accomplish much the same objective as Fried- a subsidy in excess of ;311 billion to convert eight million trucks man’s tax on gasoline—but it may not be permissible under world and buses to CNG—not to mention the infrastructure required trade regulations not to mention the fact that Canada, our largest to service these vehicles (think of CNG service stations deployed supplier, might be expected to register a strong protest. along all major highways). CNG could conceivably play an impor- tant role on a local level, for city buses and taxis that could have The Case for Electrification NDREW HARRER/BLOOMBERG VIA NDREW HARRER/BLOOMBERG convenient access to a limited number of central fueling stations. C%) E" <#&" A7 E(+! % $"++", ('"%? In the long run, I be- A As proposed, though, the Pickens proposal is too expensive, and lieve we need a more e-cient, lower-cost, more sustainable en- would tend to lock us into a pattern of continuing unsustainable ergy alternative to oil to reduce our dependence on expensive emission of greenhouse gases from the transportation sector. imports—one that would at the same time accommodate our es- Alternatively, we could reinforce market pressure to change sential requirements for an energy source for transportation. The fossil-fuel consumption. New York Times columnist Thomas Fried- internal combustion engine is intrinsically ine-cient. Less than man has suggested that ;/-a-gallon gasoline represents “a red line a quarter of the energy consumed is used to drive the vehicle: the where people really start to change their behavior.” He proposed balance is rejected as waste heat. A better option would be to use that “the smart thing for us to do right now is to impose a ;.-a- electricity to drive our cars and light trucks. In this case, more gallon gasoline tax, to be phased in at five cents a month begin- than 41 percent of the energy would be deployed usefully. What ning in 01.0, with all of the money going to pay down the deficit.” this means is that we could provide the driving potential of a gal- I agree that gas prices are too low—the equivalent prices in some lon of gasoline by substituting as few as 2 kilowatt hours (kWh) European countries are now close to ;.1 per gallon—and in the of electricity. Given the current national average retail price of best of all worlds his proposal makes eminent sense. Politically, electricity of about .1 cents per kWh, the implication is that we though, it would appear to be dead on arrival. The predictable re- could drive the equivalent of a gallon’s worth of gasoline for as sponse was that such a tax would hurt the economy and that the little as 21 cents. cost would fall inequitably on those least equipped to deal with We would not need a technological revolution to convert the

38 JA=> - AA8A*+ 2011 The best option would be to drive our cars and light trucks using electricity from a renewable resource such as wind or solar power. Under favorable circumstances, wind is already cost-competitive with coal. bulk of our personal driving to electrically assisted propulsion. capital, perhaps as much as a trillion dollars. To put this num- The Chevy Volt, for example, is capable of driving all-electrical- ber in context: the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 01.1 ly for approximately /1 miles using power drawn from a conven- amounted to ;./.3 trillion; national retail sales of electricity to- tional electric socket. If you wish to drive farther, the car switch- taled ;061 billion; and of course our current bill for oil imports es to burning gasoline to generate the necessary electricity on has been running at the rate of ;/11 billion. An investment board the vehicle. The U.S. average car or light truck is driven ap- in an updated transmission system could pay for itself with a proximately .0,111 miles per year—about 55 miles per day. The modest surcharge on electricity delivered to the high-demand conclusion: if your personal transportation needs were supplied regions without imposing a significant burden on consumers by the Chevy Volt, the bulk of your driving could be fueled by in those regions (they might even save money in the aggregate). cheap grid-supplied electricity. And the Volt is but one possibility Customers in the high-demand regions already pay a signifi- for the electrically powered cars of the future. We may anticipate cant premium for electricity relative to the :.2 cents per kWh not only plug-in competitors but also pure electric vehicles as ad- currently estimated to produce power from wind in the most vances in battery technology allow for the extension of driving favorable regions. Right-of-way for the proposed distribution range for the latter. system potentially could be allocated along the existing inter- Approximately /1 percent of electricity in the United States is state highway and rail systems. Think of the jobs that could be produced using coal, with natural gas (05 percent), nuclear fis- created with such an initiative, not to mention the benefits that sion (01 percent) and hydropower (6 percent) accounting for would accrue to landowners providing siting facilities for the most of the balance, and a small though rapidly growing contri- proposed new wind farms. bution from wind. Driving your car using electricity generated Wholesale electricity prices vary significantly over the course from coal could reduce demand for imported oil, but would rep- of a day and over the course of a year, responding in real time to resent a step backward in terms of reducing emissions of green- variations in demand. The e-ciency of the electrical system could house gases (coal accounts for /1 percent of U.S. emissions of the be markedly improved if the proposed fleet of electrically enabled most important greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, or CO0). Using cars could be charged at times when demand was otherwise low. electricity generated by burning natural gas would make a mod- Better still, a two-way connection between utilities and custom- est contribution to the greenhouse-gas problem, while power ers could allow cars to be charged when excess electricity was avail- generated using either nuclear or hydropower would of course be able, and to serve as a power source when electricity was otherwise largely free of carbon emissions. in short supply. The batteries of the cars could provide a valuable By far the best option would be to drive our cars and light means for storage of electricity. Utilities would be better able in trucks using electricity generated from a renewable resource such this case to balance supply and demand, reducing the challenge as wind or solar power. Wind accounted for /1 percent of all new of integrating a variable source of power such as wind or solar electricity-generating capacity installed in the United States in into the national distribution system, and minimizing the need to 0114 (admittedly, a year when not much new capacity from oth- maintain expensive back-up facilities that are deployed only infre- er sources was added). Bloomberg News reports that even in the quently to meet temporary increases in demand. absence of subsidies, wind is already cost-competitive with coal The federal government has responded in the past to the need as a source of new electricity (:.2 cents per kWh for the former for investment in the infrastructure required to improve the na- as compared to :.6 cents per kWh for the latter) under favorable tion’s security and to promote economic growth. Abraham Lin- circumstances (see “Saving Money, Oil, and the Climate,” March- coln was responsible for the extension of the railroad system that April 0112, page 51). opened up the West. The Eisenhower administration built the in- Our country has abundant sources of wind, su-cient to sup- terstate highway system. The Department of Defense sponsored ply our entire demand for energy for the foreseeable future. But the research that led to the World Wide Web and the global po- there are two problems. First, the supply from wind is intrinsi- sitioning system. Each of these path-breaking initiatives was un- cally variable: U.S. demand for electricity generally peaks during dertaken by a Republican administration. Now, with thoughtful the day and in summer; supplies from wind are typically greatest public investment in our infrastructure, capitalizing on our sig- at night and in winter. Second, the cheapest sources of wind are nificant national resources of renewable low-carbon energy, we located in the middle of the country, far removed from the highest can enhance our national security and reduce our adverse balance demand centers on the coasts. of trade, improve the quality of our environment, minimize the There are solutions to both challenges. We could construct risks of future adverse climate change, and enhance conditions for a network of high-voltage direct-current supply lines capable renewed growth of our private-sector economy. of e-ciently connecting regions of high demand with regions of high potential supply—a twenty-first-century distribution Michael B. McElroy is Butler professor of environmental studies. His book En- network extending from coast to coast and from border to bor- ergy: Perspectives, Problems, and Prospects (Oxford) appeared last der. This would require, of course, a significant investment of year; a Chinese-language version has been published recently in China.

H%,C%,' M%8%D()" 39 F O in R colleges crisis U Disruptive change comes to american higher education M by ,-./012 3. ,4567082782 and 36,4.8- 9. 4152

A3856,.:7 ,1--8;87 .2< =26>85760687, for years the envy of the world and still a comfort to citizens concerned with the performance of the country’s public elementary and secondary schools, are beginning to lose their relative luster. Surveys of the American public and of more than ),### college and university presidents, conducted this past spring by the Pew Research Center in association with the Chronicle of High- er Education, revealed significant concerns not only about the costs of such education, but also about its di- rection and goals. Despite a long track record of serving increasing numbers of students during the past half-century, gradu- ation rates have stagnated. A higher proportion of America’s **- to %'-year-old citizens hold postsecondary degrees than in any other country—&( percent—but America ranks only tenth in the same category for its citizens aged "* to &' (at '# percent). And none of America’s higher-education institutions have ever served a large percentage of its citizens—many from low-income, African-American, and Hispanic families. Indeed, the quality of America’s colleges and universities has been judged historically not by the num- bers of people the institutions have been able to educate well, regardless of background, but by their own selectivity, as seen in the quality and preparedness of the students they have admitted. Those institutions that educated the smartest students, as measured by standardized tests, also moved up in the arms race for money, graduate students, and significant research projects, which in turn fueled their prestige still

further, as faculty members at such schools are rewarded for the Endowments that took decades to build were devastated in quality of research, not for their teaching. "##$. During the past )* years, state-supported schools have been More fundamentally, the business model that has characterized shifting the burden of tuition to students and their families, who American higher education is at—or even past—its breaking point. were initially shielded from the consequences because, as noted, Many institutions are increasingly beset by financial di!culties, aid had increased so rapidly that the net price to students fell, on and the meltdown since "##$ is but a shadow of what is to come. average. But those o+setting government dollars have not kept up Undergraduate tuition has risen dramatically: at a %.& percent annu- of late. State universities, feeling the budget crunch, have resorted al clip for nearly the last three decades—even faster than the much- to all sorts of devices to try to stay afloat—including cutting back decried '.( percent annual cost increases plaguing the healthcare in- the number of students they enroll at the very time the country dustry. The full increase in the price of higher education has actually needs more of its population educated. Severe government bud- been hidden from many students and families over the years because get crises have only exacerbated the trend of shifting the costs gifts from alumni, earnings from private university endowments, of higher education to students and their families, a shift that subsidies from state tax revenues for public universities, and federal is likely to become far more intense in the future because of the subsidies for students have been used to mitigate some costs. But enormous obligations that federal, state, and local governments universities are exhausting these mechanisms. face in funding the pension and healthcare costs of their current

40 J=-/ - A=;=70 2011 and retired employees—as well as aging baby boomers. Indeed, are also, ultimately, lower in cost. We are seeing it happen more for several years now, state spending has not kept up on a per rapidly than one could have imagined in higher education, as on- student basis, and this past year, for the first time, state spending line learning has exploded: roughly )# percent of students took at on higher education decreased absolutely. News from Arizona, least one online course in "##&, "* percent in "##$, and nearly &# California, and Texas portends even bigger cuts going forward. percent in the fall of "##(. In the aggregate, this multipronged crisis calls for the United What is exciting about this emerging reinvention it that it States to rethink how it views its institutions of higher educa- has significant potential to help address the challenges facing tion. Since World War II, the country’s dominant higher educa- American higher education by creating an opportunity to rethink tion policies have focused almost exclusively on expanding access: its value proposition—its cost and quality. enabling more students to a+ord higher education, regardless of When America’s traditional universities arose, knowledge was its total cost. Today, changing circumstances mandate that we scarce, which meant that research and teaching had to be coupled shift that focus to making a quality postsecondary education af- tightly. That is no longer the case. fordable. Inherent in that shift is a new definition of quality from Today, the Internet is democratiz- the perspective of students—ensuring that the education is valu- ing people’s access to knowledge able to them as they seek to improve their lives and thus improve and enabling learning to take the country’s fortunes, too. If a postsecondary education is fun- place far more conveniently in damentally a+ordable—meaning lower in cost to provide, not just a variety of contexts, loca- the price to pay—this will also address the question of how to tions, and times. extend access to higher education of some sort. Online education can e+ect the transforma- A Thriving, tion not only of cur- Disruptive riculum but also Innovation of learning itself. ?=70 at the mo- Judging it by ment when these the metrics challenges to es- used to gov- tablished higher ern the old education have system is both arisen and com- inappropriate pounded, another and limiting group of univer- (as is true of all sities has arisen disruptive inno- whose financial vations). Online health is strong learning allows and enrollments education to have been booming. And escape from yet the brands of these schools the focus on are weak and their campuses credit hours far from glamorous; sometimes logged and the campuses are even nonex- “seat time” istent from the perspective of in classrooms students, as online learning has to new standards largely driven their growth. How that tie progress could this upstart group be so suc- to students’ compe- cessful when the rest of higher education is tency and mastery of desired skills. Online courses treading water at best? can easily embed actionable assessments that allow The success of these online competitors and students to accelerate past concepts and skills they the crisis among many of higher education’s tradi- have mastered and focus instead on where they most tional institutions are far from unique. These are need help at the level most appropriate for them. In this familiar steps in a process known as “disruptive environment, learning outcomes will be a more appropri- innovation” that has occurred in many industries, ate measure for judging students and institutions. from accounting and music to communications and Although this transition has begun, much of online computers. It is the process by which products and learning’s promise for higher education is still on the services that were once so expensive, complicated, horizon. For example, online learning has not yet led to inaccessible, and inconvenient that only a small lower prices from the perspective of many students— fraction of people could access them, even though many of the online universities are transformed into simpler, more operate at lower costs than the traditional accessible and convenient forms that universities and enable students to fit

Illustrations by Robert Neubecker H.5>.5< M.;.@628 41 But cost increases and an increasingly broken business model—reliance on ever-rising tuition, endowment income, and research funding, on expensive campuses with large support staffs—plague much of higher education. coursework around existing jobs or other responsibilities. To date, new education technology and business paradigm can better serve moreover, significant portions of online learning have not taken ad- American citizens and the economy as a whole. vantage of this new medium to personalize instruction and create new, dynamic and individualized learning pathways within a course A Threatened Sector for students. B=0 A4.0 0482 of the existing institutions of higher education This is not static, however. Disruptive innovations typically that have served America for so long? Typically, the existing and begin simply, as they aim to capture markets by o+ering people established players in a sector do not survive battles of disrup- whose alter- tive innova- native is liter- tion; upstart ally nothing companies at all (that is, utilizing the current non- disruption consumers) upend them. a stripped- Rather than down prod- r e c o g n i z e uct or service these disrup- that may well tive innovations appear primitive as as exciting new oppor- judged by the old per- tunities, the established formance metrics. But players characteristically disruptive innovations regard them as mere side- predictably improve year shows to their core opera- by year and ultimately tions. Predictably, the major- transform the world as ity of universities have taken this people in the mainstream migrate to same defensive stance and so have the new products or services because done little to adopt this disrup- they are delighted with a solution that tive innovation and to reinvent they find simpler, more accessible and themselves. convenient, and lower in cost. Over This stance exposes an even time, continuing waves of disruption more significant problem that is progressively reinvent the market. forcing many American universities outside The emerging online universities fit the pattern the top institutions to the brink of collapse. of a disruptive innovation for higher education. Not Although some traditional universities have used only did they get their start as simple products and online learning as a sustaining innovation—in ef- services, they started by serving those who were fect disrupting their individual classes—almost overlooked by or could not access the typical colleges none have used it to change their business model and universities—by making education far more conve- in any significant way. Whenever we have seen a nient. Now online learning is beginning to improve and disruptive innovation reinvent a sector, change has serve more demanding customers. But this transition is resulted from the joint action of a new technology and still early, and the country’s higher-education policies an accompanying new business model. But cost increases have incentivized little of this transformational behavior: and an increasingly broken business model—reliance on government policies have continued to emphasize access to ever-rising tuition, more endowment income or govern- a higher education regardless of quality and true cost, which ment support, and research funding, all wrapped up in has held back the evolution. expensive physical campuses with large support sta+s— This suggests a clear path forward for policymakers and continue to plague much of higher education. stakeholders looking to reinvent American higher educa- Examining the traditional universities through the lens tion—to realize real gains in cost and in student learning of of innovation, we see that a muddled business model is essential skills. Their goals should be to embrace the disrup- causing the industry’s ruinous cost increases. For decades tive innovation, to focus on new measures to judge its quality, now, these institutions have o+ered multiple, concurrent and to encourage innovation driven by improving student value propositions: knowledge creation (research), outcomes and lowering overall costs. Over time, knowledge proliferation and learning such policies will advance the rate at which the (teaching), and preparation for life and ca-

42 J=-/ - A=;=70 2011 disrupting harvard?

1=-< 048 28A -8.5262; 08,421-1;687, com- brand and connections of a prestigious alumni network. bined with new higher education models, disrupt the The fundamental shift in the business education market Cmost selective, elite institutions—like Harvard? began with the solving of that first job—helping employees Institutions that derive their value from being selective, with a relatively specific business problem or question— rather than from serving people in volume, tend to be more through the advent of in-house corporate universities. And, as immune from disruption. For example, when previously disruptors do, corporate universities are both improving and great companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation expanding to serve people outside of their companies in some and RCA’s consumer electronics powered by vacuum tubes cases. Business schools may not feel it yet, but the corporate (television sets, for instance) were displaced, they proved university is beginning to take on the second and third jobs vulnerable because their customers fled en masse to dis- we listed for which people hire business education—learn- ruptive innovations: the personal computer and Sony’s ing to be great general managers and attaining the credentials consumer electronics powered by the transistor. Harvard necessary for a promotion. College, on the other hand, fits squarely into a description The corporations that created these universities have his- of a luxury service whose value is derived from the fact torically been the source for the majority of clients enrolled in that it only serves a limited few. traditional executive-education programs at business schools, But the process of disruptive innovation has spelled the de- often the cash cows of such institutions. With an education cline of many dominant and successful organizations. Harvard option now readily available at the corporate universities, might not be di+erent—or not so di+erent that it can readily however, employers are less and less eager to send potential escape a serious decline. It su+ers from many of the same chal- executive-education students to a traditional business school lenges plaguing many nonselective institutions of higher edu- program. Already many business schools are seeing declining cation: conflated business models that have led to continually executive-education enrollments. rising costs and tuition increases over the years, and improve- The spillover e+ect could be devastating to faculty research ments dependent on continuing alumni gifts and endowment and the M.B.A. program itself. For example, as the executive- performance that have allowed the College to remain a+ord- education funds that subsidize the M.B.A. program dry up, able through such mechanisms as financial aid. the cost of the traditional business degree would have to Institutions like Harvard Business School might be increase even faster than it does today. Even more students particularly vulnerable. Consider the di+erent reasons might then have to find their business educations through or jobs for which people might “hire” business education. other means, such as part-time M.B.A. programs and, increas- Some need help with a relatively specific business prob- ingly, online programs that have far lower opportunity costs lem or question; others want to learn how to be a great (students can enroll while continuing their jobs) and tuition general manager; many need a credential to obtain their prices students can justify given the salaries they will likely next promotion; still others want help switching careers. make. In this context, an M.B.A. from Harvard just might not And still more people “hire” business education for the have the same return on investment—or elite cachet. reers. They have as a result become extraordinarily complex— education, too. Our studies reveal that incumbents sometimes some might say confused—institutions where significant over- survive and thrive amid disruption—in every case, because they head costs take resources away from research and teaching. A are able to create independent divisions, unfettered by their typical state university today, for example, is the equivalent of existing operations, which can use the disruption inside a new a three-way merger of the consulting firm McKinsey—focused business model that reinvents what they do. on diagnosing and solving unstructured problems; the manu- It is not easy to e+ect such internal change, but creating the facturing operations of Whirlpool—which uses established space and autonomy for these new models to thrive and grow out- processes to add value to things that are incomplete or broken; side the interests of the traditional groups is the ultimate test of and Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company—in which and key challenge for leaders in all sectors. It is the test that now participants exchange things to derive value: fundamentally confronts the leaders of many of the existing institutions of high- di+erent and incompatible business models all housed within er education that seek to train the future leaders of America. the same organization. Meanwhile, rival organizations using online learning in a new business model focused exclusively Clayton M. Christensen, M.B.A. ’!", D.B.A. ’"#, is Cizik professor of business on teaching and learning, not research—and focused on highly administration at Harvard Business School. Michael B. Horn, M.B.A. ’$%, is structured programs targeted at preparation for careers—have the co-founder and executive director for education of Innosight Institute, a benefited from a significant cost advantage and have been able nonprofit think tank devoted to applying the theories of disruptive innovation to grow rapidly. to problems in the social sector. Christensen and Horn are the coauthors, with This is a hopeful story for America, and there is even a poten- Curtis W. Johnson, of Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation tial silver lining for many of the existing institutions of higher Will Change the Way the World Learns.

