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Inventaris Immateriele Collectie versie maart 2021 • aanvullingen graag melden bij coördinator 1 immateriële collectie Archeon de immateriële collectie van Archeon Museumpark Archeon beheert niet alleen een collectie tastbare zaken, zoals gebouwen en de inventaris daarvan, maar ook een immateriële collectie. Deze laatste bestaat uit de vakkennis van archeotolken die een bepaald ambacht beheersen of zich een vaardigheid hebben eigen gemaakt op een wijze die past bij de historische periode waarin zij optreden. Feitelijk gaat het om een verzameling werkwoorden die in praktijk gebracht worden. Bijvoorbeeld ‘Gregoriaans zingen’ of ‘middeleeuws broodbakken’. Hier is de eerste inventarisatie van deze collectie in prehistorie, Romeinse tijd en middeleeuwen vastgelegd. Het is een momentopname. De immateriële collectie rust op de schouders van mensen die gaan en komen. Het streven is om deze collectie te bewaren en onderhouden. De inventarisatie ervan is daarbij een eerste stap. De immateriële collectie is niet altijd volledig zichtbaar. Sommige lemma’s in deze collectie zijn zelfs zeer zelden te zien, of slechts voor een enkeling. Toch zijn ook deze onderwerpen van belang. Voor onderzoekers, of voor speciale projecten kan er, op aanvraag, veel informatie uit te putten zijn. Ook zijn er onderwerpen die juist veel in ons park te zien zijn, omdat daar een educatieve publieksactiviteit op is gebaseerd. De verzameling is gelabeld in nummers die verwijzen naar de locatie waar de onderwerpen thuishoren, en in categorieën: ambacht, krijgskunst, kunstvak, textiele vaardigheid, agrarisch, en huishouden. In de toekomst kan deze immateriële collectie via een gedifferentieerde database ontsloten worden. Via de categorieën kan een bezoeker of onderzoeker dan eenvoudiger vinden wat hij zoekt. Uiteraard worden daarbij nooit zomaar persoonsgegevens openbaar gemaakt; het onderdeel ‘continuïteit’, waarin is vastgelegd welke specialisten beschikken over welke vaardigheid blijft afgeschermd. Deze inventarisatie is bedoeld voor medewerkers van Archeon. maart 2021. versie maart 2021 • aanvullingen graag melden bij coördinator 2 immateriële collectie Archeon Immateriële collectie Archeon: prehistorie [Afbeelding] Titel Stenen werktuigen maken. Inventarisnummer 24.01 IM 01. Ondertitel Gereedschap voor jacht en huishouden. Categorie Ambacht. Afdeling Prehistorie, Mesolithicum. Locatie, inv. Mesolithicum, 24.01. Periode 8800-5300 voor Christus. Beschrijving Het meest gebruikte gereedschap was een scherp stuk vuursteen, dit kon snijdend, gekarteld of priemend zijn. Hier kon je bot, gewei, hout, ivoor en hoorn mee bewerken. De bewerking was erg tijdrovend en bestond uit veel slijpwerk om het snijvlak in een goede scherpe hoek te krijgen. Een voltooid microliet kon vervolgens vastgezet worden met berkenpek in hout of bot. Klein gereedschappen, zoals schrapers, konden met en zonder handvat gebruikt worden. Grotere gereedschappen en speren hadden wel een handvat of steel. De keuze voor het materiaal, de lengte en dikte van de steel was afhankelijk van de benodigde flexibiliteit. Een handvat werd meestal gemaakt van hout of bot en vastgezet met berkenpek, (hout)vezel, darmdraad of leer. De laatste twee sleten erg snel. Literatuur S. Arrighi e.a., How to make and use a bone ‘spatula’, An experimental program based on the Mesolithic osseous assemblage of Galgenbühel / Dos de la Forca (Salurn/Salorno, BZ, Italy); Quaternary International 423 (2015), pp. 143-165. L. Kooijmans, Nederland in de Prehistorie; Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Prometeus, 2005. N. Milner e.a., Star Carr: studies in technology, subsistence and environment; Leeds: White Rose University Press, 2018. Continuïteit Liza van Rijn (geleerd van Lucia Ros, Thomas Cogenbach, Dick van Heusden, Erwin Ruiter en Douglas Meyer, sinds 2012). Damy van der Waal (autodidact, sinds 2005). Jeroen van Eijk, (geleerd van Dorothee Olthof, Yvonne Lammers, Diderick Pomstra en autodidact, sinds 1994). [Afbeelding] Titel Twijnen. Inventarisnummers 24.01 IM 02. 24.03 IM 02. 24.05 IM 02. 24.07 IM 02. 24.11 IM 02. Ondertitel Touw en garen van verschillende materialen. Categorie Textiele vaardigheid. Afdeling Prehistorie. Locatie, inv. Mesolithicum, Neolithicum, Bronstijd, IJzertijd. Periode 8800-12 voor Christus. Beschrijving Twijnen was het tegendraads in elkaar draaien van plantaardig of dierlijk materiaal, waardoor er een sterk garen of touw ontstond. Er werden verschillende materialen voor gebruikt, waaronder leer, brandnetel, lindebast en bies. Literatuur https://www.hunebednieuwscafe.nl/2018/06/twijnen/. K. Grömer, The art of prehistoric textile making, The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe; Wenen: Natural History Museum, 2016. Continuïteit Basisvaardigheid die alle tolken prehistorie beheersen. versie