Musica E Strumenti Musicali Nella Roma Antica: Dalla Ricostruzione Degli Strumenti Alla Ideazione Delle Musiche

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Musica E Strumenti Musicali Nella Roma Antica: Dalla Ricostruzione Degli Strumenti Alla Ideazione Delle Musiche W.MUSICA Maioli: E STRUMENTI MUSICALI NELLA ROMA ANTICA: DALL365A RICOSTRUZIONEMusica e strumenti musicali DEGLI nella STRUMENTI Roma antica: dall ALLAa ricostruzione IDEAZIONE degli DELLE MUSICHE. RESOCONTOstrumenti alla ideazione DI UN’ESPERIENZA delle musiche. Resoconto di un’esperienza di Walter Maioli (*) (*) - Coordinatore del Gruppo di Ricerca Musi- cale “Synaulia”. RISCOPERTA E RIVALUTAZIONE DEL PATRIMONIO MUSICALE DELL’ANTICHITA’ Gli storici della musica e i musicologi si sono sempre meravi- gliati del fatto che i popoli antichi come i Mesopotamici, gli Egiziani, i Greci e i Romani, capaci di architetture e tecnologie raffinatissi- me, possedessero degli strumenti musicali a parer loro così pri- mitivi che di conseguenza dovevano produrre una musica pove- ra e limitata. E così ovviamente è anche l‘opinione divulgata e presente nel- l’immaginario della cultura occidentale. Ma se questi strumenti sono stati impiegati per migliaia di anni per ottenere un’elevazione spiri- tuale una ragione profonda deve esserci. Ritengo che non si sia mai preso bene in considerazione l’aspet- Walter Maioli durante la sua relazione al to funzionale della musica, il valore psicoacustico di certi suoni e convegno di Villadose delle loro combinazioni (musica=ciò che appartiene alle muse). Secondo i recenti studi scientifici sulle funzioni dell’ascolto, si ha sempre più la conferma che gli strumenti musicali dell’antichità era- no costruiti, abbinati e impiegati per ottenere effetti neuropsicologici ben precisi. Gli antichi erano coscienti dei diversi poteri dei suoni, capaci di influenzare le emozioni, incitare o addolcire, addirittura “incantare” e la musica poteva educare il comportamento umano ed essere quindi usata come una terapia, come certi suoni degli strumenti musicali impiegati nei culti misterici per favorire il risve- glio e l’elevazione spirituale. Curt Sachs, il più autorevole e conosciuto etnomusicologo nel prestigioso libro: “La musica nel mondo antico” un classico del 1943, tuttora universalmente consultato, riporta nelle 330 pagine notizie sulle origini della musica, in medio oriente, in Asia orientale, in India e mentre dedica 78 pagine alla Grecia, sulla musica dell’antica Roma non trova molto da dire tanto da concludere con: “preferiamo tirare un velo su questa parte della storia della musica.” Ma recenti studi e quindi nuove considerazioni hanno portato a “svelare” questa parte della storia della musica e sostenere che i Romani rappresentarono il culmine finale dei mondi antichi, per quanto riguarda gli strumenti musicali, in quanto assimilarono e in certi casi perfezionarono strumenti musicali giunti da tutto il mon- do conosciuto. Non si riscontrano altrove così tante variazioni di trombe, che erano originariamente etrusche, così per le tibiae , si ritrovano quelle mesopotamiche, egiziane, etrusche, le varianti gre- che e quelle con il cornetto giunte con il culto di Cybele , così le numerose diversificazioni della cithara e lo svariatissimo numero di strumenti a corde. Questi fattori sfatano il mito che i Romani fossero un popolo poco interessato alla musica, anzi la musica era onnipresente nella Roma imperiale, sottolineava ogni attività. Cicerone sosteneva “la natura ci ha fatto l’orecchio musicale” e anche gli studi sul teatro antico di 366 F. Dupont, rivelano la predilezione dei Romani per un ascolto musi- cale a teatro e nella vita. Attraverso i reperti archeologici, gli oggetti, le rappresentazioni figurate e le fonti letterarie d’epoca sono stati identificati gli stru- menti musicali impiegati dagli antichi romani, ma anche le combi- nazioni tra i diversi strumenti, le descrizioni sulle tecniche stru- mentali, sulla musica, sulla sua funzione e le occasioni in cui la si ascoltava. Gli antichi romani, come gli altri popoli dell’antichità, non impiega- vano come norma la scrittura della musica, in quanto la musica era considerata un’arte a tradizione orale, spesso colta e segreta che si trasmetteva direttamente da maestro ad allievo, tipico dei culti dei misteri e delle tradizioni popolari nelle quali sono tuttora usati alcuni antichi strumenti musicali, con le stesse tecniche e gli stessi modi per suonarli. Le composizioni musicali del nostro gruppo di ricerca sono ca- ratterizzate dallo strumento impiegato e dalle sue possibilità espres- sive/sonore, melodiche e ritmiche. Abbiamo impiegato “modi mu- sicali archetipi”, tipici dell’area italica e mediterranea, consideran- do anche che nella Roma imperiale, a cui ci ispiriamo, confluirono culture e strumenti musicali da tutte le parti dell’impero e oltre. Anche per la danza abbiamo proceduto utilizzando i medesimi criteri, accostando