H.5>.5< M.;.@628 43 JOHN HARVARD’S ON JOURNAL S COMMENCEMENT 2011 JIM HARRI NER Commencement S Witchcraft STU RO H!" #!$% the modern, rational research university assure clement conditions for graduation? Witchcraft. Harvard’s Commencement planners kept an increasingly wary eye on the forecasts during a &'-day mid-May siege of fog, rain,

ON and drizzle. The gloom began to lift on Tues- S day afternoon, around the time of the Bacca-

JIM HARRI laureate exercises in Memorial Church; and OFFICE S EW N ON S JIM HARRI Clockwise from far left: Graduate School of Arts and CANADAY/HARVARD CANADAY/HARVARD

S Sciences marshal Knatokie Marie Ford celebrates her Ph.D. in biological and biomedical sciences; “angels” BROOK Charles Jacob Buehler, M.T.S. (left), and John Hudspeth Davidson, M.Div., helped lead the Divinity School contingent; Presidents Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Drew Faust with a gift from Liberia (see below); Sebastian Burduja, M.B.A. - M.P.P. , wears the !ag of his native Romania; Harvard Philippine Forum dancers (left to right) Will Simbol, Ed.M., new A.B.s Elizabeth (Lisa) Mi- ON S randa, Edmund Soriano, and Brittney R. Lind, and Vincent Cheng, A.L.M.; new second lieutenant Christopher Hig-

JIM HARRI gins ’11 has his bars pinned on by his mother and sister.

Wednesday, with class days all over campus, “from one woman president to another ing of the Thursday morning exercises, was a stunner, made all the more appealing woman president,” she presented Drew the chaplain of the day, Bernard Steinberg by the persistence of lilacs, dogwoods, and Faust with a hand-sewn quilt from the of Hillel, prefaced his prayer by saying, azaleas—a bonus of the cool, late spring— rural Liberian community of Arthington, “In memoriam: James DiPaola and Peter and the arrival of their usual successors (rho- complete with the VERITAS shield. An J. Gomes.” The former, the late sheri1 of dodendrons, irises). A good omen. obviously delighted Faust had it hung di- Middlesex County, who had ridden a horse But the deal remained unsealed until rectly behind her chair on the blue back- through Harvard Yard and, “combining Wednesday night. Then, in the toast of- drop of the Memorial Church dais, for all dignity and irony,” had opened and closed fered on behalf of her fellow honorands to see, on Commencement day. the morning exercises for a decade, com- at the annual celebratory dinner in An- mitted suicide last November. “[M]y friend nenberg Hall, Liberian president Ellen C!++$,-$+$,., one is annually remind- Peter,” who had read the Commencement Johnson Sirleaf told the guests that when ed, is about beginnings. Timothy J. Lam- benediction from his cap for four decades, she spoke at the Harvard Kennedy School bert ’&&, as one of two Harvard Orators on was gone as well. O1ering the benediction (her alma mater) at its ('') graduation, senior class day, did the honors this year: this year in Gomes’s place, his interim suc- “It rained. It really rained.” And so, before “The word means beginning.” But as under- cessor as acting Pusey minister, Wendel W. setting out for Harvard to be the princi- graduates above all know, it also means Meyer, echoed the remembrance, begin- pal Commencement speaker, “I consulted the sad end of four distinctive years. ning simply, “Life is short….” our witch doctors and told them to be sure Endings were pervasive and poignant Leave-takings by the living were not- to send the African sun behind me.” “If it during Harvard’s /*'th Commencement. ed as well—people who had acted on the rains,” she said, “I’ll just have to dispense Speaking in Memorial Church, where the University’s behalf: former Senior Fellow with the witch doctor society.” Their sta- Reverend Peter J. Gomes long delivered James R. Houghton (see page 0*); Steven tus is secure: May (* was all of high spring spellbinding sermons, President Faust E. Hyman, the departing provost (see pag- packed into one cloudless day. meditated on the meaning of his life in her es 2& and 2/); and Barbara Grosz, who is Sirleaf brought more tangible magic, first Baccalaureate service since his death stepping down as Radcli1e Institute dean too. At the end of her toast, forging a bond on February () (see page 0)). At the open- (see page *&).

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I. "3% a mostly serious week—perhaps in humor, too. During the morning exercises, ly in her Baccalaureate address and in her part because with a head of state (Sirleaf) conducted with running-the-trains-on- brief remarks at the ROTC commission- and a Supreme Court justice (Ruth Bad- time e:ciency, Harvard Divinity School ing ceremony. There, invoking the &2'th er Ginsburg) as o:cial guests, and an im- dean William A. Graham introduced his anniversary of the beginning of the Civil promptu appearance by Vice President Joe candidates for degrees with a knowing War (her scholarly field as historian), she Biden and others (see page 2'), there were ad lib: “I have the honor to present to you summoned the memory of Charles Russell plenty of security o:cers on hand. Even these women and men, each of whom has Lowell, valedictorian of the class of &)20, actor Alec Baldwin, who might have ri1ed devoted two, three, or more—sometimes and Robert Gould Shaw, class of &)*', many more—years to both of whom died in the war, and Oliver theological and reli- Wendell Holmes Jr., class of &)*&, thrice gious studies….” The wounded, and observed, “We are not the provost, limning the first to live in an era of peril and crisis. honorands’ distinc- With our country involved in conflicts at tions, identified a three sites around the globe, you as mili- two- fer: both Dudley tary o:cers have chosen to face very dif- R. Herschbach and ficult challenges and to assume grave Plácido Domingo responsibilities.…I hope that your place have played them- in a long and newly invigorated Harvard selves on episodes of tradition of military service and sacrifice ON

S The Simpsons. And at supports and inspires you in the months his luncheon spread, and years to come.” Her afternoon-exer-

JIM HARRI U.S. Secretary of Ed- cises remarks, the next day, focused on the Still bullish on books: School of Education graduates celebrate. ucation Arne Dun- role of and challenges to higher education. can ’)*, elected chief Sirleaf spoke about hopeful signs that on the comic "# Rock, told the Law School’s marshal by his twenty-fifth reunion class, democracy was taking root in Africa, class day crowd, “From the bottom of my described his reaction to working with the and that her war-ravaged country was heart, I envy you.” Revealing a lifelong in- “Happy Committee,” the alumni body that progressing toward reconciliation and a terest in the law, he said, “I believe that I oversees Commencement. In Washington, climb from poverty, and drew upon her would trade what I have for what you’ll Duncan noted, he worked on lots of com- harrowing life experiences to share wis- have tomorrow afternoon.” mittees—none of them happy. dom with the graduates (see page 2(). But there were leavening moments of Faust spoke most emotional- Some of the most

James R. Houghton the modern and postmod- ’2), M.B.A. ’*(. Fellow ern who has recast the lens Honoris Causa of the Harvard Corpo- through which we see art. ration from &992, and Six men and three women received honorary de- Senior Fellow from (''( until David Satcher. For- grees at Commencement. Provost Steven E. Hy- his retirement in ('&'; former mer director of the man introduced the honorands, and President chairman and chief executive of- Centers for Disease Drew Faust read the citations, concluding with the ficer of Corning Incorporated. Control and Preven- NER recipient’s name and degree—except in the case of Doctor of Laws: A fine fellow fierce- S James R. Houghton tion, Surgeon General

Ruth Bader Ginsburg, for whom the previous hon- ly committed to his university’s care, STU RO of the United States, orand rose to sing a special tribute (view the video he has helped guide its passage through change and and assistant secretary of health, known at harvardmag.com/placido-domingo). through storm, with deep devotion to possibilities for addressing head-on issues such as For fuller background on each, see harvardmag. made real and with Harvard’s agenda ever his own. smoking, sexual behavior, AIDS, youth com/2011-honorands. violence, and racial disparities in health- Rosalind E. Krauss, Ph.D. care. Doctor of Sir Timothy John Berners- ’*9. University Professor at Science: To make Lee. The inventor of the World Columbia, a pioneering his- the greatest di!er- Wide Web, now /Com Found- torian, critic, and theorist of ence for those with ers Professor at MIT. Doc- twentieth-century painting, greatest need, he con- tor of Science: Ingenious guru sculpture, and photography. fronts controversial of a global village, to whom the W Doctor of Arts: Deflating dog- health concerns with owes its ubiquity, he has woven from ma with keen perspicacity, wres- candor and compas- NER NER S strands of complex code a web that S tling new mediums to the mat of sion, the public good STU RO encircles and enlivens our world. STU RO specificity, a trenchant theorist of his primary care.

Rosalind E. Krauss 46 J;<= - A;6;%. 2011 Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee morally forceful rhetoric thur R. Kleinman (see page came from others who, */), wrote that education is like Sirleaf, live or work for self-cultivation but “ulti- in the developing world. mately also for our responsi- Partners In Health co- bilities for those we love, for founder Paul Farmer, those we teach, and for those named Kolokotrones we live amongst.” University Professor To an unusual degree, the during the year, said ('&& Commencement seemed in his Kennedy School to display families who have graduation speech that been blessed with long rela- earthquake-ravaged Hai- tionships, among themselves ti, where he has labored and with Harvard—from for decades to deliver leading University figures healthcare to the rural such as honorand Dudley poor, had taught him to R. Herschbach (see page 2&) NER “beware the iron cage S to newly named Fellow of of rationality.” He con- STU RO the Corporation Joseph J. fessed, “We all wanted Supreme singer: Tenor Plácido Domingo serenades fellow honorand Ruth O’Donnell (see page 09). At to be saved by exper- Bader Ginsburg, an opera fan, to conclude the conferral of her degree. the Graduate School of Arts tise, but we never were.” Instead, he said, founder of the Self Employed Women’s and Sciences diploma ceremony, newly making headway requires that we learn Association, in India, said of some of the minted A.M.s, S.M.s, and Ph.D.s were ac- to “accompany someone”—“to go some- world’s most marginalized people, “It is companied by spouses and children (see where with him or her, to break bread to- the margins that define the center.” page 2'). And the reunion parade, as al- gether, to be present on a journey with a ways, was a multigenerational event, with beginning and an end.…Accompaniment R?$.!48- 3%8#$, the graduates could the young, where needed, helping the old is much more often about sticking with learn much from the behavior modeled (see page *9). All present, participants a task until it’s deemed completed by around them. In “What Really Matters,” a and guests, were enjoying those relation- the person or person being accompanied, column in the Commencement issue of the ships on a gift of a day. rather than by the accompagnateur.” Rad- Crimson, Rabb professor of anthropology Thank you, witch doctors. Please mark cli1e Medalist Ela Bhatt, and professor of psychiatry Ar- May (0, ('&(, on your calendars.

Dudley R. Herschbach, expounding civic humanism, subtly law and, since &99/, an associate justice of Ph.D. ’2), JF ’29. Co-win- unfolding history’s history, an erudite the U.S. Supreme Court. Doctor of Laws: ner of the &9)* Nobel scholar of political discourse expertly An advocate extraordinaire who propelled the quest Prize in chemistry, former illumining how context colors text. for equal justice under law; a judge supreme who master of Currier House, lifts the bench with devotion to the dignity of each and a teacher who com- Plácido Domingo. The inter- individual. As Faust concluded this citation, bined the sciences with nationally acclaimed singer and Domingo rose to serenade Ginsburg (a the humanities—mak- conductor, general director of devotee of the art form): “Ruth Bader Gins- ing him, in the provost’s the Los Angeles and Washington burg, Doctor of Laws, come to hear us at phrase, “Harvard’s own National opera companies. Doc- the opera, direct from the Supreme Court,” literate laureate.” Doc- tor of Music: In- to the opening bars of Ver- tor of Science: Imaginative candescent presence di’s “Celeste Aida.” master of molecular dynamics, on stages world- NER S whose zeal for discovery feeds David Satcher wide, opening hearts Her Excellency Ellen his zest for teaching; a scientist STU RO to opera’s grandeur; Johnson Sirleaf, M.P.A. and humanist straddling two cultures, he animates a tenor for the ages, whose mag- ’>&. President of Liberia, the interplay of abacus and rose. nificent mellifluence tingles the and Africa’s first female spine and stirs the soul. elected head of state. Doc- John G.A. Pocock. A leading historian of tor of Laws: Her spirit in- political theory and discourse, known es- The Honorable Ruth Bad- domitable, her story inspira- pecially for explicating the emergence of er Ginsburg, L ’29. The tional, she strives to heal the the idea of republicanism and for analyz- fundamental figure in ad- wounds of war; for a nation NER ing the work of Edward Gibbon and his vancing gender equity in S long beleaguered, an unblinking contemporaries. Doctor of Laws: Sagely American constitutional STU RO beacon of hope. John G. A. Pocock www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement-2011 H34534# M36378,$ 47 */(. (!26!2$3 * /52.!, s COMMENC EMENT 2011

cated men and women, you Words to Live By face an important question. The graduates heard in multiple ways how Not, Will I get a job? Will they might lead their lives. Herewith, four I succeed? Will I satis fy samples. Full texts and audio and video everyone else’s expecta- recordings of these and other Commence- tions?—though these wor- ment week speeches are available at har- ries are real. But the real vardmag.com/commencement-2011. question is: How, within the possible narratives, can “Finish Your Own Sentences” I most be myself? How will In her Baccalaureate remarks to the graduating I finish my own sentence, seniors on Tuesday afternoon in Memorial Church, when I say “I went to Har- where the late Peter J. Gomes had long held sway, vard, and then I…” President Drew Faust, who took o$ce in 2007, re- …The world you face is flected on the past four years, as “you and I began daunting, and it is uncer- our journeys at Harvard together.” She drew on tain. Charting a course is

ON President Gomes himself to fashion her talk. hard. But you are well pre- S Drew Faust T?$%$ @3%. A!;4 =$34%…[y]ou discov- pared—with the analytic ered passions you could not have imag- spirit, the capacity for ques- JIM HARRI ined. You realized in this diverse and dis- tioning and for judgment, and the habits of the check boxes the desired goal must fol- tinctive class just how di:cult it is to mind your education has given you these low.…And yet, I have a terrible thing to say “peg” anyone, especially yourself. past four years. today…: sometimes, plans fall through.… You are what Reverend Peter Gomes Philosopher William James drew an When I was 13 years old I had my entire might have called, and I quote him, “an illus- important distinction at a Harvard Com- life planned out….I knew what I was going tration in search of a sermon.” As I thought mencement dinner a century ago. He said to study, where I was going to work, when about what I might say to you today, it oc- there is an “outer Harvard,” a “more educat- I would get married, and exactly how curred to me that this was an apt, and mean- ed cleverness in the service of popular idols.” many children I was going to have one day. ingful, description of Peter Gomes himself.… But, he continued to say, there is also an “in- But I also lived in Colombia in the early [H]e remains at the center of what it means ner spiritual Harvard,” carried by those who 2000s, and the violence that had for years to be a part of Harvard, a moral tradition come not because the University is a club, been escalating in the countryside one day and force in the legacy of “veritas” that is not but, as he put it, “because they have heard came knocking on my door. My family was just a succession of truths, but a compass.… of her persistently atomistic constitution, being threatened by guerrillas, and within In fact, universities once assumed that good- of her tolerance of exceptionality and ec- a month, we found ourselves at the Miami ness and the search for truth were indivis- centricity, of her devotion to the principles International Airport with everything we ible, and this assumption animated every- of individual vocation and choice.…You can- could fit in four suitcases. thing Peter Gomes did. Remain mindful of not,” he said, “make single, one-idea-ed regi- I kicked and screamed and complained others, but decide for yourself. Be who you ments of her classes….” This is just as mean- about the unfathomable unfairness of the are, or at least be discovering who you are, ingful in 2011 as it was in 1903. world. But life has an implacable way of and not what others think you should be.… So go, and live syncopated lives.…Be true continuing without break, regardless of As a man of multiple labels, Peter Gomes to Harvard by being true to yourselves. how we feel about our broken hearts or was ahead of his time. A Republican pro- Search for your own sermons. Finish your trampled dreams. Soon enough, I had to fessor at Harvard, a gay Baptist preacher, own sentences. And then rewrite them, pick myself up, learn English, and get a black Pilgrim Society president from again and again. through school like everyone else. After a Plymouth. He often described himself as few more ups and downs, I somehow end- “Afro-Saxon.”… [Y]ou could feel across “The Courage to ed up at Harvard. campus the ripple of his singularity. Laura Jaramillo After coming out publicly, in 1992, he gave Not Make Plans” a commencement speech to an anxious au- At the College Class Day, on Wednesday, dience at Princeton Theological Seminary, two seniors o!er serious remarks—the and, as a man of words, he let no one finish Harvard Orations. Laura Jaramillo ’10 (’11), his sentences for him. He said, “I know that a government concentrator and Pforzheimer my being here today is the cause of no small House resident, spoke about her unusually consternation for some of you. After all, I fraught path to and through Harvard. am…black…and I am…Baptist…and I am… W!4B ?34#, we have been told from Harvard!” Playful. Unapologetic. Un- since we were kids, and you will ON

bounded by others’ expectations.… achieve your wildest dreams. And S And so, on Thursday, as you pass through so we have worked the nights

the gates into the ancient company of edu- away, with a sense that if we fill all JIM HARRI

