DOCSLIB.ORG

7 Group 7-1 Turnable World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
7 Group 7-1 Turnable World 7 Group 7-1 Turnable World 清华大学 马昱春 组合数学 Combinatorics Tsinghua University Associate Professor Ma 1 Permutation and Combination on the Blackboard Use 6 different types of colors to paint a cube, each face with one color, whereas each is colored with a different color, how many painting ways are there? 6*5*P(4,4)/4 / 6 = 30 Use 6 different colors to paint a cube, each side one color and different sides may use the same color, how many different kinds of coating are there? Counting Rule • Encountered difficulties during counting – Difficulty in finding out the expression of general solutions • Bring in generating function – Difficulty in distinguishing the classification, distinguishing similarity of nature, avoid repetitions and losses • Inclusion-exclusion principle to avoid double-counting • How to distinguish the classifciations? Turnable World?? Turn-able World • For Example – Use red and blue these 2 colors to paint the 4 corners of a square, how many different ways are there? 24 Quiz – If square is allowed to rotate, how many different ways are there? – Classification：Classify by red dot • 0 red dot 1 type • 1 red dot 1 type • 2 red dots 2 types Total 6 types • 3 red dots 1 type • 4 red dots 1 type 4 • An early morning in the year of 1832…… • The revolution of French witnessed another duel…… • In a moment, a youth was shot in his abdomen by the opponent; and passed away…… • The whole world lost a great mind again. • This 21 years old youth named Galois…… Group Evariste Galois • Évariste Galois(1811~1832) • Galois introduced the new term of “group” and laid its foundation. • he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals, thereby solving a 350 years- standing problem. • In 1846, Liouville realized the burst of genius ideas from the manuscript, he used several months trying to explain its meaning. • He is recognized as one of the two most romanticism figures in the history of mathematic • His death had caused the delayed of the mathematic development for decades • This man was sent by God, hurriedly round the world, for only 21 years, but without any intension, he opened up a new generation for mathematic …….. 6 http://baike.baidu.com/view/251169.htm Galois wrote in his research report in San Pedro Prison: “Classify the arithmetical operation, learn to classify according to the degree of difficulty, but not according to their external characteristics, this is what I understand for the mathematicians’ task in the future, and this is the way I wish to go.” The Concept of Group Group Definition A given Set G and the binary operation of G, satisfy the following condition is called group. (a) 封闭性(Closure): If a, b∈G, then exist c∈G, that a·b=c. (b) 结合律(Associativity): Any a, b, c∈G, there is (a·b)·c=a·(b·c). Due to the establishment of associative law, (a·b)·c=a·(b·c) can be noted as a·b·c. (c) 有单位元(Identity): Exist e∈G, any a∈G. a·e=e·a=a. (d) 有逆元(Inverse): 8 Any a∈G, exist b∈G, a·b=b·a=e. note as b=a-1. The Concept of Group Example 1*1=? G={1} under normal multiplication is group Example G={1,-1} under normal multiplication is group. Proof：1) Closure:1×1=1 (-1)×(-1)=1 (-1)×1=-1 1×(-1)=-1 2) Associativity: Founded 3) Identity: 1 4) Inverse: The inverse element of 1 is 1，the inverse element of -1 is -1 9 Example G={0,1,2,…,n-1}with the operation of the addition of mod n is group. Proof：1) Closure: The remainder for the division of n can only be {0,1,2,…,n-1}， Therefore closure is satisfied 2) Associativity: Satisfied 3) Identity: 0 4) Inverse: To any element a has (a+(n-a)) mod n = 0 , the inverse element of a is a-1=n-a The Concept of Group Example All rigid items rotation in two dimensional Euclidean space T={Ta}form a group. Among, Ta = cosa sina -sina cosa Proof: 1) Closure: TbTa= cosb sinb cosa sina -sinb cosb -sina cosa = cosacosb-sinasinb sinacosb+cosasinb -sinacosb-cosasinb cosacosb-sinasinb = cos(a+b) sin(a+b) = T(b+a) -sin(a+b) cos(a+b) 11 1) Closure: 2)Associativity: Satisfied(TαTβ)Tγ = Tα(TβTγ) = TαTβTγ 1 0 3) Identity: T0 = 0 1 4) Inverse Element: Inverse element of Ta is T-a The Concept of Group • If the number of group elements is limited, it is called finite group； • If the number of group element is unlimited, it is called infinite group。 • The number of elements of finite group G is known as the order of group, noted as |G|。 • Set G as group, H is the subset of G, if H is still a group under G inherited operation, it is known as G’s subgroup. • If any two elements a and b in group G, we have ab=ba. Then we call G as commutative group, or Abelian group. 13 The Concept of Group (a) Unique Identity e1e2 = e2 = e1 (b) Cancellation Law stands ab = ac → b = c, ba = ca → b = c (c) The unique inverse element of each element aa-1=a-1a = e, ab-1 = ba-1 = e , aa-1 = ab-1 , a-1=b (d) (ab….c)-1 = c-1 …b-1a-1 . c-1 …b-1a-1.ab…c = e 14 The Concept of Group (e) G is limited, a∈G, then exist the smallest positive integer r, that ar = e and a-1 = ar-1 . Proof Let |G|=g, then a,a2 ,…,ag,ag+1∈G, From the pigeonhole principle, there will be the identical items. Set am =al, 1≤m＜l≤g+1, e=al-m ,1≤l-m≤g， Let l-m=r. Then there is ar =ar-1a=e, which is a-1=ar-1. Since there is positive integer r that ar = e, among which we could find the smallest, assume to be r. r known as the order of a. It can be seen that H={a,a2 ,…ar-1 ,ar =e} under its inherited operations is also a group. 15 7 Group 7-2 Permutation Group 清华大学 马昱春 组合数学 Combinatorics Tsinghua University Associate Professor Ma 16 着色问题的等价类 – Use red and blue these 2 colors to paint the top 4 corners of a cube, how many different ways are there? 24 – If square turning is allowed, how many different ways are there? – The representation for rotation？ Rotate 90o 4 1 1 2 (1234) →(4123) 4 3 3 2 How to represent？ 17 Permutation Group • Permutation group is the most important finite group, all finite group can be represented by permutation group. • Permute: 1-1 mapping on set [1,n] is called as n-order 1 2 … n permutation. Represented as ( a 1 a 2 … a n ), a1a2…an is one of the arrangements in [1,n]. • N-order permutation contains n arrangement. The same permutation may have n! representations. For example, 1 2 3 4 3 1 4 2 p1=( 3 1 2 4 ) = ( 2 3 4 1 ), n order permutation can be viewed as unary operation on [1, n], or a unary function. Permutation Group: Permutation Set and Binary Operation 18 Permutation Group 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 • Permutation Multiplication P1=( 3 1 2 4 ), P2=( 4 3 2 1 ) 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 P1P2=( 3 1 2 4 ) ( 2 4 3 1 ) = ( 2 4 3 1 ) 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 . P P =( 4 3 2 1 ) ( 4 2 1 3 ) = ( 4 2 1 3 ) • P2P1≠P1P2. • Permutation does not satisfy commutative Law • But it satisfied Associative Law Permutation Group • (1) Permutation Group A permutation group is a group G whose elements are permutations of a given set [1,n] and whose group operation is the composition of permutations in G which are thought of as bijective functions from the set [1,n] to itself. • (a) Closure ( 1 2 … n )( a 1 a 2 … a n ) =( 1 2 … n ) a1 a2 … an b1 b2 … bn b1 b2 … bn • (b) Associativity 1 2 … n a1 a2 … an b1 b2 … bn 1 2 … n • (( a 1 a 2 … a n )( b 1 b 2 … b n )) ( c 1 c 2 … c n )=( c 1 c 2 … c n ) 1 2 … n a1 a2 … an b1 b2 … bn =(a 1 a 2 … a n)(( b 1 b 2 … b n ) ( c 1 c 2 … c n )) 1 2 … n • (c) Identity e=( 1 2 … n ) 1 2 … n -1 a1 a2 … an • (d) Inverse (a 1 a 2 … a n ) =( 1 2 … n ) Permutation Group 1 • Example: Rotation group of Equilateral triangle. • Fixed 1 2 3 2 3 P1=( 1 2 3 ), 1 • Around the center rotation ±120o 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 P2=( ), P3=( 3 1 2 ), 2 3 1 1 • Rotation around the axis of symmetry。 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 23 P4=( 1 3 2 ), P5=( 3 2 1 ), P6=( 2 1 3 ), 3 21 Permutation Group • All the permutations of [1,n] (total of n!) constitute a group, known as n-order symmetric group, noted as Sn. • The 3 element permutation group of Set{1，2，3} forms S3 P1=( 1 2 3 ) P2=( 1 2 3 ) P3=( 1 2 3 ) 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 P4=( 1 2 3 ) P5=( 1 2 3 ) P6=( 1 2 3 ) 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 • Attention：Normally, the permutation group of [1,n] does not necessarily is referring to Sn, but it must be one of the subgroups of Sn.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Platonic Solids Generate Their Four-Dimensional Analogues