l’antico al presente, considerando anche che molti gesti e suoni hanno talvolta perso la loro devozione divina per un cambio di valori e credenze. La musica come la danza esprimeva direttamente la spiritualità e l’incanto ed erano vissute più come un fenomeno psicoacustico, motorio ed estatico che estetico e le ultime ricerche sulle funzioni dell’ascolto confermano “il potere dei suoni degli antichi strumenti musicali”. I nostri brani musicali sono ispirati ai personaggi mitologici che sono delle rappresentazioni di caratteri arcaici preistorici, quali Fauno-Pan e le Ninfe che esprimono il mondo della foresta e del- l’incanto e delle forze della natura, Bacco-Dioniso portatore della cultura e delle arti primordiali, che si manifestano con gli strumenti musicali a fiato e a percussione mentre Mercurio e Febo-Apollo suonavano la lira e la cetra, espressione delle coincidenze mate- matiche, dell’ordine e della musica “colta”. I SUONI DEI MISTERI La magica formula di Bacco e Cibele: tympanum, tibiae e cymbalum, dalla preistoria i misteriosi rhombus e turbo, i richiami d’amore di Venere, l’incanto di Orfeo, i misteri contenuti nei suoni del flauto egizio come nei tintinnii purificatori dei sistri di Iside, tutto questo diventa un incontro spettacolo di alta suggestione, un‘espe- rienza psicoacustica nell’udire i “magici” suoni sacri che ascolta- vano gli antichi migliaia di anni fa. Ciò è stato possibile grazie alla riscoperta e la ricostruzione degli antichissimi strumenti musicali W. Maioli: 367 Musica e strumenti musicali nella Roma antica: dalla ricostruzione degli strumenti alla ideazione delle musiche. Resoconto di un’esperienza Esibizione del gruppo Synaulia in concerto nel corso della III edizione della rievocazione del mercato della centuriazione romana a Villadose. che raggiunsero la maggior diffusione e raffinatezza nella Roma imperiale in quanto confluirono da tutte le parti dell’impero e oltre. Decine di strumenti, costumi, danze, maschere e azioni teatrali per quadri a tema, dove i soggetti principali sono gli strumenti musicali stessi, le loro sonorità e le possibili combinazioni acusti- che anche con il luogo del concerto ci sono stati di riferimento prezioso. Tutto ciò ci porta a tentare di ricreare l’antico incanto racchiuso in questi magici strumenti e nella coscienza degli uomini. La musica ci ricollega oggi come ieri a qualcosa che già esiste nell’Universo, che l’uomo cerca di catturare e dal quale viene cattu- rato. Secondo i recenti studi scientifici sulle funzioni dell’ascolto si ha sempre più la conferma che gli strumenti musicali dell’antichità era- no costruiti, abbinati e impiegati per ottenere effetti neuropsicologici ben precisi. Per Platone la musica è igiene mentale; il pensiero platonico pog- gia su cinque costanti: a) il mondo è costituito secondo principi musicali; b) la musica ha il potere incantatorio sulla parte irrazionale dell’Io; c) la vita intera dell’uomo è dominata dall’armonia e dal ritmo; d) una giusta educazione musicale può garantire la formazione del carattere; e) la filosofia è l’espressione più alta della musica. Vi sono psicosuoni prodotti da antichissimi strumenti, “i primi ” di cui si ha traccia 40.000 anni fa nel paleolitico superiore, contempo- raneamente all’arte visuale. Questi rombi volanti sono strumenti impiegati da sempre per i rituali “segreti” nelle culture sciamaniche di tutto il mondo. I Greci li chiamavano rhombus e i Romani anche turbo. Risuonavano a notte fonda. Cosa significassero era un mistero allora come tuttora in quanto pochissimo è stato scritto nell’antichità su questi strumenti, tipici dei culti misterici. Ora sono 368 oggetto di attento studio da parte di specialisti di diverse discipline. Parte fondamentale per “elevazioni sensoriali” richieste dai riti per Bacco e Cibele era l’impiego di determinati strumenti musicali. Ampiamente e quasi ossessivamente raffigurati per questi scopi erano strumenti che si suonavano mentre contemporaneamente si danzava: il tympanum , le tibiae e i cymbalum (da Cibele). I suoni di questa magica orchestrazione risalente alle prime civiltà sono capaci di coprire tutta la gamma uditiva - i suoni bassi con il tympanum : tamburo, i medi con le tibiae : doppi strumenti a fiato e gli acuti con i Cymbala dischi di bronzo - e generare combinazioni sonore dalle proprietà psicoacustiche straordinarie. Si pensi poi alla relazione suoni - colori : il basso è il rosso, il medio il giallo, gli alti il blu sino agli acuti “ celestiali”. Con questi tre colori fondamentali si ottengono tutti i colori. Si scopre anche attraverso le apparecchiature elettroniche che i doppi strumenti a fiato : ance o flauti a zeppa erano così onnipresenti nell’antichità perché strumenti evoluti, capaci di facilitare “ l’accor- datura “ dei due emisferi cerebrali. I Romani ritualizzavano sempre considerando la parte destra, entravano in casa con il piede destro
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