48 J;<= - A;6;%. 2011 www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement-2011 Commencement Confetti

FROM PURITAN TO POLYGLOT and 70 certificates this year. Har- Phi Beta Kappa celebrated its 221st liter- vard College conferred 1,540 bach- ary exercises on May 24, proudly tracing elor of arts and 16 bachelor of sci- its roots to the eighteenth century. PBK’s ence degrees. The Business School 2011 undergraduate marshals suggest the conferred 945 degrees, the Gradu- NER newly diverse demographics of twenty- ate School of Arts and Sciences 904 S

first-century Harvard: Edith Yee-Heen (including 494 doctorates), Law STU RO Chan, Alexander Sarkis Karadjian, Iya 790, Extension 739, Education 700.…The BIG DAYS. On May 25, the expanding Megre, and Pramod Thammaiah. Divinity School bestowed 143 degrees, Harvard Corporation elected Joseph J. O’Donnell ’67, M.B.A. ’71, a Fellow of the and the School of Dental Medicine pre- University’s senior governing board (see sented 92 degrees and certificates. page 55). The next morning, Commence- ment day, daughter Casey O’Donnell was MEDIA MEMORIAL awarded her A.B. (joining sister Kate, of the College class of 2009)—making for a The pass issued to journalists covering memorable Crimson Commencement. Commencement featured an image of the late Reverend Peter J. Gomes. The idea rican men in Boston and New York at the came from media relations assistant Evan outset of the Civil War. Whitney, who is in charge of graduation logistics for HARVARD: THE STUFF the University news o:ce. Harvard Student Agencies’ Har- NER

S This year, on the day itself, vard Shop opened its temporary Whitney was a participant, booth in front of Boylston Hall at 6 STU RO not an observer: having tak- 3.+. Thursday. The gear ranged from FROM 1665 TO 2011. Tiffany Smalley ’11, of Martha’s Vineyard, became the "rst en government courses in class rings and insignia T-shirts to member of the Wampanoag tribe in more the Extension School since water bottles and diploma frames; than three centuries to receive a Harvard 1997, he was awarded his the undergraduates on duty said degree. Her immediate predecessor was Caleb Cheeshahteaumauk, A.B. 1665. At master of liberal arts degree. that business was “really good.” the afternoon exercises, Smalley accept- ed a diploma awarded posthumously FAY PRIZE HUMORIST, AT WORK to Cheeshahteaumauk’s classmate and The Radcli1e Institute awarded its Fay Alexandra Petri ’10, one of the funniest fellow Wampanoag, Joel Iacoomes. Though he completed all degree requirements, Prize—meant to recognize the most out- people during the 359th Commencement Iacoomes perished just before graduation. standing imaginative work or original week (she was an Ivy Orator; see “Laugh Also present were Cheryl Andrews-Mal- research in any field by an undergradu- Lines,” July-August 2010, page 56), now tais, chair of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay ate—to history and literature concentra- plies her trade at the Washington Post. Her Head (Aquinnah); President Drew Faust; Cedric Cromwell, chair and president tor Matthew S. Miller. His thesis, chosen May 20 ComPost entry (she “puts the of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe; and from among the Hoopes Prize winners ‘pun’ in punditry”)—a mock graduation Bernard Coombs of the Mashpee Tribe, a for outstanding scholarship or research, address titled “What the class of 2011 descendant of Iacoomes. focused on an exhibition of five South Af- didn’t learn”—gets to the heart of gradu- BEARDS ARE BACK ates’ concerns: “Only 53 percent of 2006 Fashion note: Commencement featured to 2010 graduates are employed, and that two female presidents, but male facial hair is emphatically in—not only for pro- MARSHAL’S MEMORIAL. Sharon Ladd, vost Steven E. Hyman and his successor director of the Harvard International Of- (see page 53), but among honorary-de- "ce, made a personal adjustment to her gree recipients Plácido Domingo, John of"cial out"t as a Commencement mar- shal’s aide. To honor the memory of her G. A. Pocock, and David Satcher (surely late husband, Harold Bolitho, professor of a diverse sample), and Law School speak- Japanese history emeritus, who died Octo- er Alec Baldwin. ber 23 after a long illness, Ladd wore his Yale doctoral hood with her gown. Their ON S son, James Bolitho, of the College class of THE NUMBERS 2011, was suitably attired to receive his

The University awarded 7,147 degrees JIM HARRI A.B. degree.

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A WIRED WEEK. The Alumni Association debuted a “Harvard Reunion” iPhone app so at- tendees could log in to view the schedule of events, see who registered, and "nd locations on an inter- active map. The app was integrated with Facebook for uploading and viewing photos and video; and with Twitter, where attendees could tweet their locations and thoughts under the hashtags #harvard06, #harvard01, and so on for each class. The Commencement broad- cast, streamed online, was integrated with Facebook, too—so as Graduate English orator Adam Price (see page 51) delivered his remarks, for example, one could read real-time comments, some in Welsh: “Da iawn, Adam! Hurr y back to Wales.”

and Alison Schumer received A.B.s, and former New Hampshire senator Judd Gregg, whose son, Joshua Gregg, earned number might drop if my editor doesn’t an M.B.A. like the joke I made in that last para- NER graph.” Commenting on recent reports GLOBAL DEANSHIP S

about how little studying most students With Nitin Nohria presenting candi- STU RO do, she observes, “Just wait until you’re in dates for degrees of master and doctor NEW SHERIFF IN TOWN. The Harvard the workforce! Oh, I’m sorry. You won’t of business administration for the first Kennedy School, entering its seventy-"fth anniversary year, had a strong showing on be.” Petri hasn’t lost her touch. time—he became dean of Harvard Busi- the Commencement platform: Univer- ness School last July &, suc- sity marshal Jacqueline O’Neill, M.P.A. USING HIS HEAD ceeding Jay O. Light—the ’81; Graduate English orator Adam Price, Vice President Joe Biden, University’s increasingly in- about to be M.P.A. ’11; and of course OFFICE

S Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, in Boston for a lunch eon ternational decanal ranks M.P.A. ’71, an honorand. Making this trio a promoting neuroscience re- were evident this Commence- quartet was the new sheriff of Middlesex search, then swung by cam- ment. Nohria, from Raja sthan, County, Peter J. Koutoujian, M.P.A. ’03, who spoke before Commencement about how pus on Wednesday after- India, joins the Graduate important his Harvard education had been

noon to celebrate Class Day NEW E LINCOLN/HARVARD School of Design’s Mohsen in preparing him to lead an of"ce with a S

with niece Alana J. Biden RO Mostafavi, born in Iran, and $60-million budget and nearly 1,000 em- ’&&, a Dunster House resi- Harvard School of Public ployees. At the morning exercises, adapting to his new role, he declaimed (as loudly as dent and co-founder of Harvard’s Quid- Health’s Julio Frenk, from Mexico City. his predecessor, but with new phrasing), ditch Team. Also on campus celebrat- “The high sheriff of Middlesex County ing new graduates: Connecticut senator WHAT T HEY WAVED now declares that the meeting will be in ORRRDDEERRR!” As he "nished, Middle- Richard Blumenthal ’*> and New York Professional-school students often col- sex County deputy David Ellison, stationed senator Charles Schumer ’>&, J.D. ’>0, laborate to strut their stu1 during the in front of Sever Hall, yelled, “Hell of a whose children Michael Blumenthal morning exercises, rising as one when voice, Sheriff!” it comes time to have their degrees conferred and waving some suitable sharks (now they carry gavels). The med- symbol of their skills or aspirations. ically inclined have tended to favor rub- Hence the Graduate School of Edu- ber-glove or condom balloons. But this cation grads’ tradition of children’s year’s prize for innovation goes to the books (see page 0*), or the Ken- School of Public Health contingent, who nedy School’s inflated globes (see showed up with brightly colored apples, page 02). The lawyers-to-be have, in bananas, broccoli, and potatoes. Eat your years past, shown up with inflatable (nonrubber) fruits and veggies, everyone! STARTING ’EM YO U N G. Many Graduate School of Arts and Sciences students have worked for years to earn their advanced degrees—and have married and started families along the way. And the diploma ceremony in Sanders Theatre can seem long, too, especially for the young ones. That’s why, after relaxing in a separate green room, the degree and certi"cate recipients’ children can get their own gradu-

ON ation diplomas and certi"cates, as did Caleb, Grace, Sophie, and Peter Albrecht, S whose dad, Dana, received an S.M. If they get advisers now, the junior scholars may be assured a head start toward earlier completion of their theses. JIM HARRI

www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement-2011 Adam Price

When I was a sophomore, my family’s I, ?34534# =34# 8, &>>2 George asylum case came to its final step in the Washington’s army was housed court. Despite nearly a decade of build- here in Hollis Hall, wracked by ex- ing a new life, of working hard, and doing haustion and fear, sustained only by everything right…[o]ur asylum claim was co1ee, canteen food, and the prom- denied, and once again we found ourselves ise of future happiness—it sounds a packing what could fit in a suitcase. Three bit like finals week. NER years ago I left Harvard not knowing when Lined up on the opposite bank of S

I would have the luxury of staying up all the Charles River were hundreds STU RO night at Lamont again, or complaining over of my Welsh ancestors, the Royal olution. Who showed an independence of my House open list about the lack of hot Welch Fusiliers fighting for the British mind whose spirit I want to invoke today. breakfast.… Army against the American Revolution. Fourteen of the signers of the American I missed the impassioned debates with I guess I should apologize for it, really. Declaration of Independence were Welsh, my friends in the Pfoho dining hall. I missed You seem to have made a success of this in- who had found here in America, like I have the exhilarating feeling of walking into An- dependence thing. Well done, and thanks at Harvard, a space to think and chart their nenberg and being reminded of the dream for leaving us Canada. own course. Who were inspired by the that it is to be a Harvard student…. But the people I think about most today dream of freedom, first forged here, that is I cannot step in front of this micro- are those of my Welsh ancestors who were still troubling tyrants today from Tripoli phone…and presume to impart…some sort on this side of the river, fighting for the rev- to Damascus. of wisdom that you haven’t yet discovered on your own. All I can share is what I have learned from my uncanny ability to have Center of Attention my life plans completely fall through: make Amid Harvard’s vast Commencement spectacle, the sure that you live life in such a way, that formal center—on the dais constructed beside Memorial even if you don’t get where you meant to Church—is still the venue for small gestures that go to the go, it was well worth the trip. heart of the University and its people. Herewith, a close Often people won’t congratulate you reading of some 2011 events not prescribed by the “Form Harvard partners ON on doing the things you love, they won’t of Conferring Degrees” that guides the morning exercises S Dudley and Georgene cite you and they won’t pay you more. You and the people who conduct the business of graduation. Herschbach

won’t be able to put them on your résumé Between the awarding of student degrees and the be- JIM HARRI (though most of us will probably find a stowal of honorary ones, President Drew Faust interrupted the proceedings, saying, way). The great privilege we have had ac- “Before we continue, let me take this opportunity to recognize the man standing at the cess to comes with great responsibility. microphone. Steve Hyman will step down this June after a decade of extraordinarily But don’t forget the great responsibility distinguished and devoted service as the provost of the University. All of us who care you have to yourself. Have the courage, ev- about Harvard owe him our gratitude. Please join me in applauding and thanking him.” ery once in a while, to not make plans, and Hyman received an especially vigorous ovation from the party on the stage: the deans, discover the wonderful things that could Fellows, and Overseers who have worked most closely with him. Faust then presum- happen. Find, in your busy lives, time to ably returned to the formal script for the honorands, but injected a spontaneous enjoy beauty, to let yourself be fascinated, phrase: “The provost—if he’s able to speak—will introduce the candidates.” Hyman to get carried away. instantly picked up the baton: “Ah, now back to regular business.” James R. Houghton, recognized for helping guide the University’s passage “through “The World Needs change and through storm” (including the end of Lawrence H. Summers’s presidency, the transition to Faust’s, and the !nancial crisis) in his honorary citation—the valedictory for Less of the Same” a lifelong engagement with Harvard—blew the president a kiss upon receiving his degree. Graduate English orator Adam Price, M.P.A. ’11, Harvard hands especially appreciat ed the provost’s description of honorand Dudley roused the morning exercises audience with his R. Herschbach as “an engaged citizen of the University” and “no stranger to this cer- words, his delivery—he was a member of Parlia- emony” (for which he provided broadcast commentary for many years—an atypical ment from the nationalist Plaid Cymru party— role for a Nobel laureate). So it was particularly apt that his escort for the day was and the rich voice of his native Wales. his wife, longtime Harvard administrator Georgene Herschbach (the couple together served as master and co-master, respectively, of Currier House All hail the retiring provost, in the 1980s), rather than the customary faculty member with Steven E. Hyman. expertise in the same !eld. As the exercises ended and the entire assembly rose in song, Plácido Domingo, freshly anointed Doctor of Music, master of more than 130 different operatic roles, in more than 3,500 performances, scrutinized the program, trying to keep up with the Latin lyrics of the “Harvard Hymn.”

H34534# M36378,$ 51 */(. (!26!2$3 * /52.!, s COMMENC EMENT 2011

Unlike the hidebound British who never broke ranks, the American revolutionaries Ellen Johnson Sirleaf knew the value of fighting for each other, yet thinking for themselves. They struck out on their own, and built something new together. Today…we live in a world of creeping homogenization.…Are we all slowly begin- ning to speak, to see, to sound the same? And even think alike? …At its best the university is an incuba- tor of independent inquiry, a cacophony of voices, opinions, arguments, a living de- bate that reshapes us as we shape it. But here’s the irony: that to graduate we must first master the established theories. So though we are meant to stand here on the shoulders of giants, it can sometimes NER feel as if that body of accumulated learn- S

ing, all the tried and tested frameworks STU RO and formulas, are weighing down upon us, people drawn here from many lands that always been a “boys’ club” didn’t mean it crushing our creativity. rejected the status quo. That turned their was right, and so I remained undeterred.… And threatening to sink us if we are not world upside down. As you approach your future, there will careful. So let’s today salute them: the dissent- be ample opportunity to become jaded In a world where the deepest problems ers, the mavericks and heretics, pioneers and cynical, but I urge you to resist cyni- defy easy resolution, surely the greatest and prime movers. cism—the world is still a beautiful place risk is not taking risks at all. Who know that without our willing to and change is possible. As I have noted…my So will we have the courage to mount be wrong, we can never be right. path to the presidency was never straight- our own quiet revolution? That only by questioning what is, can forward or guaranteed. With prison, death Generations ago, there was an army of we begin to imagine what might be.… threats, and exile, there were many oppor- The world needs less of the same. It tunities to quit, to forget about the dream, needs us to work together and think for yet we all persisted. I have always main- ourselves. It needs the commonwealth of tained the conviction that my country and us and the republic of you. people are so much better than our recent So together, let’s make today our inde- history indicates. I have come to appreci- pendence day, and in our liberty strive to ate these di:cult moments, but I believe serve the common good. I’m a better leader, a better person, with a

Phi Beta ON richer appreciation for the present because S Kappa poet of my resilient past. Henri Cole “If Your Dreams

JIM HARRI So graduates of 2011, the size of your COMPLETE Do Not Scare You” dreams must always exceed your current COMMENCEMENT COVERAGE Her Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the president capacity to achieve them. If your dreams Recordings and texts of the princi- of Liberia and guest speaker for the afternoon ex- do not scare you, they are not big enough. pal speeches, news reports on Uni- ercises, recounted her own Harvard education— If you start o1 with a small dream, you versity and many school events, and when she conducted research in stacks, where may not have much left when it is fulfilled expanded photo galleries are avail- books were stored—and outlined the hopeful signs because along the way, life will task your able at harvardmagazine.com/com- of democracy in Africa and of economic recovery dreams and make demands on you. I am, mencement-2011. Highlights include and civic revival in her war-torn country. She then however, bullish about the future of our Amy Poehler at Senior Class Day, Alec drew upon her own life, before her triumphant elec- world because of everyone in this Yard, be- Baldwin at the Law School, Kolo- tion in 2005, as a source of some advice. cause of those who have graduated today. kotrones University Professor Paul I ;46$ =!;, Harvard graduates, class of Fearlessness for the future, youthfulness of Farmer at the Kennedy School, the ('&&, to be fearless about the future. Just be- the heart, toughness for the distractions, Phi Beta Kappa Literary Exercises, cause something has not been done as yet, creativeness for the complexities: these addresses by President Drew Faust doesn’t mean it cannot be done. I was never remain the indispensable ingredients of and President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf— deterred from running for president just be- national and global transformation. Add and Plácido Domingo serenading Jus- cause there had never been any other female to that envelope the elements of hope—ro- tice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. elected as a head of state in Africa. Simply bust hope and resilience—and there’s no because political leadership in Liberia had telling what can be accomplished.