maart 2021 • aanvullingen graag melden bij coördinator 3 immateriële collectie Archeon Titel Hutten bouwen. Inventarisnummer 24.01 IM 03. Ondertitel Woning en beschutting. Categorie Ambacht. Afdeling Prehistorie, Mesolithicum. Locatie, inv. Mesolithicum, 24.01. Periode 8800-5300 voor Christus. Beschrijving Door archeologisch onderzoek werd bekend dat men voor het bouwen van een mesolithische hut de houtsoorten gebruikte die in het gebied aanwezig waren. Sommige houtsoorten waren minder geschikt; zo rotte es snel en had els relatief snel last van houtworm. Eik en wilg waren het meest geschikt en werden dan ook gebruikt voor de reconstructies op Archeon. Eerst werden losse palen in de grond gezet, waarbij palen van eik het meest duurzaam waren. Het geraamte van de hut werd gemaakt van wilgentakken, want wilg was erg buigzaam, had haakjes en ging uitlopen, waardoor de constructie steviger werd. De wilgentakken werden vastgemaakt met getwijnd touw, waarschijnlijk ook van wilg. Het bladerdek werd gemaakt van dennentakken of riet. Bij het maken van een hut werd gebruik gemaakt van een hakbijl van bot of gewei. Literatuur L. Hurcombe en P. Cunningham, The life cycle of structures in experimental archaeology; an object biography approach; Leiden: Sidestone press, 2017. J.L.Th. Niekus e.a., Bergumermeer S-64B (the Netherlands) revisited: some critical remarks on the interpretation of an extensive Late Mesolithic site complex with alleged dwelling structures; Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 18 (2018), pp. 946-959. Continuïteit Liza van Rijn (geleerd van Lucia Ros, Thomas Cogenback en Leo van Wolterbeek, sinds 2013). versie maart 2021 • aanvullingen graag melden bij coördinator 4 immateriële collectie Archeon Titel Brandnetel verwerken. Inventarisnummers 24.01 IM 06. 24.03 IM 06. 24.05 IM 06. 24.07 IM 06. 24.11 IM 06. Ondertitel Een veelzijdige vezel. Categorie Textiele vaardigheid. Afdeling Prehistorie. Locatie Mesolithicum, Neolithicum, Bronstijd, IJzertijd. Periode 8800-12 voor Christus. Beschrijving Het plukken van de brandnetels gebeurde voornamelijk in de zomer en het najaar, want dan waren de stengels lang en hard. Het voorjaar was minder geschikt om brandnetels te plukken, dan waren de stengels nog kort en zacht en verpulverden ze makkelijk. Eerst werden de blaadjes van de stengel verwijderd in de richting van het blad, zo brandde je jezelf het minste. Daarna werd de stengel gekneusd met bijvoorbeeld een stuk steen. Dit gebeurde vooral op de knopen, zodat de vezel in zijn geheel uit de stengel gehaald kon worden. Vervolgens kraakte je de stengel om de harde binnenkant eruit te halen. De vezel die je overhield had een groene buitenkant die er met een kartelmes van vuursteen afgeschraapt kon worden. Hierna waren de vezels klaar om getwijnd of gevlochten te worden. Literatuur K. Grömer, The art of prehistoric textile making: The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe; Wenen: Natural History Museum, 2016. Continuïteit Wil van de Kooij (geleerd van Marije Mol, sinds 2005). Joke van Geel (geleerd van Eva IJsveld en Dorothee Oltholf, sinds 2019). Manon Hoogkamer (autodidact, sinds 1994). Jeroen van Eijk (geleerd van Manon Hoogkamer, sinds 2017). versie maart 2021 • aanvullingen graag melden bij coördinator 5 immateriële collectie Archeon Titel Vuur maken. Inventarisnummers 24.01 IM 07. 24.03 IM 13. 24.05 IM 13. 24.07 IM 14. Ondertitel Hitte uit de vuurboog. Categorie Huishouden. Afdeling Prehistorie. Locatie Mesolithicum, Neolithicum, Bronstijd. Periode 8800-800 voor Christus. Beschrijving De oudste methode van vuur maken: door middel van wrijving. Er werd gebruik gemaakt van een vuurboog van hout of bot met een koord van leer of rauwe huid, een houten stokje dat fungeerde als boor, een handvat van bot of hout en een houten plankje met een klein kuiltje. Je zette je voet op het plankje, zodat deze niet verschoof. De boor werd om het koord gedraaid en in het kuiltje op de plank gezet met wat tondel van bijvoorbeeld lisdoddepluis of tondelzwam. Het handvat werd op de bovenkant van de boor geplaatst. Met de ene hand werd druk gezet op het handvat en met de andere hand werd de vuurboog steeds sneller heen en weer bewogen als een zaag. Er ontstond eerst rook en dan een gloeiend kooltje. Dit kooltje pakte je voorzichtig op met wat droog en brandbaar materiaal. Dan werd er zuurstof toegevoegd door te blazen tot het brandbare materiaal vlam vatte. Het vuur kon uitgebouwd worden door eerst kleine en daarna steeds grotere stukken hout toe te voegen. Literatuur Andrew Sorensen e.a., Fire production in the deep past? The expedient strike-a-light model; Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014), pp. 476-486. Andrew Sorensen, The uncertain origins of fire-making by humans: the state of the art and smouldering questions;
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