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697 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 L. Manchikanti Et Index A Anisotropy, 447 Abdominal pain. See Nerve blocks Ankle injection. See Tibiotalar injection Abdominal wall blocks and neurolysis Ansa subclavia, 538 accuracy, 489 Anticoagulant therapy, 53–55 analgesia, 495 Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy chronic, 489 epidural hematoma, 53 diagnostic and therapeutics, 495 epidural hematomas, 53 ilioinguinal (see Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves block) guidelines, 53 paravertebral (see Paravertebral nerve block) interventional technique guidelines, 56 procedures, 489 risk/benefit ratio, 53 rectus sheath (see Rectus sheath block) surgical interventions, 53 TAP block (see Transversus abdominal plane (TAP) block) survey, 53 Accountable interventional pain management, 3 thrombotic risks with discontinuation, 53, 54 epidural injections utilization, 5, 12 Arteria radicularis magna (ARM), 201 facet joint interventions, 6, 10 Arthritis, 370 Medicare beneficiaries, epidural injections, 6, 8 botulinum toxin, 630–631 policies, 6 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), 118, 121 sacroiliac joint interventions, 6, 8 Atlanto-axial joint Acetylcholinesterases (AChE), 612 anatomy, 415–417 Acromioclavicular joint injection, 637, 638 C1-C2 injection, 414 Acute cervical disc extrusion, 102 cervicogenic headache, 413, 414 Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) diagnosis, 414–415 anesthetic requirements, 37 fluoroscopy, 418, 419 anesthetic risk and evaluation, 38 inflammatory disorders, 414 discharge/disposition, 38–39 pathophysiology, 413, 414 guidelines, medical record, 37 physical examination, 415 history and physical examination, 36 side effects, 420 intra- and postoperative documentation requirements, 38 TON, 416 physician’s history, 36 ultrasound, 419, 420 physician’s physical examination, 37 vertebral artery, 416, 417 preoperative Medical Record Requirements, 37 Atlanto-occipital joint procedural documentation, 38 fluoroscopy, 417 requirements, 36 ultrasound, 417–420 American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) See also Atlanto-axial joint guidelines, 382 Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy, 309, 312, 313, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) 323–325 guidelines, 365, 382 Axillary nerve anatomy, 500 Anatomy of the spine Axillary nerve block, 499, 500 injectionist, 63 ligaments (see Ligaments of spine) planes B bony elements, 70 Biacuplasty, 302–306 column (see Spinal column) Biceps tendon sheath fluoroscopic (see Fluoroscopic anatomy, spine) anatomy, 619 and nomenclature, 63 color Doppler, 619 position, 63 diagnosis, 619 spondylolisthesis, 71 inflammation, pain/tenderness, 618 spondylolysis, 70 landmark-based and ultrasound-guided techniques, 619 Anesthetic discography, 273 pathophysiology, 618–619 lumbar functional, 276 ultrasound, 619–620 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 697 L. Manchikanti et al. (eds.), Essentials of Interventional Techniques in Managing Chronic Pain, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60361-2 698 Index Bleeding risk C antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy, 53 Cadaver dissection, 554 atherothrombotic events, 54 Cadaver study, 554 cerebral and cardiovascular events, 54 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 612 epidural hematoma, 55 Cancer thromboembolic phenomenon, 54 sacral fractures, 432 Blind Intercostal Nerve Blocks, 483–484 vertebral fractures, 432 Bony elements Carpal tunnel injection coronal cadaver section, 71 corticosteroid, 641 load-bearing capacity, 71 CTS, 641 lumbar vertebral motion segment, 70 flexor carpi radialis and palmaris tendon, 641 midline spinous processes, 71 glucocorticoid, 641 pars interarticularis, lumbar vertical body, 72 indications and diagnosis, 641 prototypical vertebra, 70 intravascular placement, 641 red bone marrow, 70 pathophysiology, 641 spondylolysis precautions, 641–642 and fluoroscopy, 73 randomized controlled trials, 641 and spondylolisthesis, 72 ultrasound, 642 transverse processes, 70 ultrasound-guided, 641 vertical C-arm, L4-L5, 70 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 502 Botulinum toxin Caudal epidural adhesiolysis, 255–258, 261, arthritis, 630–631 264, 265 blockade, acetylcholine release, 630 Caudal epidural injections, 174, 178–182 capsaicin, 630 Caudocranial angulations, 544 cervical dystonia, 632 Celiac plexus blocks history, 629 anatomy, 596–600 injection, 629 bent-tip needle, 603, 604 lifesaving treatment modality, 632 cardiac and hypogastric plexuses, 595 mechanism of analgesia, 630 celiac ganglia, 602 MFPS, 631 chronic abdominal pain, 595 migraine, 630 indications, 596 neuromuscular disorders, 629 neurolysis, 603–605 neuropathic pain, 630 pancreatic cancer, 596 pain modulation, 630 percutaneous approach, 595 pelvic pain and dysfunctional defecation, 632 precautions, 