52 J;<= - A;6;%. 2011 www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement-2011 The New Provost Institute for Economic Policy Research. thought about those qualifications, a com- He has directed both Stanford’s Center mitment to the University’s mission and A!"# $. %"&'(& ’)), Ph.D. ’*+ (M.D. for Health Policy and the Center for Pri- values was central, as was personal com- Stanford ’*,), now Kaiser professor and mary Care and Outcomes Research at the patibility. Beyond that, she sought some- professor of medicine and economics at School of Medicine since their founding one with “a really wide range” of interests Stanford, will become Harvard’s provost and is a sta0 physician at the Veterans Af- and curiosity about the broad spectrum of on September -, President Drew Faust fairs Palo Alto Health Care System, asso- the University’s activities. It was “a high announced on April -.. Garber succeeds ciate director of the VA Center for Health priority for me to find the right person Steven E. Hyman, M.D. ’*/, who has been Care Evaluation, and research associate with the first set of qualifications,” she provost since +//-; he announced last of the National Bureau of Economic Re- continued, “and, if possible, in a di0er- December that he would step down at search (NBER), in Cambridge, where he ent area from my own, with science as an the end of this academic year, in June. founded and, for 19 years, directed the example,” complementing her work as an “I am humbled but extremely excited healthcare program (responsibilities that historian. at taking this important position at Har- brought him back to Massachusetts four In considering Garber’s administra- vard,” Garber said during an interview at times yearly, he reported). tive experience, she said, her conversa- Massachusetts Hall (where he appeared Garber thus straddles two very large tions with him and those who know him wearing a vintage Harvard necktie). “I academic fields within Harvard—medi- brought out the clear judgment that “he’s would be much less excited,” he said lat- cal research and practice, and the social a leader” who enjoys colleagues’ respect— er, “if this was the Harvard I knew when sciences—a particu- I was a student.” The University of the larly useful qualifi- Alan M. Garber 1970s, he explained, was extraordinary, cation for a senior “but the progress it has made since then administrator whose has been nothing short of spectacular,” responsibilities have both in the caliber of the individual fac- come to focus on in- ulties and in the ways the parts of the terdisciplinary col- institution work together; he gave par- laboration and on ticular credit to Hyman in e0ecting the University-wide is- latter gains. sues such as the op- In a statement accompanying the an- eration of the library nouncement, Faust cited her new col- system. (His prede- league’s “talent, range, and versatility” and cessor, Hyman, stud- said, “Alan is a distinguished academic ied philosophy and leader who brings to Harvard an extraor- the humanities at dinary breadth of experience in research Yale, became a Har- across disciplines. He has an incisive intel- vard Medical School lect, a deep appreciation for the challenges professor of psychia- facing research universities, and a loyalty try, served as found- and commitment to Harvard, where he ing faculty director has maintained strong ties since his years of the interdisciplinary mind/brain/behav- as reflected in his service on the Stanford as an undergraduate.” ior program, and in 1996 was named head committee that oversees tenured appoint- The disciplinary breadth is evident. At of the National Institute of Mental Health. ments (see below). As he returns to an in- Stanford, Garber is professor (by cour- On the day Garber’s appointment was an- stitution where he was an undergraduate, tesy) of economics, health research and nounced, Hyman joked about another sim- a graduate student, a professor acquainted policy, and of economics in the Graduate ilarity: their common “rabbinical look”— with many faculty members, and a Medi- School of Business. He is also a senior fel- although being bearded is not thought to cal School visiting committee member, low in the Freeman-Spogli Institute for be a formal qualification for the job.) Faust said, Garber “knows the geography, International Studies and in the Stanford In an interview, Faust said that as she literally and figuratively.” Garber is now a Harvard parent as well; he and his wife, Ann Yahanda (a nonprac- I N T H I S ISSUE ticing oncologist), have four children, in- cluding son Daniel, a sophomore at the 54 Harvard Portrait 60 Ants through the Ages College this past academic year. 55 Fellows Three 61 Brevia 56 Lessons from Libya? 63 Mentoring and Moral Experience G"&'(&12 34"! interests in economics 57 Yesterday’s News 65 The Undergraduate and medicine emerged early. He recalled in 58 Marc Hauser’s Return 67 Sports his class’s twenty-fifth anniversary report 58 From Our Website 67 Alumni (a member of the class of -5)), he earned 59 University People 72 The College Pump his A.B. in -5)6, and an A.M. in his fourth

Photograph by Justin Ide/Harvard News Office H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 53 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL

year), “As a freshman, I was a reluctant and HARVARD P ORT RAIT ambivalent pre-med. After Ec -/ exposed the latent economist in me, I switched my concentration from biochem to econom- ics. That decision led to a Ph.D. in econom- ics at Harvard and a simultaneous M.D. at Stanford, and eventually to a career that combined the two interests.” His disserta- tion was titled “Costs and Control of Anti- biotic Resistance.” His research has focused on improving healthcare delivery and financing, especial- ly for the elderly. According to his Stanford biography, Garber has “developed methods for determining the cost-e0ectiveness of health interventions” and studied “ways to structure financial and organizational in- centives to ensure that cost-e0ective care is delivered. In addition, his research explores how clinical practice patterns and health- care market characteristics influence tech- nology adoption, health expenditures, and health outcomes in the United States and in other countries.” In deciding now to turn from research and—at least initially—teaching, Garber said that he had probed the challenges facing Harvard’s faculty and students, and higher education, “But overwhelm- ingly, my impression has been that this is an amazing institution that is well posi- tioned” to maintain and sustain its preem- inence [in the future]. He is looking for- ward, he said, to “assisting Drew in easing that path to the future.” Peter D er Manuelian One of the things that made him excited about taking the post, he said, was “the In fourth grade, the lure of ancient Egypt grabbed Peter Der Manuelian ’81, King people I’ll be working with,” particularly a professor of Egyptology. “I think it strikes everybody—and they grow out of it. I team of deans whom he described as e0ec- just didn’t. For most people it’s mummies. For me, it was the grandeur and scale of tive collaborators and visionary leaders of the monuments and architecture, the beauty of Egyptian art, the fascinating code of their individual schools. In the provost’s hieroglyphs.” Manuelian is Harvard’s !rst full-time Egyptologist since 1942. (He previ- o:ce, he said, he would be making the ously taught at Tufts.) His life’s work has centered on the pyramids at Giza, built in the transition from a professor, with all the third millennium B.C. In 1977, he !nally got to Egypt, as a teenager doing epigraphy— academic autonomy that implies, to a “role producing publishable facsimile line drawings of tomb wall scenes and inscriptions of service to the University.” The change, for Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts (MFA). (He’s since become a graphic designer who he said, is “dramatic,” but “the mission is has designed 30 Egyptological monographs, his own included.) After concentrating in compelling.” Near Eastern lan guages and civilizations at Harvard, Manuelian earned his Ph.D. at the At Stanford, Garber was elected to, and University of Chicago in 1990. He has published four scholarly books and three for chaired, a committee “with no Harvard children, including one that teaches kids how to draw hieroglyphs. An MFA curator analog,” the University Advisory Board, since 1987, he has directed its Giza Archives Project since 2000—gathering, digitizing, which makes the final decision on all fac- and cross-referencing all archaeological mater ials on the pyramids. He’s also working ulty and tenure appointments. That expe- with iPad apps to teach hieroglyphs interactively, and gearing up to write a biography rience, he said, exposed him to “the work of George Reisner (1867-1942), his predecessor as Harvard’s resident Egyptologist. of tremendously talented people” who do A squash player, Manuelian and his wife, writer Lauren Thomas, live in the Back Bay “extraordinary work” in fields ranging with four cats. A recent Newsweek essay he wrote on the Egyptian protests was un- from studio art to engineering to English characteristic. “I usually don’t write about A.D. things,” he says. “I stick to B.C.” to physics. That appreciation for how fac- ulty members in di0erent fields view their

54 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 Photograph courtesy of Peter Der Manuelian work should serve Garber well in one of centralization as about what you can accom- growing breadth and excellence of universi- the Harvard provost’s key responsibilities: plish” academically, he pointed out, citing ties in other countries, and the general eco- leading the ad hoc committees that make collaborations such as the Harvard Stem nomic “uncertainty.” In light of the latter, he the final decisions on appointments to Cell Institute and the associated depart- said, “Every major university has to be pre- tenured professorships—a role the presi- ment of stem cell and regenerative biology. pared for all kinds of eventualities,” putting dent has now in part devolved. Garber said he hoped to build on such a premium on flexibility and nimbleness. As for moving from the relatively cen- collaborations, enlarging their scale and Fundraising will be a priority, too. Gar- tralized Stanford to Harvard’s legendary pursuing them wherever appropriate. The ber’s involvement in Stanford’s capital decentralization, with each school pro- task force report on the arts, for exam- campaign (now drawing to a close) was ceeding “on its own bottom,” Garber said, ple—released as financial crises arose in limited to that of a faculty member who “The reality is that neither institution is at late 2008—is full of “compelling” ideas, he spoke at events; he said he did not have the extreme that’s sometimes portrayed.” noted; a high priority is to “make the arts an administrative role. Where he was in- Within research universities, he noted, more central to the University’s life.” volved, he found meeting alumni “enor- organization charts aside, “in fact, lead- Turning to the environment for higher mously rewarding,” and he “very, very ership occurs by a process of persuasion education, Garber acknowledged “threats much look[s] forward to my interactions” and consensus.” Of late, he added, Har- to our traditional sources of funds,” par- with fellow Harvard alumni. vard had shown “a much greater ability to ticularly federal grants for research from the work together” across the boundaries of National Science Foundation and the Na- R"$2(; =&>?(22>& of political econo- schools and units. “It’s not so much about tional Institutes of Health. He also cited the my Richard Zeckhauser, who was one of

from 2001 to 2007 and chaired that board in 2006-2007, serving on the search committee that chose Faust as president. Com- Fellows Three plementing this knowledge of Harvard governance is her service as the !rst chair of the Radcliffe Institute’s visiting committee; she also helped effect the transition from division to school of A day before Commencement, the Har vard Corporation Engineering and Applied Sciences—her area of expertise, and elected three new members, with the consent of the Board of a !eld where Harvard plans signi!cant growth. Overseers: Lawrence S. Bacow, M.P.P.-J.D. ’76, Ph.D. ’78; Susan O’Donnell is a Boston business executive, past Overseer, cur- L. Graham ’64; and Joseph J. O’Donnell ’67, M.B.A. ’71. When rent member of the Allston Work Team (which is formulating new they began serving, on July 1, the trio increased the Corpora- plans for campus development, and through which O’Donnell has tion’s ranks from seven to 10, a major step in implementing its worked closely with several current deans), and a leading force in planned expansion to 13 members with a new committee struc- Harvard and other philanthropic activities. His fundraising expe- ture, among the reforms announced last December (see “The Corporation’s 360-Year Tune-Up,” Janu- ary-February, page 43). Bacow, who is about to retire after a decade as president of Tufts, was previously chancellor of MIT. He thus brings to the Corporation both exten- sive higher-education ex- perience (complementing Fellow Nannerl Keohane, N/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS N/HARVARD president emerita of Duke Lawrence L Susan L. Joseph J. and Wellesley) and long S. Bacow Graham O’Donnell OSE LINCO OSE engagement in the Greater OFFICE NEWS CHASE/HARVARD JON R OFFICE NEWS IDE/HARVARD JUSTIN Boston community. When William F. Lee ’72 was elected a Fellow rience—useful as Harvard launches a new capital campaign, and last year, he became the !rst current member other than President an avowed area of new interest for the Corporation—includes Drew Faust to live locally—an advantage in keeping current with service as a member of the executive committee of the $2.6-bil- the campus. Now, with Bacow and O’Donnell on the board, there lion fund drive that concluded in 1999. He is also a recent College will be three Bostonians, plus Faust. parent, of Kate ’09 and her sister, Casey ’11 (see page 49). Graham, Chen Distinguished Professor emerita of electrical For more detailed coverage, see harvardmag.com/new- engineering and computer science at Berkeley, was an Overseer corporation-members.

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Garber’s dissertation advisers (the others melding physicians and economists, and marathon runner, physician, and micro- were Baker professor of economics Martin also—not a given—“a nice person, easy to economist, Zeckhauser said that Garber Feldstein and the late Warburg professor get along with.” combines “the energy of the first, the of economics Zvi Griliches), remembers Garber’s appearance on campus on bedside manner of the best of the second, his former student as “a very bright doc- April 15 immediately preceded the an- and the understanding of resources of the toral student” and a “successful academic nual running of the Boston Marathon, an third”—a broad and eminently useful set entrepreneur” who has run a “quite suc- event in which he has previously com- of characteristics for the challenges he cessful” research operation at Stanford peted. Citing the new provost’s roles as now faces.

May 2011: Libyan women in Benghazi look for family members among photographs of those killed or missing during the popular uprising against Muammar el-Qadda!.

activities that could conceivably be con- strued as ‘lobbying,’ and therefore intro- duce questions of regulatory compliance. We take these questions very seriously.” On May 6, Monitor announced that it had retroactively registered “some of its past work in Libya, as well as recent work with Jordan” with the U.S. government in accor- dance with the Foreign Agents Registra- tion Act—in e0ect acknowledging that its image-related work had gone beyond con- sulting to attempting to influence opinion and perceptions as a lobbying entity. Given that Harvard faculty members have wide discretion to pursue outside activities, did the direct involvement of AEED KHAN/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

S Porter in Libya, and the engagement of Monitor as a consulting firm, bear on Har- Lessons from Libya? had earlier tackled hard problems ranging vard as an institution? McKay professor of I# <@( 2=&9#% >? +//), this maga- from the economy of America’s inner cities computer science Harry Lewis, a former zine published a brief news item observ- to the delivery of healthcare. Other spe- Harvard College dean, raised the issue at ing that “Lawrence University Professor cialists were advising the country as well. the April 5 Faculty of Arts and Sciences Michael Porter, perhaps the world’s pre- Yet as is now evident—as Qaddafi has meeting, during the formal question peri- eminent corporate strategist, is advising turned his weapons on his own people, od. (Porter, of the Business School faculty, the government of Libya on economic re- and as the United States and NATO allies was not in attendance; for full texts and form,” that the consulting firm he found- have resorted to bombing his forces—the links to other reports, see harvardmag. ed, Monitor Group, “is focusing on energy, reform e0ort came to naught. And, as has com/lessons-from-libya). tourism, and other industries,” and that come to light through reporting by Farah In 2006, he recounted, Porter, “acting other consultants were examining issues Stockman in the Boston Globe and others, as a consultant to a firm he founded, pre- of financial reform. Porter was quoted to Monitor Group not only o0ered advice on pared a report for the Libyan government. the e0ect that Libya “pretty much needs the economy, but proposed measures rang- The report promised that the country was universal reform” after years of Colonel ing from the commissioned writing of a at ‘the dawn of a new era’” and touted Muammar el-Qaddafi’s rule. book on Qaddafi, “the man and his ideas,” “Gaddafi’s Libya as a ‘popular democracy At the time, Libya had made e0orts to to importing experts to meet with him and system’ that ‘supports the bottom-up ap- settle the claims from its role in the bomb- perhaps burnish his reputation. In a March proach critical to building competitive- ing of Pan Am Flight 103 and to disavow 24 statement posted on its website, Moni- ness.…’” The year 2006, Lewis continued, its previous ambitions to obtain nuclear tor acknowledged “some errors in judg- “was not some now-forgotten spring- weapons. Both steps were part of its cam- ment” in the context of “a period of prom- time of Libyan democracy. In the Econo- paign to end its status as a pariah nation. ise in Libya,” when “[i]nternational policy mist’s democracy index, published a few In this context, the engagement of out- at the time sought to seize an opportunity months later, Libya edged out the likes of side experts with the Libyan government to re-engage a rogue nation for the benefit Myanmar and North Korea for 161st po- did not seem to raise questions. of global security and the people of Libya.” sition, out of 167 nations.…I don’t know Porter had already become involved in “We are aware,” the statement went on, that Professor Porter broke any laws or advising on that nation’s economy, as he “that questions have been raised regarding University rules, and I would not want

56 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 any new regulatory apparatus. Yet taking money to support a tyranny by dubbing it a democracy is wrong. Shouldn’t Har- Yesterday’s News vard acknowledge its embarrassment…?” From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine He suggested that President Drew Faust might “remind us that when we parlay our status as Harvard professors for personal 1931 Immediately after Commence- 1971 In his !nal Commencement af- profit, we can hurt both the University ment, workers begin demolishing Apple- ternoon address to the alumni, retiring and all of its members.” ton Chapel to make room for the new president Nathan M. Pusey foresees an Faust, having been notified in advance Memorial Church. era of “radically altered conditions, sharp of Lewis’s queries, responded, “When I… change, and formidable obstacles—not think about the di0erent ways that the 1946 Cambridge celebrates its cen- just !nancial, but curricular, method- president’s institutional voice can be gen- tennial as a municipality and Harvard ological, and philosophical as well.” uinely useful, serving as the University’s provides the Stadium as the site for a public scolder in chief is not high on the Boston Symphony Orchestra concert 1986 Urging the graduating seniors list.” She continued: and performances of a pageant, Pillars of to think globally, President Derek Bok What is high on the list for me is to Power, in which faculty members, alumni, warns: “Our attitude toward interna- help foster an environment in which and undergraduates take part. tional organizations has grown petulant individual members of our commu- and shrill. We have left UNESCO, repu- nity can openly say what they think 1951 The Bulletin notes that, during diated the World Court, and rejected and can disagree with one another the summer, women enrolled in Harvard new initiatives by the World Bank.” when their points of view diverge.… courses have access to many “precincts What is also high on the list is for sacred to the male” during the academic 1991Eppie Lederer, better known as me to support the wide discretion year: they live in Yard dorms (Grays, syndicated columnist Ann Landers, es- of all…the faculty across the Uni- Matthews, Straus, and Wigglesworth), tablishes a $1-million fellowship program versity, to pursue the directions of enjoy full privileges in Lamont Library, at Harvard Medical School to support academic inquiry…and the outside swim in the pool, eat in the Union, and needy students. activities and engagements that you use the boathouses. choose—subject to the norms that 1996 Tom Brokaw, anchor and man- are reflected in the policies of the 1956 Among the various summer aging editor of NBC Nightly News, is the University and the faculties, and jobs reported by undergraduates are College’s Class Day speaker. Speaking always with the hope that each of clamdigging, Bahamian smack fish- of the information superhighway, he us will exercise our privileges as ing, serving as a surfacing inspector observes, “This is the !rst time faculty members in thoughtful and for the Alaska road commission, in history that kids are teaching responsible ways. beer-tasting, and interpreting their parents to drive.” In that context, she said that in Rome for Ava Gardner. increasing individual and insti- tutional engagement with the world “is a good thing,” but also obviously “require[s] us all to be sensitive and self-reflec- tive about our engagements, about how they embody our fundamental commitments and how they relate to our principles of academic freedom and inde- pendence and to issues of con- flict of interest.” For his part, Porter subse- quently weighed in with a state- ment released initially to the Crimson: I have worked with dozens of countries around the world on competitiveness and economic develop- ment, which is one of my primary fields of research.…

Illustration by Mark Steele JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL

The period beginning in 2004, after things, the study identified numer- ya in the first quarter of 2007 and Libya had opened up, renounced ous fundamental weaknesses that have not worked there since. weapons of mass destruction, and needed to be addressed if Libya In the immediate aftermath of these settled international sanctions, was going to advance economically exchanges, it seemed unlikely that any marked the first opportunity for and socially, including weaknesses changes in fundamental University policy true reform in Libya for decades. in governance.…As it became clear concerning faculty members’ outside ac- The reform e0orts were strongly over the following year that vested tivities would be forthcoming. But at the supported by the U.S. government. interests and conservatives had least, the potential risks of accepting cer- The study was conducted primar- succeeded in halting the reform tain engagements have been made vividly ily in 2005 and 2006. Among other process, I stopped my work in Lib- clear once again.