    1 Platonic solids generate their four-dimensional analogues PIERRE-PHILIPPE DECHANT a;b;c* aInstitute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, bPhysics Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, United States, and cMathematics Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GG, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Polytopes; Platonic Solids; 4-dimensional geometry; Clifford algebras; Spinors; Coxeter groups; Root systems; Quaternions; Representations; Symmetries; Trinities; McKay correspondence Abstract In this paper, we show how regular convex 4-polytopes – the analogues of the Platonic solids in four dimensions – can be constructed from three-dimensional considerations concerning the Platonic solids alone. Via the Cartan-Dieudonne´ theorem, the reflective symmetries of the arXiv:1307.6768v1 [math-ph] 25 Jul 2013 Platonic solids generate rotations. In a Clifford algebra framework, the space of spinors gen- erating such three-dimensional rotations has a natural four-dimensional Euclidean structure. The spinors arising from the Platonic Solids can thus in turn be interpreted as vertices in four- dimensional space, giving a simple construction of the 4D polytopes 16-cell, 24-cell, the F4 root system and the 600-cell. In particular, these polytopes have ‘mysterious’ symmetries, that are almost trivial when seen from the three-dimensional spinorial point of view. In fact, all these induced polytopes are also known to be root systems and thus generate rank-4 Coxeter PREPRINT: Acta Crystallographica Section A A Journal of the International Union of Crystallography 2 groups, which can be shown to be a general property of the spinor construction.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Icosahedral Group and 600-Cell
    Article Binary Icosahedral Group and 600-Cell Jihyun Choi and Jae-Hyouk Lee * Department of Mathematics, Ewha Womans University 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3277-3346 Received: 10 July 2018; Accepted: 26 July 2018; Published: 7 August 2018 Abstract: In this article, we have an explicit description of the binary isosahedral group as a 600-cell. We introduce a method to construct binary polyhedral groups as a subset of quaternions H via spin map of SO(3). In addition, we show that the binary icosahedral group in H is the set of vertices of a 600-cell by applying the Coxeter–Dynkin diagram of H4. Keywords: binary polyhedral group; icosahedron; dodecahedron; 600-cell MSC: 52B10, 52B11, 52B15 1. Introduction The classification of finite subgroups in SLn(C) derives attention from various research areas in mathematics. Especially when n = 2, it is related to McKay correspondence and ADE singularity theory [1]. The list of finite subgroups of SL2(C) consists of cyclic groups (Zn), binary dihedral groups corresponded to the symmetry group of regular 2n-gons, and binary polyhedral groups related to regular polyhedra. These are related to the classification of regular polyhedrons known as Platonic solids. There are five platonic solids (tetrahedron, cubic, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron), but, as a regular polyhedron and its dual polyhedron are associated with the same symmetry groups, there are only three binary polyhedral groups(binary tetrahedral group 2T, binary octahedral group 2O, binary icosahedral group 2I) related to regular polyhedrons.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyhedral Harmonics