605 preparation, 629 retrocrural approach, 600–602 treatment, chronic pain, 630 side effects, 605, 606 trigeminal neuralgia, 631 splanchnic nerve blocks, 603 Brachial plexus blocks, 497–499 transdiscal approach, 603 Brilinta®, 366 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Buerger’s disease, 535 (CMS), 301 Bursa Central nervous system injection, 543 iliopsoas (IP) Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists anatomy, 621, 622 (CRNAs), 41 diagnosis, 621, 622 Cervical and thoracic sympathetic blocks evidence based, 621 analgesia, 531 hip pain, 622 CRPS, 531, 533 osteoarthritis, 622 diagnosis, 535 pathophysiology, 621, 622 ganglion block, 534 tendon and hip joint capsule, 621 history, 531 ultrasound-guided injection technique, 621–623 hyperhidrosis, 535 precautions, 625 IASP criteria set, 535 subacromial-subdeltoid pathophysiology, 532–533 diagnosis, 618 peripheral neuropathic pain, 534 evidence based, 617–618 stellate ganglion block, 531 location, 618 superior cervical ganglion, 536 pain, upper extremity, 617 Cervical discogenic pain, 209, 210, 212 pathophysiology, 617 Cervical discography shoulder disorders, 617 anterior approach, 282–286 supraspinatus tendon, 618 anterolateral, 290, 291 ultrasound, 619 anterolateral approach, 282, 286 ultrasound-guided injection technique, 618 assessment, pain relief, 273 Bursitis CT-discograms, 292 PAB, 623, 624 CT imaging, 291 RB, 624, 625 diagnostic accuracy, 277 Index 699 disc injection treatment, 408, 409 completion, 290 typical cervical levels, 406, 407 high discometric pressure, 286 vascular structures, 396, 397 pain level, 286 Cervical interlaminar epidural injection, 218–222 pain quality, 290 axial diagram, 222 saline or contrast, 286 complications, 236 discogram, 292 dural puncture, 222 evaluation, 273 epidurographic patterns, 222 low back pain, 274 fluoroscopic imaging, 220 rationale, 276 indications, 212 validity and functions, 273 intravascular entry, 228 spine status post disc injection, 292 midline approach, 222, 223 Cervical dystonia, 632 paramedian approach, 220 Cervical epidural injections paramedian position, 222 anatomy resistance technique, 220 C2 and C3 spinal nerve, 218 subdural filling patterns, 228 cervical spine, 212 subdural placement, 225 dorsal and ventral rootlets, 217 Cervical radicular pain, 209, 210 dural root sleeve, 212 Cervical radiofrequency neurotomy, 405, 406 epidural space, 215 Cervical spinal stenosis, 210, 212, 215 ligaments, 214 Cervical sympathetic ganglia, 536, 538 ligamentum flavum, 215 Cervical sympathetic trunk, 536 typical cervical vertebrae, 212 Cervical transforaminal epidural injections, 212 venous system, 218 axial view, 231 evidence base, 210–212 complications, 236 indications, 212 critical anatomic considerations, 229–231 interlaminar and transforaminal approach, 212 fluoroscopy, 228 pathophysiology level IV evidence, 212 cervical radiculopathies, 210 step-by-step approach, 234 corticosteroids and local anesthetics, 210 Cervical transforaminal injections, 209 disc displacement, 210 Cervicogenic headache, 413–415 hard protrusions, 210 Cervicothoracic, 536 myelopathy, 210 Chemical neurolysis, 455 post cervical laminectomy syndrome, 210 Chemical neurolytic block, 565 radicular pain, 210 Chemonucleolysis, 309, 313 precautions, 236, 237 Chest wall blocks and neurolysis. See Intercostal nerve blocks resistance technique, 209 Chronic abdominal pain, 595 side effects and complications, 235, 236 Chronic disorders, 611 technical aspects Chronic low back pain. See Percutaneous adhesiolysis extra-epidural placement, 222–228 Chronic pain extraneural placement of needle, 235 classification and prevalence, 24 interlaminar epidural injections, 218–222 intrathecal analgesics, 678 safety considerations, 231–233 NMDA receptor antagonists, 22 technique, 233–235 opioids, 671 transforaminal epidural injections, 228–231 pain signaling (see Pain signaling) Cervical facet joint nerve blocks, 390, 391 psychological assessment, 676 Cervical facet joint pain and spasticity, 671, 672 C7 transverse process, 407, 408 terminology, 15 controlled diagnostic blocks, 389, 390 therapy, 676 diagnosis, 389 Chronic perineal pain, 581 false-positive rate, 387 Chronic shoulder pain false-positive rates, 390 block, suprascapular nerve (see Suprascapular nerve block) features, 392 intraarticular corticosteroids, 471 indications, 392 muscles and shoulder joint, 471 innervation, 392–396 treatment options, 471 intra-articular (see Intra-articular cervical facet joint injections) Classic approach, 576 neck pain, 387 Classic superior hypogastric block, 576, 577 nerve blocks, 390, 391 Cluster headaches, 521 pathophysiology, 388, 389 Cochrane review, 552 pulsed mode radiofrequency, 405 Common peroneal nerve (CPN) block, 513 radiofrequency neurotomy, 405, 406 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 531, 532, 659, 661, 683 RCTs, 389 Compliance and documentation. See Documentation
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