Marc Hauser’s Return on leave to work on a book, Evilicious: Ex- found guilty of, what the evidence was, plaining Our Evolved Taste for Being Bad; that what the sanctions were.” In light of this P&>?(22>& >? =2;B@>!>%; Marc Hauser title is still forthcoming, reports the pub- incident, an FAS committee is considering will be returning to Harvard this fall—but lisher, Viking Penguin.) the procedures involved in such investiga- not to teaching. At a psychology depart- The courses he was scheduled to teach tions, asking whether they properly bal- ment meeting this spring, “a large major- in 2011-2012, “Origins of Evil” and “Hot ance transparency with concern for the ity” of the faculty voted against allowing Topics in Cognitive Science and Neuro- privacy of scholars accused of misconduct. him to teach courses in the coming aca- science,” were canceled, said Morss pro- Last August, FAS Dean Michael D. demic year, according to Faculty of Arts fessor of psychology Susan Carey, the de- Smith said five of the eight counts related and Sciences (FAS) spokesman Je0 Neal. partment chair. She said the department to studies that “either did not result in Hauser, who studies animal cognition exercised what power it could; it cannot publications or where the problems were as a window into the evolution of the hu- control whether Hauser advises students corrected prior to publication.” For the man mind, has been on a yearlong leave of or conducts research. Neal said the psy- three counts that related to published absence after a faculty investigating com- chology faculty vote e0ectively means that work, Smith provided citations for the mittee found him “solely responsible” for Hauser cannot teach in other Harvard de- articles, and said, “While di0erent issues eight instances of scientific misconduct. partments or faculties, either. were detected for the studies reviewed, The University has never said whether Carey said she was troubled by the fact overall, the experiments reported were Hauser’s leave was related to the ques- that the University had released so little designed and conducted, but there were tions about his research. (Last summer, information about the case against Haus- problems involving data acquisition, data his automatic e-mail response said he was er: “Harvard has not told us what he was analysis, data retention, and the reporting of research methodologies and results.” Of the three published papers, one, a From Our Website 2002 Cognition article, was retracted. Haus- er (who has repeatedly declined interview Harvardmagazine.com brings you continuous coverage of University and alumni requests) notified another journal, the news. Log on to find these stories and more: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, in June 2010 that the video records and field notes that House Renovation Designs Revealed supported a 2007 finding published there Learn about plans for renewing student residences, and “were found to be incomplete” for two see renderings of new social and academic spaces in of the experimental conditions. He and Old Quincy. a colleague returned to the Puerto Rican harvardmag.com/housing-plans island where the experiment had taken place and re-ran those parts of the experi- A NOOK for My Book? ment; the new findings replicated the old. Elizabeth C. Bloom ’12 decides she would rather have The journal that published the third pa- the real thing. per, Science, o0ered more detail about the harvardmag.com/nook-for-my-book 2007 article it printed. A coauthor notified the journal in June 2010 that field notes on Endowment Managers’ Pay Reported rhesus monkeys—one of three species in- Harvard Management Company discloses the compensation volved in the study—were missing. Those of its president and !ve most highly paid portfolio managers. notes had been handwritten by a research harvardmag.com/2011-endowment-managers-pay assistant, and discarded after each day’s re- sults were “tallied and reported to [the lead Visit harvardmagazine.com to get news as it happens. author] over e-mail or by phone,” the jour- STAY CONNE CTE D - HARVARDM AGAZINE .COM nal said. In this case, too, the researchers re- turned to the site (the same Puerto Rican

58 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 professor of atmospheric ley Foundation’s empha- U n i v e r s i t y and environmental sci- sis on “preserving and ences Steven C. Wofsy; defending the tradition People and Mallinckrodt pro- of free representative fessor of chemistry and government and private Innovation Chief chemical biology X. Sun- enterprise” (www.brad- KRIS SNIBBE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS SNIBBE/HARVARD KRIS Gordon S. Jones has been appointed the XIE SUNNEY X. OF COURTESY ney Xie. leyfdn.org). Mansfield, a X. Sunney Xie Harvey C. inaugural director of the Harvard Inno- prominent campus con- Mans!eld vation Lab, now being created on West- servative (see the Sep- ern Avenue adjacent to the Harvard Busi- Top Teachers tember-October -555 cover story, “The ,/

ness School campus. The lab aims to The Faculty of Arts and OFFICE NEWS /HARVARD Years’ War”), used the occasion to speak LL serve entrepreneurs throughout the Uni- Sciences has named five about University values; read his text at versity and from the surrounding com- Harvard College Pro- harvardmag.com/mansfield-speech. And munity. Jones previously worked in mar- fessors—a title con- Hobbs professor of cognition and edu-

keting, product development, and other ferred for five years on STEPHANIE MITCHE cation Howard E. Gardner has won capacities for the Gillette Company, and its most outstanding Benedict Spain’s Prince of Asturias Award for so- as a consultant, among other experienc- undergraduate teachers Gross cial sciences, complete with a ./,///- es, and has been a lecturer on marketing who are also distinguished in graduate euro honorarium and a Miró sculpture, at Bentley University and an admissions education and in research. Each also re- for his work on multiple intelligences, adviser for the HBS M.B.A. program. ceives funding for a semester of research. deemed “decisive in the evolution of the Those honored are Leverett professor education system” [for] taking into con- Journalism Director of mathematics Benedict Gross, who sideration the innate potentialities of Ann Marie Lipinski, separately received the Undergraduate each individual.” who shared a Pulitzer Council’s Levenson Memorial Teach- Prize for reporting on ing Prize for superb teaching (and who Radcliffe corruption in Chicago previously served as Harvard College Institute Fellows N/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS N/HARVARD L

and subsequently served STEVEN KAGAN dean); Agassiz profes- Among the .- Radcli0e INCO as editor of the Chicago Ann Marie sor of zoology Farish A. Institute fellows for L

Tribune for more than Lipinski Jenkins Jr.; Rabb profes- +/---+/-+ (see the com- ROSE seven years, will succeed the retiring Bob sor of anthropology Ar- plete list at radcli0e.edu) Michael P. Brenner Giles as curator of the Nieman Founda- thur Kleinman, who is are eight faculty mem- tion for Journalism. Lipinski was a Nie- also professor of medical bers: Glober professor

man Fellow in -5*5--55/, joining other anthropology and pro- OFFICE NEWS SNIBBE/HARVARD KRIS of applied mathematics reporters who enjoy a year of study at fessor of psychiatry (see Farish A. and applied physics Mi- the University, and chaired an external page 63 for a graduate- Jenkins Jr. chael P. Brenner; Low- review committee, organized by the pro- student perspective); Cabot professor of ell professor of Romance vost’s o:ce, that visited the foundation aesthetics and the general theory of val- languages and literatures

last year. ue Elaine Scarry; and Wolcott professor and of visual and envi- OFFICE NEWS SNIBBE/HARVARD KRIS of philosophy Alison Simmons (who co- ronmental studies Tom Annette Gordon-Reed

Stellar Scientists OFFICE NEWS /HARVARD led the group that devised the General Conley; professor of law LL Six faculty members Education curriculum). Separately, at and of history Annette were elected to the Na- its annual Literary Exercises on May +C, Gordon-Reed; Pulitzer /HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS /HARVARD

tional Academy of Sci- Phi Beta Kappa conferred its teaching professor of modern art LL

ences in May: Berkman STEPHANIE MITCHE prizes on lecturer on sociology David L. Maria E. Gough; asso- professor of econom- Gary Ager; Brooks professor of international ciate professor of urban ics Gary Chamberlain; Chamberlain science, public policy, and human de- planning Judith Long; professor of genetics George C. Church velopment William C. Clark; and Baird professor of government STEPHANIE MITCHE Maria E. (a genomics pioneer who professor of science emeritus Dudley R. Eric Nelson; associate Gough was the subject of the Herschbach (see also page 47). professor cover story in this maga- of organismic and evo- zine’s January-February Bradley Prize, lutionary biology Anne +//C issue); Higgins pro- Prince of Asturias Award Pringle; professor of N/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS N/HARVARD fessor of mathematics Kenan professor of government Har- L systems biology Pame- INCO Joseph D. Harris; York vey C. Mansfield has been awarded the L la Silver; and professor KRIS SNIBBE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE NEWS SNIBBE/HARVARD KRIS

George professor of physics An- D+./,/// Bradley Prize, given to those ROSE of history Daniel Lord Church drew Strominger; Rotch whose work is consistent with the Brad- Eric Nelson Smail.

H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 59 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL

island) and repeated the experiment; again, you’re expected to run a huge lab and be col- Carey has collaborat- the results matched the earlier findings. laborating with people all over the place,” ed with Hauser on three The charges leveled against Hauser sug- said Bennett Galef, a psychologist who stud- papers herself; that work Visit the online version of this article at gest that his transgressions went beyond ies social learning in animals at McMaster “was extremely carefully harvardmagazine.com/ mere sloppiness: the “Grey Book” (the University in Canada. “You have very little done, and carefully done marc-hauser-returns document that sets forth FAS policies control over what’s going on on a day-to-day partly because of Marc’s for links to relevant governing research, instruction, and other basis.” In his lab, says Galef, “I see every piece involvement,” she said. “I websites and articles. professional activities) defines research of data every day as it’s coming in. But if you had no inkling of any of these problems.” misconduct as falsification, fabrication, or have 20 students, you can’t do that.” If there is a finding against Hauser by plagiarism. The fact that two of the stud- Gordon Gallup, a psychology profes- a federal funding body, more details may ies were not retracted altogether means sor at the State University of New York- emerge. These agencies do not, as a rule, that “neither of these journals can believe Albany (and a previous critic of Hauser’s discuss open investigations, but a spokes- that there was credible evidence of falsifi- work), disagreed. “The principal investi- woman for the U.S. Department of Health cation or fabrication,” says Carey. gator has to take primary responsibility” and Human Services O:ce of Research Hauser’s peers are split on whether the for vouching for the experiment results, Integrity told the Boston Globe that the of- research practices described in the Science and to do that, he said, that investigator fice is investigating Hauser; Smith said correction, and the missing data cited by the has to have direct knowledge of “all of the last year that Harvard was also cooperat- other two journals, should have been deemed evidence and all of the procedures and all ing with the National Science Foundation misconduct by this definition. “At Harvard of the technicalities.” and the U.S. Attorney’s O:ce.

Ants through the Ages Professor emeritus and two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. “There was nothing TE> "#3 " @"!? B(#<4&9(2 "%>, a for him to read on ants. He learned ev- young Spanish doctor named José Celes- erything by himself from scratch.” Now tino Mutis arrived in present-day Colom- Wilson, collaborating with Spanish myr- IESGO

R bia and promptly began writing hundreds mecologist José Gómez Durán, has recon- of pages of groundbreaking observations structed Mutis’s field work from redis- about ants. He sent them in book form to covered diaries and papers. In their new ER L OMÁN LORES LORES OMÁN R the great Swedish taxonomist Carl Lin- book, Kingdom of Ants: José Celestino Mutis and DOB naeus, but the volume was lost at sea. the Dawn of Natural History in the New World LL “This remarkable man, working entirely ( Johns Hopkins), the modern scholars BERT HÖ BERT on his own, was a real pioneering scien- “essentially write Mutis’s book for him”— tist,” says renowned biologist and ant restoring a long-lost chapter to the annals HOTOGRAPH COURTESY OF COURTESY HOTOGRAPH

P scholar E.O. Wilson, Pellegrino University of the history of science. The science that, in e0ect, began with Mut- is was unable to benefit from his lost work, and only “began seriously

in the mid nineteenth D century with an au- L EX WI EX

thor named Auguste AL Morel, a scientist from To p , a n Atta sexdens forager shears off a fragment; above, a leafcutter Switzerland,” Wilson of the same species completes explains. “Studies re- its cut; right, an Atta cephalotes ally began their mod- worker carries a leaf to the nest. ern phase in the United States under the leadership of Wil- of its most ac- liam Morton Wheeler, who was a pro- complished and fessor at Harvard.” Wheeler’s work b e s t - k n o w n D strongly influenced the teenage Wil- contemporary experts. Alongside the L EX WI EX

son, who recalls, “When I was 16 and book on Mutis, he is simultaneously re- AL decided I wanted to become a myrme- leasing, with his frequent co-author and cologist, I memorized his book.” former colleague, Bert Hölldobler, a sec- The field now finds in Wilson one ond book, The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization José Celestino Mutis, in a portrait from by Instinct (W.W. Norton), which compre- the Royal Academy of Medicine, Madrid hensively consolidates the scholarship on

60 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 FAS’s Fitter Fisc tects for the new McMurtry Building, a Faculty of Arts and Sciences dean Mi- 90,000-square-foot home for its depart- chael D. Smith told colleagues on May Brevia ment of art and art history, including 3 that FAS had reduced its unrestricted studios for art practice, design, film, me- deficit during fiscal year 2011 (ended June dia studies, and documentary film, plus 30) to approximately $16 million—bet- library and gallery space. Construction ter than the $35-million defi- is scheduled for 2012.…Stan- cit originally budgeted. He ford is also exploring opening forecast a balanced budget a second campus, in New York for the new fiscal year, given City, focusing on applied sci- continued financial discipline, ence, engineering, and gradu- and room for investments in ate education.…The Univer- priorities such as information sity of Pennsylvania received technology and the libraries a $225-million endowment gift (where significant adminis- for its School of Medicine from trative savings and service en- Raymond G. and Ruth Perel- hancements are sought) and man, for whom the school will in sta:ng for the forthcoming be named; their gifts to Penn’s capital campaign, intended to capital campaign now total be the source of funds for more $250 million.…Yale announced significant priorities such as that it would make access to House renewal and academic all the public-domain digi- growth. For more details, see tal images in its museum, ar- harvardmag.com/fitter-fisc. chive, and library collections available online, free, without House Renewal Updates RADCLIFFE’S CHANGING ROSTER.Radcliffe Insti- license or restrictions on use; The College has identified tute dean Barbara J. Grosz, who assumed the position on 250,000 images are available Harvard-owned properties an acting basis in 2007 and became dean the following year, initially, with millions more that will provide temporary announced in mid April that she would relinquish the post forthcoming.…University of residences for 180 undergradu- on June 30. After a year of leave, the computer scientist will Southern California engi- ates displaced by the renova- resume her teaching and research activities at the School neering alumnus John Mork tion of Old Quincy during of Engineering and Applied Sciences, where she is Higgins and his wife, Julie, have given the 2012-2013 academic year, professor of natural sciences. In thanking Grosz for her ser- his alma mater $110 million for the pilot project for the sub- vice, President Drew Faust said, “Barbara has a talent for scholarships. He is chief ex- sequent renovation of all the nurturing intellectual communities—forging new interdisci- ecutive of Energy Corporation Houses (see “Prototyping plinary collaborations, bringing together scholars from Har- of America. House Renewal,” March-April, vard’s schools and around the world.” At month’s end, Faust page 44). Students will live in named Lizabeth Cohen, Jones professor of American studies, Nota Bene Hampden Hall, near the Har- as interim dean, while the search for a permanent succes- F&>$ B@9!( "#3 B@9#". In vard Book Store; Fairfax Hall, sor is organized. Cohen, a past chair of the April, the government of Chile opposite the rear entrance to history department, was a Radcliffe fellow and the state-a:liated China Widener Library; and Ridgely in 2001-2002, and co-chaired Faust’s Com- Scholarship Council separately Hall, on Mount Auburn Street. mon Spaces Steering Committee, which ex- reached agreement with the They will continue to dine in amined opportunities to use campus spaces University to finance students Quincy, while enjoying kitch- better to promote social, artistic, and intel- pursuing graduate and pro-

ens and cable TV connections lectual interaction. In other news, the insti- KRIS SNIBBE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE fessional study at Harvard. in their interim quarters. The tute announced that it had appointed 51 Lizabeth The University and Chile will graduate students now housed fellows for the 2011-2012 academic year, Cohen share the expense of support- in the buildings will be given after cutting back for two years following the !nancial crash. ing 15 Ph.D. students at a time priority access to other Har- (an increase from the current vard-owned apartments. Separately, de- On Other Campuses number of Chileans enrolled), and some signs for the renovation—including hori- Forging ahead with its ambitious master’s-degree candidates. The Chinese zontal links between entryways and new $250-million Stanford Arts Initiative, nonprofit institution will underwrite social and arts spaces—were released that University has retained Diller Sco- transportation, living expenses, and tu- May 20; see harvardmag.com/housing- fidio + Renfro (which redesigned Lin- ition for 15 doctoral and 20 master’s stu- plans for details and images. coln Center in New York City) as archi- dents annually.