    value is uncertain; 4 Gr a y d o n has suggested values of £estrap + A0 for the first three excited 4,4 + 0,1 v. e. states indicate 11,1 v.e. för D0. The value 6,34 v.e. for Dextrap for SO leads on A rough correlation between Dextrap and bond correction by 0,37 + 0,66 for the'valence states of type is evident for the more stable states of the the two atoms to D0 ^ 5,31 v.e., in approximate agreement with the precisely known value 5,184 v.e. diatomic molecules. Thus the bonds A = A and The valence state for nitrogen, at 27/100 F2 A = A between elements of the first short period (with 2D at 9/25 F2 and 2P at 3/5 F2), is calculated tend to have dissociation energy to the atomic to lie about 1,67 v.e. above the normal state, 4S, valence state equal to about 6,6 v.e. Examples that for the iso-electronic oxygen ion 0+ is 2,34 are 0+ X, 6,51; N2 B, 6,68; N2 a, 6,56; C2 A, v.e., and that for phosphorus is 1,05 v.e. above 7,05; C2 b, 6,55 v.e. An increase, presumably due their normal states. Similarly the bivalent states to the stabilizing effect of the partial ionic cha- of carbon, : C •, the nitrogen ion, : N • and racter of the double bond, is observed when the atoms differ by 0,5 in electronegativity: NO X, Silicon,:Si •, are 0,44 v.e., 0,64 v.e., and 0,28 v.e., 7,69; CN A, 7,62 v.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Platonic Solids Generate Their Four-Dimensional Analogues
    This is a repository copy of Platonic solids generate their four-dimensional analogues. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85590/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Dechant, Pierre-Philippe orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4010 (2013) Platonic solids generate their four-dimensional analogues. Acta Crystallographica Section A : Foundations of Crystallography. pp. 592-602. ISSN 1600-5724 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108767313021442 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Platonic solids generate their four-dimensional analogues PIERRE-PHILIPPE DECHANT a,b,c* aInstitute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, bPhysics Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, United States, and cMathematics Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5GG, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Polytopes; Platonic Solids; 4-dimensional geometry; Clifford algebras; Spinors; Coxeter groups; Root systems; Quaternions; Representations; Symmetries; Trinities; McKay correspondence Abstract In this paper, we show how regular convex 4-polytopes – the analogues of the Platonic solids in four dimensions – can be constructed from three-dimensional considerations concerning the Platonic solids alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Computation of Real-Valued Basis Functions Which Transform As Irreducible Representations of the Polyhedral Groups
    COMPUTATION OF REAL-VALUED BASIS FUNCTIONS WHICH TRANSFORM AS IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE POLYHEDRAL GROUPS NAN XU∗ AND PETER C. DOERSCHUKy Abstract. Basis functions which are invariant under the operations of a rotational point group G are able to describe any 3-D object which exhibits the rotational point group symmetry. However, in order to characterize the spatial statistics of an ensemble of objects in which each object is different but the statistics exhibit the symmetry, a complete set of basis functions is required. In particular, for each irreducible representation (irrep) of G, it is necessary to include basis functions that transform according to that irrep. This complete set of basis functions is a basis for square- integrable functions on the surface of the sphere in 3-D. Because the objects are real-valued, it is convenient to have real-valued basis functions. In this paper the existence of such real-valued bases is proven and an algorithm for their computation is provided for the icosahedral I and the octahedral O symmetries. Furthermore, it is proven that such a real-valued basis does not exist for the tetrahedral T symmetry because some irreps of T are essentially complex. The importance of these basis functions to computations in single-particle cryo electron microscopy is described. Key words. polyhedral groups, real-valued matrix irreducible representations, numerical com- putation of similarity transformations, basis functions that transform as a row of an irreducible representation of a rotation group, Classical groups (02.20.Hj), Special functions (02.30.Gp). AMS subject classifications. 2604, 2004, 57S17, 57S25 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Symmetry Preserving Operations on Polyhedra