Photograph by Jon Chase/Harvard News Office H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 61 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL

A&B@9<(B<4&( "#3 (#%9#((&9#%. ford’s ad hoc committee on ROTC rec- Faculty of Arts and Sciences colleagues The Crimson reported in April that two ommended that the university also invite that just 37 percent of students surveyed new undergraduate concentrations are the program back to campus. had participated in the events and pro- being designed for the fall of 2012. The grams o0ered during “optional winter department of history of art and archi- BGLTQ &(2>4&B(2. Harvard College activities week.” She expressed the hope tecture and the Graduate School of De- dean Evelynn Hammonds accepted that in future years, faculty members sign are collaborating on a program in the principal recommendation from a would organize more of the o0erings; architectural studies, encompassing the- working group she formed last fall and they provided just 4 percent of the nearly ory, studio work, and architectural his- will create a sta0 director position to 100 options in 2011 (sta0 and students tory, but not aiming for preprofessional coordinate the “existing—and substan- submitted the rest). certification. Separately, the School of tial—supports” for bisexual, gay, lesbian, Engineering and Applied Sciences would transgender, and queer undergraduates M92B(!!"#;. Harvard Kennedy School create a separate course of study in elec- and to create needed new programs. The has announced the creation of a new trical engineering, to distinguish it from task force was co-led by Susan Marine, chair—the Schlesinger professorship the five current tracks within engineer- assistant dean for student life and di- of energy, national security, and foreign ing sciences. rector of the College’s Women’s Center, policy—honoring James R. Schlesinger which has informally functioned in part ’50, Ph.D. ’56, a former Overseer who ROTC &>!!2 >#. Both Columbia and as a center for BGLTQ students. Marine served as U.S. secretary of defense and Yale have reached agreement with the noted that Harvard is of energy, as CIA director, and as chair U.S. Navy to reinstate Naval Reserve “the only institution of the Atomic Energy Commission.… O:cers Training Corps (NROTC) pro- among the Ivies and Construction has begun on the new grams. Columbia’s will function through other elite colleges that $207-million Allston housing complex the ROTC unit at SUNY Maritime Col- does not have a desig- to which the Charlesview residences lege in Throgs Neck, New York—an nated point person” for (south of Harvard Stadium, at the inter-

agreement very similar to the one Har- BGLTQ resources and JON CHASE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE section of Western Avenue and North vard reached with the Navy in March support. Separately, Ma- Susan Marine Harvard Street) will be relocated. The (see “ROTC Returns,” May-June, page rine announced her de- current site is at the center of Harvard’s 45). Yale’s NROTC unit will be located parture at the end of June to become an now-stalled plans for Allston campus on its campus, in the absence of any ex- assistant professor and program director development; the University swapped isting program nearby. Meanwhile, Stan- at Merrimack College; she did not have parcels to gain control of the critical a teaching role in Cam- site.…James Cuno, Ph.D. ’85, former di- bridge. rector of the Harvard Art Museums and since 2004 president and director of the W9#<(& "B<979<9(2 Art Institute of Chicago, has been ap- E((F. Students will be pointed president and chief executive permitted to return to of the J. Paul Getty Trust, with its asso- campus two days earlier ciated museum, conservation institute, in 2012, during the Janu- and research wing.…Laurie Patton ’83, ary break created by a professor of South Asian culture and moving College reading religion at Emory University, has been and exam periods to De- appointed dean of Duke University’s fac- cember, with residences ulty of Arts and Sciences.…Ted Mayer, opening on the Friday assistant vice president for hospitality before the Martin Luther and dining services—Harvard’s director King Jr. holiday. In April, of food services for the past 15 years— College dean Evelynn has relinquished the position to pursue Hammonds reported to consulting opportunities.

CAPTURED ON CANVAS. This April saw the unveiling of a portrait of John P. “Jack” Reardon Jr. ’60, associate vice president for University relations and, since 1990, executive director of the Harvard Alumni Association. In recognition of a Crimson administrative career that began in 1965, Reardon’s class of 1960 commissioned the portrait at their !ftieth reunion. The oil painting by Juan Bastos, an accomplished portraitist from Los Angeles, depicts Reardon standing on the landing in front of Harvard Hall, with Massachusetts Hall in the background. In a nod to Reardon’s long service as director of athletics, it hangs in the Murr Lounge of the Murr Center, home of the athletics department.

62 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 Photograph courtesy of Juan Bastos two of the most sophisticated of ant gen- era: Atta and Acromyrmex. As the subtitle Mentoring and Moral Experience suggests, these two species are notable On learning how to live š by 3"&H" 3H>&3H(79B not only for their practice of harvesting vegetation, but also for the complex di- O# $"&B@ 4, Kolokotrones University Professor Paul Farmer, Ph.D.-M.D. ’90, and Jim vision of labor they adopt in order to use Yong Kim, M.D. ’86, G ’91, president of Dartmouth College (where he is also professor of leaves as a matrix for farming the fungi anthropology and of medicine), jointly convened “From Social Su0ering to Caregiving,” that provide their food. “These ants have a symposium and celebratory dinner honoring Arthur Kleinman on his seventieth birth- the most complex social systems of all the day. The many-hatted Kleinman—Rabb professor of anthropology, professor of medical social insects,” Wilson explains, “and that anthropology, professor of psychiatry, Fung director of Harvard’s Asia Center—had makes them the most complex socially of taught both men, who were among the co-founders of Partners In Health, now interna- all animals, except for humans.” tionally known for its pioneering delivery of health services to impoverished people in The two books were conceived inde- Haiti and elsewhere. pendently, but felicitously have ended up As it turns out, he has shaped entire academic fields, and taught dozens of influ- bookending a 250-year tradition within ential professionals engaged in healthcare, medical scholarship, social policy, and myrmecology: Mutis was the first person service around the world. Twenty-five of those people joined Farmer and Kim to talk to record extensive observations of the about how Kleinman had influenced their thinking and work. Among them was Dar- leafcutter ants. “They excavate the soil, ja Djordjevic ’08, now a third-year M.D.-Ph.D. student in social anthropology at Har- while eating all the green vegetation in the vard. As an undergraduate, Djordjevic had studied with Arthur Kleinman and be- sown lands, and [carrying away the veg- come acquainted with his wife, Joan Kleinman, a Chinese literature scholar (whose etation] with intelligence and speed,” he su0ering from Alzheimer’s disease Arthur described in “On Caregiving,” July-August wrote in his diary sometime within five 2010, page 25). Like other participants in the symposium, she knew that it proceeded years of 1770. Wilson and Durán present under the cloud of Joan’s terminal illness (she died two days later). Here are her re- the material from his notebooks on ants marks about her teacher, mentor, and friend. !The Editors in English for the first time, framing it within modern research on the same or- “;>41&( 3>9#% G#(. But don’t become health equity and social empowerment of ganisms and behaviors that Mutis puzzled merely a drudge,” he wrote to me in an e- the global poor, and questioned whether over in an age when Spain still ruled much mail during the summer of +//). “Spend I was simply buying into the discourse of of South America. “It’s rather extraordi- some nights in the cafés eating tourchon de scholarly abstractions or truly reaching nary,” Wilson points out, “to be able to fois gras, sipping a premier wine, and enrich for a service-oriented life. Arthur’s words bracket the beginning of the study of one your own aesthetic, gastronomic, and oe- allayed much of my anxiety. I realized that of the most important insects in the world nological experiences.” some 250 years ago and then present the A rising Harvard se- Student and mentor: latest that we know about them, which is nior, I was doing my Darja Djordjevic and Arthur Kleinman a great deal.” first ethnographic field- He notes admiringly that Mutis’s sci- work in Paris, research- ence has proved not merely novel for its ing the condition of time, but also quite accurate. “For pos- African refugee women sibly one of the last times in the history at the Comede, a non- of science, we see how a young scientist governmental organiza- began working in a field where there was tion that provides free virtually nothing to go on or published— healthcare and social all he had was folklore and what he could services to migrants see with his own eyes—and his book from across the globe. shows what it was like to be thinking as For three months, I in- a scientist in an early era, and the sort terviewed female pa- of problems he came up against—how tients, served as an Eng- he made do.” Wilson also stresses that, lish-French interpreter, even after the thorough treatment he and and otherwise observed Hölldobler provide in The Leafcutter Ants, and assisted the sta0. there are still many myrmecological ob- I was keen on build- servations to be made and problems to be ing my life around what solved: “I hope if you’re a young scientist I saw as the powerful who wanted to work with these ants, and union of medicine and you wanted to know what new areas are anthropology. Neverthe- open and discoveries to be made, you’d less, I felt anxious and still find some big gaps in this book.” overwhelmed. I doubted !2=(#B(& !(#G(!3 my ability to advance

Photograph by Jim Harrison H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 63 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL

I was not expected to be a martyr, to leave I did what Arthur had trained me to do we saw 42-year-old Vestine, a mother of my former self behind in order to embrace best: I dove in head first. My informants four and subsistence farmer in a village an ethos of heroism. Arthur conveyed to from Anglophone West Africa spoke no eight hours away. She was both anxious me that the source of moral experience is French and had to navigate French bu- and happy to be at the hospital. Prior to a wholehearted, intense, and multifaceted reaucracy on their own. I accompanied coming to Butaro, she had consulted a engagement with all the arts, ideas, sensi- them to state o:ces, serving as their in- traditional healer, the only care available bilities, and values that brew within us or terpreter. I quickly took on the same role in her immediate community. With her stir our curiosity. I have come to see this as at the Comede. I spent some Saturday soft features and warm demeanor, she emblematic of what it takes to be a rigor- mornings hollering in the pristine boule- radiated vitality. Under her white linen ous anthropologist, and ultimately, what vards of Paris at protests organized by ref- shirt, though, she was concealing ad- it means to hone our ability to care about ugee activists to demand healthcare, edu- vanced breast cancer. We kept her in the and for other people. By pursuing such en- cation, and asylum. These minor actions hospital for a few days and took a needle deavors and commitments, we sway the defined my moral response and allowed biopsy, which I packaged for a Boston pa- homeostasis of our own physiology so that me to try out the habitus of a scholar-ac- thology lab. She was sent home with pal- life can become a pragmatic realization of tivist-advocate. liative chemotherapy. Even in Boston, the moral values and struggles chances of a cure would have that define who we are. Migrant-rights protest, Paris, July 2007 been slim. During my summer at Lamenting our defeat, I the Comede, I interviewed tried to accept this moment women from across West as an inevitable part of the and Central Africa. We caretaker’s confrontation shared little in the way of with the limits of individual common experience. They agency and the enduring were all victims of sexual imperative to carry on. My and political violence. Their commitment was solidified stories of poverty, persecu- by the momentum and en- tion, and loss consumed me. thusiasm the cancer program Under Arthur’s tutelage, my had stirred among Rwandan JORDJEVIC goal was to interpret their D health workers and local narratives and interactions DARJA peasant women. I was con- within the French asylum system, to illu- As soon as I graduated, I returned to vinced that together, we could make it sus- minate the lived experience of gendered France to earn a master’s. At the Come- tainable. violence and social vulnerability. I listened de, I helped lead a new women’s mental So often in medicine, there is no cure, to these women. Although their ability health program, did research at the Na- no Band-Aid, no clear solution. Anthro- to take action was terribly constrained, I tional Court of Asylum, and engaged in pology helps us respond to that reality: we came to recognize their concrete acts of activism for women refugee rights. Col- move beyond “Do no harm” to deconstruct moral resistance, such as denouncing the leagues and I secured a meeting with a what is before us and ask, “What can still exploitative acts of their former persecu- high-ranking o:cial in the ministry of be done?” We acknowledge that the hu- tors in asylum court, or the sexual harass- immigration. In the field, I was fortunate man race will never eradicate all disease or ment encountered in migrant housing to be surrounded by people whose values su0ering. Yet if we constantly reevaluate projects. I saw that macroscale political and visions of a just society, in which the our responses to human need, we propel and economic processes may ensure mar- poor, the refugee, and the citizen should ourselves to a greater humanity, to a more ginalization in seemingly distant contexts: all enjoy the same right to health, reso- enduring and meaningful involvement in the transformation from indigent African nated with my own. I acquired a more the lives of others. Anthropology compli- woman to female asylum seeker did not nuanced understanding of what it means cates what we take for granted in medi- empower, despite migration from a war to build community and to build commu- cine, reminding us to do better, to look for zone to the stable outskirts of Paris. nion: to do so we must identify what mat- answers in the backyard of everyday moral I struggled with my own feelings of in- ters most to us, and thus become better and social experience. adequacy and inaction as I witnessed the equipped to care for others. Immersed in a society recovering from misery of my female informants, fearing Having worked with Africans in unspeakable catastrophe, I ruminated on that I was a naïve scholar selfishly collect- France, at the intersection of the devel- the themes of my own path. In retrospect, ing thick descriptions of su0ering for my oped and developing worlds, I sought a I could identify caregiving as a pivotal own academic advancement. Deep in the way to integrate my interests in women’s value in my immediate family. Beginning intersection of the French medical, immi- health and chronic disease. I found this in early in my childhood, I witnessed and gration, and welfare systems, I was receiv- Rwanda, where I volunteered at Partners participated in the moral, emotional, fi- ing a priceless education. What did I have in Health and helped with the inaugural nancial, and deeply personal investments to o0er in return? Confronting my first phase of the national cervical cancer pro- of caretaking, as my parents assumed re- moral crisis as a neophyte anthropologist, gram. On my third day at Butaro Hospital, sponsibility for poor and sick relatives liv-

64 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 ing through the wars of secession in the care for others by being thrust into con- guage; trust and solidarity evolve slowly. former Yugoslavia. They struggled with tact with another human being, another Ultimately, it becomes another home. disillusionment and exhaustion while col- self. However, it may be that the best If we believe Arthur’s assertion that lecting humanitarian supplies for the daily caregiving involves a dichotomous experi- “the world and self are divided, and that victims of a disintegrating society and ence: self-fulfillment and self-knowledge is the human condition,” the link between state that had defined itself as uniquely allow for greater empathy and e:cacy, medicine and anthropology is hardly elu- suited to care for its citizens. It was in but there is a certain element of self-ef- sive. With a stethoscope in one hand and my parents’ home that I first encoun- facement that allows for true service, al- a tape recorder in the other, my task as a tered caregiving as a process in which we truism, and generosity of spirit. In other physician-anthropologist will be to find repeatedly recast our priorities, identi- words, caretaking involves abandoning the place where the moral interests of the ties, and personal narratives in reaction self-interest to step into the world of an- individual and society meet, so that the to the plethora of emotions and changes other, thus becoming part of something maximum good can be achieved for both. that come with crisis. Even with pure in- greater than oneself. It was this ideal, so Arthur has trained me to observe, reflect, tentions and self-sacrifice, caregiving is a well articulated in Arthur’s teaching, that and analyze as an aspiring caretaker and moral act that inevitably brings us face to drew me into the space between medicine social scientist. He has shown me the art face with failure, loss, and despair. and anthropology. As in caretaking, the of listening, of serving others while staying Moved by the su0ering of others and ethnographer abandons her comfort zone attuned to the resounding chords of my enraged by injustices, we respond from to enter a foreign culture: the social codes own narrative. He has introduced me to moment to moment as best we can be- are unfamiliar; participation is gradu- an ethnography and moral experience that cause the alternative is to remain disen- ally defined; her speech seems tedious is intensely personal and transformative. gaged, even more powerless. We learn to with the clumsy cadences of a new lan- Above all, he has taught me how to live!

T HE UN DERGRADUAT E Messy Questions, Messy Answers by 2"&"@ 8@"#% 111

>$( I4(2<9>#2 reveal more in the ship welfare” yielded no relevant hits. nomic class is manifest in the myriad large asking than in the answering. As I The answer to the question is beside and small lifestyle choices that under- ranted about the impracticalities the point—more telling is why the ques- graduates make. Harvard does recognize of unpaid internships, a friend in- tion seemed so strange in the first place. this. Unlike most other universities, it Sterrupted, “Can you be on welfare if you’re For one, it runs counter to the very spirit charges the same room and board regard- working an unpaid internship?” of social-welfare programs, as the unpaid less of whether you’re living in a cramped Can you? The question was so absurd intern’s lack of income is usually a choice. walkthrough or the top floor of Leverett in its juxtaposition of privilege and pover- Although unpaid positions at prestigious tower, and it has only one dining plan, ty, the only proper response was to laugh. magazines or nonprofits lack financial which o0ers the same food to everyone. Of “It’s never even occurred to me,” I said. compensation, they o0er cultural capital, course, indicators of socioeconomic status (All those ways to eke out a living that which in turn operates in a complete- exist that can’t be erased by any o:cial had occurred to me as I was sending my ly di0erent paradigm from welfare. To technique short of mandating institu- résumé to the land of unpaid internships, equate the “poverty” of a Harvard gradu- tional conformity: how often you eat out, a.k.a. New York City, and this was not one ate who has chosen an unpaid internship where you go for spring break, whether of them.) My curiosity piqued, I began to real poverty, in fact, feels distasteful. you know how to act at fancy events, asking this question over dinner. The re- Although I never had any plans to apply how you decorate a dorm room, what you sponses of fellow students were similar to for welfare, I was always a tinge embar- can a0ord to leave behind as trash when my own: Um… haha…I wonder. When I posed rassed asking the question, in case people you move out of that dorm room. (Work- the question to Gail Gilmore, arts career thought that I did. ing dorm crew after the May move-out, I counselor at the O:ce of Career Services Socioeconomic class runs as an under- found designer clothes and whole sets of for more than 13 years, she looked equally current through Harvard. At its meri- perfectly nice furniture.) surprised: “No one has ever asked me that tocratic ideal, college is meant to be an But even if Harvard cannot provide a before.” Even my foremost authority on equalizer, but achieving that goal is not completely level playing field, it can pro- all other matters, Google, was no help on just a matter of making college a0ordable vide a lever. Regardless of your parents’ this one. The search term, “unpaid intern- through financial aid, because socioeco- income, you can, if you so choose, go into

H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 65 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL a career that pays in the 90th percentile oped an allergic reaction to certain high- ably does reflect a bias, conscious or not, straight out of college. salaried jobs, such as finance and medi- on my part. But those friends who come At the same time I was grumbling about cine. These were also the fields that I, as from lower- or middle-class backgrounds unpaid internships, I had friends from the the child of Chinese immigrants, felt not have all expressed anxiety about the wor- same middle-class background who were so subtly pushed into—and not just by my thiness and practicality of their chosen planning a very di0erent type of post- parents. When my Chinese dentist found paths. Lack of money makes us realize graduate New York life. They had lived out that I studied neurobiology at Har- money’s true value. there the previous summer, completing vard, she remarked, “You’re going to med I always thought my parents were un- the internships that led to their imminent school right? You’ll make so much money imaginative when they told me to consider Wall Street jobs. They called brokers to as a doctor!” I protested against her fin- finance or medicine, but now I realize they rent Manhattan apartments and self-con- gers, firmly lodged in my mouth, but she were being practical. Because these careers sciously protested that half their five-fig- took my ambiguous grunting as a yes. have a delineated path, they are actually ure signing bonus went for taxes—a sum My romanticizing of being poor and my the most meritocratic: if you jump properly that still amounted to several months’ sal- desire for a job with cultural capital were through a series of hoops, success awaits ary for an entry-level editorial assistant. I both, I came to realize, reflections of my at the end. In contrast, careers in journal- sensed our lifestyles diverging. own privilege. Socioeconomic class mani- ism and the arts are governed much more fests itself also in how one decides by lucky breaks and personal connec- M; B@>2(# G(!3 of journalism, science on a career. It is very easy tions. My parents did not belong to journalism more specifically, is not select- to be damning of that stratum of society where they ed for its lucrative opportunities. With people who could call a friend and get me an in- real life impending during my senior year, seem to ternship at the Wall Street Journal (as I began to see my lack of future income happened to someone I know). as a point of pride. I thought I was being Of course, who and what you practical, too: reading recipes for “poor know both matter in all profes- sions, but one or the other mat- ters more in di0erent jobs. My father came to the Unit- ed States with less than $100 in his pocket, and, understandably, financial stability was my parents’ main concern. Thanks to that, I largely grew up in middle-class comfort. This allowed me to concern myself with going to museums and reading the right kinds of books, which my parents encouraged to some extent, porridge” (oatmeal, even if they recognized none of chopped vegetables, and any leftovers the artists’ or authors’ names. from the fridge) and stringing together What I desired was capital four jobs to save money. But I was also ro- of the cultural kind. Being manticizing being young and poor. Hunger able to a0ord an unpaid took on an electrifying meaning—to want internship reflects privi- something strongly enough to be willing have a lege, but the very notion to go hungry for it. I believed my choice to shallow that you can choose the be truer for the su0ering that was likely to and greedy type of career where come. Of course the only hunger I actual- fixation on mon- unpaid internships ly experienced was quickly alleviated by a ey. A housemate de- are the norm reflects trip to the dining hall or the Kong. scribed one such kid, a kind of privilege, too. A friend once told me that my interest who wore only T-shirts I did try to find out wheth- in writing had everything to do with sta- from recruiting fairs and er unpaid interns are eligible for tus. I looked at him skeptically: “What whose one goal in life was a six-figure welfare, but the answer is messy, status? I’m never going to make any mon- salary. It turned out that he was support- varying state by state and program by ey.” But if I couldn’t admit it then, I do ad- ing his single mother and younger sibling. program. As to why we choose the ca- mit it now. Although careers in journalism His obsession with money was not greedy reers we do—that answer is messy, too. and the arts rarely pay well, they generally but merely practical. carry prestige that a similarly paid blue- Berta Greenwald Ledecky Fellow Sarah Zhang ’11 collar job does not. M>2< of my close friends are academics has graduated and heads to Israel this fall to trav- To reconcile myself to my likely lack of and artists whose chosen careers have no el, write, and do field research on a Booth Fellow- future financial compensation, I devel- guarantee of financial stability. This prob- ship. In other words, she does not have a job.

66 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 Illustration by Michael Austin At the Eastern Sprints in Worcester, Dominant Flotilla Harvard’s heavyweights (above) and lightweights celebrate their wins. S9#B( @"&&; ="&F(& became head men’s crew coach in -56,, Harvard has been a In early June, the heavyweight steadfast powerhouse on the water. Yet crews and the varsity lights all some years are more powerful than others, made their respective grand finals and this spring Parker’s crews dominat- at the IRA regatta in Camden, New ed Eastern rowing in a way that was rare Jersey, but none was able to record even for the Crimson. At mid May’s East- a national championship there. ern Springs regatta at Lake Quinsigam- University of Washington crews ond in Worcester, Massachusetts, Harvard edged both the Crimson varsity captured the Rowe Cup for overall heavy- and JV boats, by 2.7 seconds and 1.6 seconds, weight supremacy, sweeping (for the sixth respectively, while the freshmen claimed the time in Harvard history) the freshman, bronze, 3.7 seconds behind California, with junior-varsity (JV), and varsity events. In Washington second. In a true photo finish, the varsity final the Crimson were two Yale nipped the varsity lights by a mere .022 seconds in front of Princeton, which edged seconds. Given the sterling spring of row- Wisconsin for the silver. ing, Harvard will no doubt send crews to Next up was Yale, at the annual, ancient the Henley Royal Regatta in England, in late Harvard-Yale boat race on the Thames Riv- June (after this issue went to press). er in New London, Connecticut (see “The ETICS Mystique of Red Top,” May-June 2010, page L 66). Last August, Yale hired Steve Glad- stone, the 68-year-old head crew coach and former athletics director at the University A L U MNI of California at Berkeley, to run their men’s

crew program. Gladstone is one of the na- ATH CRIMSON OF COURTESY tion’s preeminent rowing mentors; during his long career, his crews have won 11 In- The Brain as Art tercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) championships, i.e., national titles. Yale, with some fine athletes in its boathouse, Carl Schoonover ’06 merges science and aesthetics. was aspiring to improve its competitive results—having been swept, for example, 9<@ flyaway hair and dis- of the aesthetically beautiful and the sci- in each of the past three years by Harvard. tinctive scarves—a fash- entifically compelling forms the heart of But the tide has not yet turned: on May 28, ion holdover from his Schoonover’s Portraits of the Mind: Visualiz- Harvard again brought out the broom at childhood in France— ing the Brain from Antiquity to the 21st Century. the 146th running of the boat race, leaving WCarl Schoonover ’/6 cuts a stylish figure The recent book features stunning im- Yale’s varsity 13.4 seconds behind, its JVs in the lab at Columbia’s doctoral program ages, ranging from medieval sketches and 20 seconds back, and the Eli frosh 21 sec- in neuroscience. But as a National Science delicate nineteenth-century drawings onds astern for a fourth consecutive Crim- Foundation-funded graduate student ded- by the founder of modern neuroscience, son sweep. Yet the Bulldogs were hardly icated to researching brain circuits, he’s Santiago Ramón y Cajal, to the modern unique victims. In the 2011 spring season, more inspired to talk Brainbow, in which those three Crimson heavyweight eights about what goes on neurons are seen entered 27 dual races and regattas: final re- inside the head than in color thanks to cord, 27-0. what grows on top. fluorescent pro- Charlie Butt’s lightweight crews were The convergence teins. (Brainbow similarly overpowering. At the Eastern was developed in Phrenologists held Sprints, Harvard won the Jope Cup for that the speci!c site the lab jointly run

overall lightweight superiority, taking of bumps on the MUSEUM WEIS by Knowles profes- L the varsity and JV championships and skull, as marked sor of molecular and thus bringing to Newell Boathouse five of on this nineteenth- cellular biology Je0 century specimen, AHAK/SEMME the six Sprints titles that 18 di0erent col- helped indicate a L Lichtman and pro- leges’ crews had vied for at the regatta. subject’s cognitive fessor of molecular Harvard’s varsity and JV lights were both or moral strengths and cellular biology and weaknesses by undefeated all spring; only the freshman revealing the volume Joshua Sanes, where lightweights, 3-3 in head-to-head races of brain area beneath Schoonover worked and seventh at the Sprints, su0ered losses. each one. B ESZTER BY PHOTOGRAPH as an undergradu-

www.gocrimson.com JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL ate; see “Shedding Light together people who care on Life,” May-June 2008, Carl Schoonover about things and creating page 40.) “It seems im- situations where it feels probable,” Schoonover okay to be weirdly pas- says, “that we can ex- sionate about what you tract so much structure do.” from something that, just Schoonover’s ability to looked at under a micro- pursue, in tandem, what scope, is gray and fairly are sometimes seen as op- amorphous. There are posed interests made him many beautiful stories stand out even at Harvard, about how you treat that his friends and colleagues slice of brain tissue—ma- say. “Carl proposes these nipulate it, denature it— fairly ambitious proj- in order, paradoxically, to ects that look like they’re reveal its true nature.” straddling fields in a way S o e n t r a n c e d wa s that doesn’t seem realis- Schoonover by the brain tic,” says his mentor, Josh- that he used to keep es- ua Sanes. “They seem like pecially wondrous images a prayer for disaster, but of neurons in his wallet he’s pulled o0 every one and show them o0 like of them.” That gift, com- a proud parent. Once he bined with a highly adapt- and a woman struck up able intellect, a bottomless a conversation at a Man- well of enthusiasm, and hattan café, “and things what a former lab mate de- led as they invariably do scribed as “an unusual lack to brains,” he explains. of self-consciousness” may Out came the pictures help explain why he seems and the woman, an edi- to be extremely good at so tor at Abrams Books, many things. soon became his editor for Portraits of the Write (a collaborative forum for scien- Mind. “This is the stu0 scientists are look- tists and writers), attend music concerts SB@>>#>7(&12 expatriate American par- ing at on a day-to-day basis,” Schoonover weekly, and host a radio show on classical ents, a retired information-technology se- explains, yet the images and data are usu- and contemporary music that occasionally curity specialist and a homemaker, moved ally cordoned o0 in the pages of scientific discusses music’s relationship to the brain to France, looking for a “change of scene,” journals. To reach a wider, lay audience, and counts, among its past guests, neu- shortly before he and his siblings were each chapter in the book details di0er- rologist Oliver Sacks and Daniel Levitin, born. Although he recalls no special early ent techniques for studying the brain, author of This Is Your Brain on Music. love of science, he says he chose that track such as Brainbow, electrical recordings of “He’s very eager and kind and intent on over humanities (despite being clearly neuron activity, and antibody staining. “If drawing people out,” says his roommate, drawn to philosophy) in secondary school the images are extraordinarily beautiful,” fellow doctoral candidate Andrew Fink. to preserve options in the European sys- Schoonover writes in the preface, “I would One day Schoonover struck up a conver- tem of education. “I did not enjoy the sci- argue that the principles underlying the sation with a man on the subway who ence classes,” he reports, but was always techniques that created them are in some turned out to be an important administra- drawn to the intersection of philosophical instances even more exquisite.” tor at the Morgan Library and Museum, and scientific questions, such as how lan- The book balances the scientist’s ob- who was carrying a box of opera records guage develops and how the mind works. session with detail and the artist’s ap- he was getting rid of. Schoonover o0ered He was devoted to the concept of open in- preciation for beauty, a reflection of to add the LPs to his own collection (2,500 quiry fostered by both disciplines, and did Schoonover’s own multifaceted sensibili- albums in his apartment and 1,000 more in have one thrilling glimpse into the creative ties: hands-on researcher, student of phi- storage). The man became a friend and fre- and entrepreneurial aspects of scientific losophy, writer, and lover of the arts. At quent dinner guest. One of the few things experimentation, thanks to his lycée’s bi- Harvard, he organized concerts at the Sig- Schoonover cooks is Julia Child’s recipe ology teacher, Emmanuel Ferraris, “who net Society and Lowell House—he used to for beef bourguignon; the recipe is covered taught me many years ago that biology can play the saxophone and the violin—and with meticulous annotations that often be beautiful, even when it is confusing.” was klappermeister for Lowell’s Russian have him in the kitchen acting “with fero- (Portraits of the Mind is dedicated to him.) bells. At Columbia, he works full-time in cious exactitude” at 3 ".$., Fink reports. “In the classroom, the way you learned a lab, but has made time to cofound Neu- “Carl,” he adds, “is very good at bringing science was to learn facts and replicate

68 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 www.haa.harvard.edu experiments with known outcomes,” calls. But in the end, he found Schoonover says of his French education. that “the neuroscience I am most “But Ferraris had us design and do an interested in is at the level of experiment of our own.” Schoonover fo- molecules, cells, circuits, which (2004) ISMAN LL cused on a friend who was a heavy smoker doesn’t have much to do with and structured an experiment to see what the questions philosophers were would happen to the latter’s oxygen ca- asking about mind and lan- pacity if he quit for a few weeks. “You guage.” could formulate a question and, if you did In an introductory neurosci- the process carefully enough, you would ence course taught by another get an answer,” he says. “To this day, I find formative teacher, professor of that mode of inquiry exhilarating.” molecular and cellular biology Throughout college, Schoonover bal- Venkatesh Murthy, Schoonover

anced his interests in philosophy and bi- read a paper by Sanes about fol- E MARK AND DEERINCK THOMAS OF COURTESY IMAGE ology, first at Columbia, where he was so lowing the day-by-day develop- A photomicrograph showing different components of intrigued by lab work that he approached ment of microscopic neuronal the rat cerebellum, including Purkinje neurons in green, glia (nonneuronal cells) in red, and cell nuclei in blue. a research director, said, “I am very eager structures in a living mouse. and completely ignorant,” and landed “I was blown away,” he recalls. When he time there convinced me that this was the a position washing dishes. That slowly found out Sanes was coming to Harvard right thing for me.” evolved into actual research and three to open the Center for Brain Science, he Still, Schoonover deliberately concen- summers of working on neuroscience immediately e-mailed to ask about joining trated in philosophy, thereby avoiding a projects. the lab. They met, and Sanes welcomed raft of required science courses. “I knew At the same time, he was still exploring him aboard. “He was very generous, and there was a good chance that science philosophy, and transferred to Harvard gave me a chance,” says Schoonover, who would be my life in the future, but I did in his junior year to pursue subjects like worked in the lab for the rest of his time at not see coursework as the means of get- Wittgenstein and logic, along with sci- Harvard, even taking a semester o0, fund- ting there,” he explains. “In a lab you are ence. “I was more idealistic when I started ed by Sanes, to be there full-time. “If there asking questions; in the classroom, the out about the possibility of doing both was one person who launched me into a main activity is to absorb knowledge and science and philosophy,” Schoonover re- life of science, it was Josh,” he adds. “The things that are already established. It’s a

The Senior Seniors Fergenson ’28, 103, of Rockville, Maryland; Dorothy P. Col- lins ’30, 103, of Hyde Park, Massachusetts; Rawson L. Wood The oldest graduates of Harvard and Radcliffe present on ’30, 102, of Center Harbor, New Hampshire; Elliott C. Carter Commencement day were Marjorie Thomas ’42, 92, of Bed- ’30, 102, of New York City; and Bertha Fineberg ’31, 102, of ford, Massachusetts (accompanied by her husband, Edward Gloucester, Massachusetts. Thomas ’41, who was celebrating his seventieth reunion), and Donald F. Brown ’30, Ph.D. ’55, 102, of Stow, Massachusetts. Both were recog- nized at the afternoon ceremony. (The oldest class representative was George Barner ’29, 102, of Kennebunk, Maine, who is three and a half weeks younger than Donald Brown.) Mar- jorie and Edward Thomas were married while she was still at Radcliffe College. Because he was in the U.S. Navy at the time, she left college to be with him, but more than three decades later she returned to campus “because I had made a promise to my mother that I would graduate.” She received her bachelor’s degree in 1978. According to University records, the oldest alumni include: Halford J. Pope ’25, M.B.A. ’27, 107, of Hilton Head, South Carolina; Rose Depoyan ’26, 105, of Brockton, Massachusetts; Edith M. Van Saun ’29, 104, of Sykesville, Donald Maryland; Priscilla Bartol Grace ’58, 104, Marjorie Thomas F. B row n of Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Ruth Leavitt

Photographs by Stu Rosner H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 69 JOHN HARVARD’S J OURNAL very di0erent mindset. I found that I like influence its electrical in +//) with biology de- getting my hands dirty.” function. Thus, as for partment chair Stuart Fires- Today, in Randy M. Bruno’s lab at Co- many other areas of bi- tein and then-graduate stu- lumbia, Schoonover studies how the phys- ology, there is a tight re- dent Clay Lacefield, was set ical connections between neurons a0ect lationship between up to bring scientists and the flow of information in the brain. His structure and function,” writers together to foster - OGY area of specialization is the rat barrel cor- he says. “The work con- more accurate and entic- L tex, where movements from the whiskers tributes a tiny piece to ing narratives. Portraits of PATHO are registered: How does a neuronal cir- the giant puzzle of look- the Mind was workshopped L cuit translate the movement of individual ing at how synapses are there, and several oth- whiskers into a representation of the rat’s arranged and transmit er book projects by mem-

environment? In pursuit of an answer, information.” bers are pending, as well PAVIA/DEPART OF UNIVERSITY O/ Schoonover divides his time between as a stream of mainstream LL live rats and the microscope, where he is SB@>>#>7(& 92 intent science articles, including MEDICINE/SECTION OF GENERA O MAZZARE O L working on a novel technique for identi- on explaining science; one on optogenetics coau- L fying synapses, the connections between Portraits of the Mind was thored by Schoonover pub- neurons. “It’s a fun surgery,” he says of the partly born from frus- lished in the New York Times delicate two-hour operation he performs tration with how in- science section in May. The COURTESY OF DR. PAO DR. OF COURTESY to insert electrodes that record neuronal adequately scientific long-term plan is to scale EXPERIMENTA OF MENT activity in an anesthetized rat’s brain. A techniques—and sci- Italian histologist and future up NeuWrite, Schoonover dentist drill is used to thin down the skull, ence in general—are Nobel laureate Camillo Golgi adds; a second, parallel, made this drawing of a dog’s then a square half a millimeter on the side presented to the gen- olfactory bulb in 1875. The New York City-wide group is cut into the now paper-thin bone. Once eral public. The media features were revealed by is set to launch this fall and the bone is removed, Schoonover peels often focus too much a revolutionary method for there is talk of starting a away the dura mater, the one-tenth-of-a- on results over process, staining nerve tissue that Boston counterpart. today bears his name. millimeter-thick membrane surrounding he believes: “They get Schoonover has been giv- the brain—all without touching or dam- this final packaged story that has a weird, ing public presentations across the coun- aging the soft tissue underneath. misleading ring of truth along the lines of try and in Europe. He argues that dialogue Now midway through his doctoral ‘This is how things are,’ instead of, ‘We is essential because American scientists training, Schoonover says his current conclude this, based on circumstantial ev- serve, for the most part, at the discretion work focuses on where synapses are idence that relies on these techniques that of the public, thanks to their govern- formed on the branches of individual neu- are more or less reliable.’ That’s how scien- ment funding. “It is incumbent on us,” rons. “The spatial arrangement of synap- tists actually communicate.” NeuWrite, he adds, “to explain what we are doing.” tic connections on a neuron can strongly the forum he co-founded at Columbia late !2"&"@ 8@"#%

Graduate School Medalists

The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Cen- tennial Medal, !rst awarded in 1989 on the occa- sion of the school’s hundredth anniversary, honors alumni who have made contributions to society that emerged from their graduate study at Harvard. It is the highest honor the Graduate School bestows, and awardees include some of Harvard’s most ac- complished alumni. The 2011 recipients, announced at a ceremony on May 25, are: Heisuke Hironaka, Ph.D. ’60, Fields Medal-winning mathematician and popular author of 26 books on science, mathemat- ics, education, and creativity; space-walking astro- physicist Jeffrey Alan Hoffman, Ph.D. ’71, profes- sor of the practice of aerospace engineering at MIT; historian and former Stanford president Richard Wall Lyman, Ph.D. ’54, now Stanford’s Sterling From left to right: Richard Wall Lyman, Nell Irvin professor of humanities emeritus; and scholar of Painter, Heisuke Hironaka, U.S. history Nell Irvin Painter, Ph.D. ’74, Edwards and Jeffrey Alan Hoffman professor of history emerita at Princeton.

70 J4!; - A4%42< 2011 Photograph by Jim Harrison Voting Results T@( #"$(2 of the new members of the Board of Overseers and elected directors of the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA) were announced during the HAA’s annual meeting on the afternoon of Commence- ment day. Albert Frances Peter As Overseers, serving six-year terms, vot- Carnesale Fergusson Malkin ers chose: Flavia B. Almeida, M.B.A. ’94, of São Harvard Medalists Paulo, Brazil. Partner, The Monitor Group. Three people received the Harvard Medal for outstanding service to the University Richard W. Fisher ’71, of Dallas. Presi- and were publicly thanked by President Drew Faust during the Harvard Alumni As- dent and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of sociation’s annual meeting on the afternoon of Commencement day. Dallas. Albert Carnesale—You were a towering source of strength for the Harvard com- Verna C. Gibbs ’75, of San Francisco. munity, serving as a professor and dean of the Kennedy School, fostering a new era of col- General surgeon and professor in clini- legiality, curiosity, and cross-school collaboration as provost, and providing incisive intellectual cal surgery, University of California, San leadership—to this University and to several United States presidents—on international Francisco. affairs and the security of the nation. Nicole M. Parent ’93, of Greenwich, Frances Fergusson, Ph.D. ’73, RI ’75—Your service to Harvard knows no bounds; as Connecticut. Co-founder and managing president of the Board of Overseers, as a leader on visiting committees, and as a thought- partner, Vertical Research Partners, LLC. ful voice on governance, you have acted with energy, creativity, and resolve, advancing the Kenji Yoshino ’91, of New York City. University’s devotion to learning and helping imagine its future. Chief Justice Earl Warren professor of Peter Malkin ’55, J.D. ’58—Inspiring all who care deeply for Harvard, you have been constitutional law, New York University a true University citizen, serving as a trusted adviser to presidents and deans, championing School of Law. public service as a core University ideal, and making it possible through your extraordinary generosity for new generations of outstanding young men and women to ful!ll their dreams Candidates selected as elected directors of a Harvard education. of the HAA, serving three-year terms, Malkin was surrounded by Harvard children and grandchildren—among the latter, were: no fewer than six who’ve been in the College in recent years (Louisa Malkin ’09 and Rohit Chopra ’04, of Washington, D.C. Matthew Blumenthal ’08), are still enrolled (Malkins Eliza ’13 and Emily ’14), or had Policy adviser, Consumer Financial Pro- just “joined the fellowship of educated men and women” (Michael Blumenthal and tection Bureau. Becky Malkin, both class of ’11). Tiziana C. Dearing, M.P.P. ’00, of Bed- ford, Massachusetts. CEO, Boston Rising. tor Jacob McNulty, of Dunster House and broken the all-time reunion gift record— Katie Williams Fahs ’83, of Atlanta. Short Hills, New Jersey, will be the John El- for any Harvard class—by raising a remark- Marketing consultant/community volun- iot Scholar at Jesus College; chemical and able D6- million.” The class of -5*6 achieved teer. physical biology concentrator James Pelle- the “highest class turnout in twenty-fifth Charlene Li ’88, M.B.A. ’93, of San Ma- tier, of Adams House and Attleboro, Mas- reunion history and exceeded their imme- teo, California. Founding partner, Altim- sachusetts, will be the Governor William diate-use funding target,” he noted, and eter Group; author. Shirley Scholar at Pembroke College; and the class of -5*-, celebrating their thirtieth Sonia Molina, D.M.D. ’89, M.P.H. ’89, of applied mathematics concentrator Jackson reunion, “are well on their way to setting Los Angeles. Endodontist. Salovaara, of Pforzheimer House and Ber- a new standard for immediate-use fund- James A. Star ’83, of Chicago. Presi- nardsville, New Jersey, will be the Charles raising at Harvard.” (No additional figures dent, Longview Asset Management. Henry Fiske III Scholar at Trinity College. were announced.) Rothenberg added that the senior-gift campaign yielded an *+ per- cent participation rate and a record num- Cambridge Scholars Alumni Gifts ber of leadership gifts. “You are profoundly F>4& $($'(&2 of the class of +/-- have T@( University had received )),/// gifts as generous,” he said, thanking alumni, stu- won Harvard Cambridge Scholarships of May +C, including those from reunion- dents, parents, and friends of the Univer- to study at Cambridge University dur- ing classes, reported University Treasurer sity. “You have given of your time and re- ing the +/-/-+/-- academic year. English James F. Rothenberg ’6*, M.B.A. ’)/, during sources. You have shared your creativity concentrator Molly Fitzpatrick, of Win- the HAA’s annual meeting. The Harvard and energy for the enduring benefit of this throp House and River Edge, New Jersey, and Radcli0e classes of -56- not only had remarkable institution, as it continues to will be the Lionel de Jersey Scholar at Em- the largest attendance of a fiftieth reunion expand the boundaries of knowledge, here manuel College; social studies concentra- in history, he announced, “they have also and around the world.”

Photographs by Stu Rosner H"&7"&3 M"%"89#( 71 THE COLLEGE PUMP Guerrillas in the Yard

rillas, we would ‘blow up’ a trio of radio- crew tie of his father, the late Robert G. transmission towers near Boston. After Stone Jr. ’+0, LL.D. ’8/, former captain of a alerting the Crimson to our intention, we record-setting heavyweight crew and later breached the chain-link fence surround- Senior Fellow of the Harvard Corporation. ing the towers one night, climbed up on This tie has half the stripes (each twice the the concrete base of each tower and taped width) of the lightweight crew tie. small wooden simulated explosive charges John Thorndike ’5+, J.D. ’56, of Green- “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched to the legs of the towers, and quickly with- wich, Connecticut, held that the tie fur- to shake with passers-by.” drew without being detected. The follow- thest to the right in the photograph, ing morning, the Crimson ran the story on described as the “minor sports” tie, is ac- !"#$"% &. '($&&)$# *++, from its front page, together with a picture of tually the squash tie, which we believed Bethesda, Maryland, reports: me wearing facial camouflage, on one of was missing from the collection. Upon “Sometime in ,-+.-+/, I respond- the three towers—my sole claim to fame further clarification from Eliot G. Gor- ed to a bulletin-board advertise- during my years at Harvard.” don ’+7, of Teaneck, New Jersey, Thorn- Bment inviting students to join a new or- dike’s tie has been proved to be indeed a ganization to be known as the Harvard minor sports tie. Little is still looking for Guerrilla Unit, whose objective was to be a squash tie. dropped behind the German lines to cre- T1!& 23$2 41#%: A photograph in “The Joseph S. Vera ’08 and Alan Steinert Jr. ate havoc and mayhem. Unfortunately, this College Pump” in the March-April is- ’06, M.B.A. ’5., AMP ’6/, both of Cam- never came to pass. We graduated, dis- sue (page 05) showed ,/ of the ,0 (we be- bridge, revealed that there is a sixteenth persed, and our premature visions of der- lieved) neckties once regularly worn by tie in play. Vera wrote, “If a varsity team ring-do and medals came to naught. Harvard varsity athletes. Warren M. “Ren- member lettered for three years or won a “In a ,-+. issue of the Crimson,” Glassman ny” Little ’00, of Cambridge, curator (pro collegiate championship in a minor sport, continues, “there appeared a photograph bono) of Harvard’s Lee Family Hall of Ath- he was awarded a major letter.” Their ties of the guerrilla unit receiving instruction letic History, reports that Gunther Frit- have three stripes, as does the tie identi- in how to place a demolition charge in ze ’06, M.B.A. ’5., of Chestnut Hill, Mas- fied in the photograph as a lacrosse tie— a sewer pipe. One of the ,0 students pic- sachusetts, has donated his lightweight but the red stripes are three-eighths of an tured was my infamous classmate, Theo- crew tie (the one in the photograph was inch, rather than one-eighth. This is the tie dore Hall, who subsequently became a spy borrowed from classmate Viggo C. Ber- Thorndike was awarded. Little hopes one for Russia during World War II. At the telsen Jr. ’06, M.B.A. ’5/, of Seattle) and R. will be donated to complete the collection. conclusion of our training, we decided, Gregg Stone ’70, J.D. ’7-, of Newton, Mas- Thorndike added: “I attended Exeter for as a demonstration of how much damage sachusetts, has filled another gap in the four years, and our headmaster, William could be wreaked on a strategic facility by collection by donating the heavyweight G. Saltonstall ’.6, seldom wore neckwear a small, well-trained group of guer- that wasn’t one of his football, hockey, The U.S. Postal Service on June 16 or heavyweight crew ties!…I still re- issued a !rst-class stamp honoring ligiously wear all three of my varsity botanist Asa Gray. A natural history sports ties—soccer, squash, and ‘mi- professor, Gray also founded the Harvard Summer School 140 years nor sports’—though this never fails to a go. The stamp shows plants that he produce rolled eyeballs from our two studied as well as the words Shortia daughters, Hilary ’80 and Sarah ’87, galacifolia in his own hand. The story despite the fact that they have eight of his epic quest for that plant is told at http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard. varsity squash letters and two co-cap- edu/pdf/articles/838.pdf. taincies between them.” !9"1):& ; SERVICE POSTAL STATES UNITED THE OF COURTESY

72 J:(< - A:':&2 2011 .

.
LETTERS


CAMBRIDGE 02138 (continued from page 6) man Smoker and lectures the class of 9:?, !!!
"
on the evils of Communism.” There’s a lot that the nature and causation of climate more to this story. 


change in our era are a very long way from The Smoker started o3 in Memorial Hall  
#%
being understood and explained. This ten- with good fellowship (i.e., a lot of beer- 
!
tativeness on our part is what was once drinking), after which we trooped across $ known as science. As for evolution, neither to Sanders for the show, which featured !

I nor any other conservative I know per- fan dancer Sally Rand—not to perform 


sonally (or ever read) has any doubts about (imagine the headlines!), but to do stand- 




most aspects of it, in particular what it up comedy. Rand had a di3erent idea. 



implies about the age of the earth. I realize The Korean War had broken out three some Christian fundamentalists do adhere months before our class entered Harvard, to creationism. This is not the view of the so after a few ribald jokes she pulled a Republican Party, Republicans in general, sheaf of papers from her low-cut gown or the vast majority of other conservatives. and started reading the anti-Communist It is profoundly worrisome to me that speech. We thought it was the build-up the letter writers are so ill-informed about to another joke, but the punch line never the views of conservatives. Perhaps this came and the unruly crowd grew restless. proves McKinney’s point most dramati- Then a guy threw a penny, and Rand 

cally. Harvard people simply do not know shot back one of the best retorts I ever
much about conservatives or conservative heard. “Boys,” she said (itself a putdown),

political ideas at all. Why? “there’s only one animal I know who J!"#$%#" B&'#() *+, throws a cent.” That drew a rousing ova- Stoughton, Wisc. tion—and a lot more metal hurled her way. She gamely finished her speech, and the
!
!
$
I #- ./0#11!/"$2., but hardly sur- poor woman left the stage in tears. !!
prised, to find so many letters castigating Sensing a riot in the o@ng, the quick-   
(all?) Republicans—apparently without thinking emcee hurriedly had a piano 
"  !!
irony—for their ignorance and bias. I hold rolled out, and a bespectacled young math a di3erent stereotype of Republicans and instructor sat down and started playing the Tea Partiers: people who want much and singing his own catchy, satirical com- less (unnecessary) interference in business positions. He was so good that soon every- Support and personal lives, as well as much less one had forgotten Sally Rand. Tom Lehrer spending. It’s really not that complicated. always acknowledged that this Freshman Harvard Magazine S(!$$ G. D#4/0 *++, A.M. 5+6 Smoker was his “first big gig.” As a special thank-you Prescott, Ariz. Since we all took credit for launching his for a donation of $100 or more, career, our twenty-fifth-reunion organiz- you can receive the newly designed A-2'/(#"0 (!"0/0$2"$78 deny hold- ers tried to get him to come back to relive 2010 Edition Harvard Glasses, ing bias attributed to social class, yet dis- old times. To his credit, he declined, say- satin-etched with play those biases openly. Harvard harbors ing his humor was of a di3erent time. But four new Harvard scenes. America’s governing class, which self-serv- he is fated to be tied to the class of 1954. ingly adopts the “liberal” or statist view of In this same issue that shows a cartoon of political organization that enforces their Sally Rand lecturing ’54 freshmen, there is privileges. The opinions expressed by cer- on page 32 a caricature of none other than tain writers in the May-June issue about Tom Lehrer—and next to him is our class’s Republicans could very easily be those of most illustrious graduate, John Updike. segregationists concerning blacks in the F. H#'428 P!1277 *?, 9:,;s, eugenicists concerning Eastern Eu- Woodside, Calif. ropeans in the 9:<;s, Muslim Egyptians concerning Copts—or Cavaliers concern- ERRATUM: MARIJUANA MATTERS ing Puritans when Harvard was founded. Keith Dobbs writes: The profile of Dale B'&(2 P. S%/27.0 *+9 Gieringer ’68 (“Marijuana Advocate,” The Wolcott, Vt. Classes, May-June, page 64F) attributes Proposition 19 to California assemblyman Memorial Church, Weld Boat House, BEYOND BURLESQUE Tom Ammiano. The article should have Harvard Stadium, The College Pump “820$2'.#8*0 "2=0> (March-April, said, “That discussion influenced…Tom page ,?) noted under 9:?9, “Burlesque Ammiano to introduce the first-ever legal- To donate, please visit queen Sally Rand appears at the Fresh- ization bill, Assembly Bill 390, in 2009.” harvardmagazine.com/donate

H#'4#'. M#A#B/"2 79 TREASURE AN M

Unwhole STUTZ AM ON

Dysfunctional sink with body parts R HER: HER: P RA G , PHOTO , '()*& $'()* was born in 1954 ture presents us CM in Wallingford, Connecticut, with an image so HU BEESWAX, PLASTER, 2009-2010, DETAILS, AND ,

and studied at Middlebury improbable, an UNTITLED

College. He now lives and object so pecu- 74 X 165 X 126 HES, C Rworks in New York City. Gober “is argu- liar, that it is as ably the most important sculptor/artist if the sculpture GOBER, OBERT R of his generation,” declares Mary Schnei- is functioning der Enriquez, Houghton associate cura- like a dream, in AINT, 49 3/4 X 65 X 29 IN 29 X 65 X 3/4 49 AINT, tor of modern and contemporary art at which objects P EL the Harvard Art Museums. He created are condensed M the work shown here, Untitled, dated one onto an-

1999 to 2010, out of plaster, beeswax, hu- other such that they become impossible to ENA TABS, ULL P man hair (on the legs but not visible in separate and explain in any coherent nar- M INU the photographs), cotton, leather, alumi- rative.” Indeed, she says, “The unyielding M num pull tabs, and enamel paint. way in which Gober plays with very strong The sink is featured in a new installa- themes of sexuality and the body—while OBERT GOBER / COURTESY MATTHEW MARKS GALLERY; GALLERY; MARKS MATTHEW COURTESY / GOBER OBERT tion in the Sackler Museum’s first-floor at the same time making work that defies R OTTON, LEATHER,ALU galleries of recent pieces by Gober, Felix a hierarchical narrative—is one of his oeu- C

González-Torres, Doris Salcedo, and other vre’s great strengths.” ! +.*. © WORK ART HAIR, contemporary artists, as well as works that haven’t been shown for years by such modern masters as Josef Albers, Hans Arp, and Robert Rauschenberg. One may listen on one’s cellphone to a guided tour of the exhibition while exploring it. Schneider Enriquez provides the commentary on the sink, saying, in part, “In this work, Gober combines several of his interests and signature, almost iconic, elements: a large-scale sink and five feet/legs, appar- ently belonging to a small child. The feet and legs wind in a deeply creepy serpentine way in and out of the non-functional aper- tures, mimicking the miss- ing plumbing.…The sculp-

80 J!"# - A!$!%& 2011 Job # 0000044673 Filename 44356_44673_M03.indd Last Modifi ed 6-3-2011 5:47 PM User / Pre- ehegdahl / Joseph Craypa

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