    Local Symmetry Preserving Operations on Polyhedra Pieter Goetschalckx Submitted to the Faculty of Sciences of Ghent University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science: Mathematics. Supervisors prof. dr. dr. Kris Coolsaet dr. Nico Van Cleemput Chair prof. dr. Marnix Van Daele Examination Board prof. dr. Tomaž Pisanski prof. dr. Jan De Beule prof. dr. Tom De Medts dr. Carol T. Zamfirescu dr. Jan Goedgebeur © 2020 Pieter Goetschalckx Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University This work is licensed under a “CC BY 4.0” licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en In memory of John Horton Conway (1937–2020) Contents Acknowledgements 9 Dutch summary 13 Summary 17 List of publications 21 1 A brief history of operations on polyhedra 23 1 Platonic, Archimedean and Catalan solids . 23 2 Conway polyhedron notation . 31 3 The Goldberg-Coxeter construction . 32 3.1 Goldberg ....................... 32 3.2 Buckminster Fuller . 37 3.3 Caspar and Klug ................... 40 3.4 Coxeter ........................ 44 4 Other approaches ....................... 45 References ............................... 46 2 Embedded graphs, tilings and polyhedra 49 1 Combinatorial graphs .................... 49 2 Embedded graphs ....................... 51 3 Symmetry and isomorphisms . 55 4 Tilings .............................. 57 5 Polyhedra ............................ 59 6 Chamber systems ....................... 60 7 Connectivity .......................... 62 References
    [Show full text]
  • The Abstract Groups G- »
    THE ABSTRACT GROUPS G- ■»■** BY h. s. m. coxeter Contents SECTION PAGE Preface. 74 Chapter I. (/, m\n,k) 1.1. Introduction; the polyhedral groups. 77 1.2. The criterion for finiteness, when / and m are even. 79 1.3. Particular cases. 81 1.4. The criterion when / and k are even and » = 2. 82 1.5. Theorem A. 82 1.6. Other groups that satisfy the criterion; Theorem B. 83 1.7. Finite groups which violate the criterion. 84 Chapter II. (/, m,n;q) 2.1. Various forms of the abstract definition. 86 2.2. The abelian case (q = 1). 87 2.3. The polyhedral groups and (2, 3, 7; q). 88 2.4. A lemma on automorphisms. 89 2.5. The derivation of (2, m, m; q) and (2, m, 2«; k) from (4, m\ 2, 2q) and (m, m\n, k). 90 2.6. The criterion for finiteness; Theorems C and D. 93 2.7. The derivation of («, «, «; q), (3,3,3;k), (3,3,4; 3) from (3, 3 | », 3q), (3, 3 13,k), (3, 314, 4). 95 2.8. Groups of genus one. 97 2.9. An extension of the criterion; Fig. 1; Theorem D'. 101 Chapter III. Gm-n•" 3.1. The derivation of Gm-n-v (p even) from its subgroup (2, m, n; p/2). 104 3.2. The extended polyhedral groups. 105 3.3. Cases in which m, « are odd, while p is even. 107 3.4. Groups of genus one: G442* and G3*-2*;Fig. 2. 109 3.5. The derivation of Gm-2n'2hfrom its subgroup (m, m| «, k).
    [Show full text]
  • A Clifford Algebraic Framework for Coxeter Group Theoretic Computations 3
    A Clifford algebraic framework for Coxeter group theoretic computations Pierre-Philippe Dechant Abstract Real physical systems with reflective and rotational symmetries such as viruses, fullerenes and quasicrystals have recently been modeled successfully in terms of three-dimensional (affine) Coxeter groups. Motivated by this progress, we explore here the benefits of performing the relevant computations in a Geometric Algebra framework, which is particularly suited to describing reflections. Starting from the Coxeter generators of the reflections, we describe how the relevant chi- ral (rotational), full (Coxeter) and binary polyhedral groups can be easily generated and treated in a unified way in a versor formalism. In particular, this yields a sim- ple construction of the binary polyhedral groups as discrete spinor groups. These in turn are known to generate Lie and Coxeter groups in dimension four, notably the exceptional groups D4, F4 and H4. A Clifford algebra approach thus reveals an unexpected connection between Coxeter groups of ranks 3 and 4. We discuss how to extend these considerations and computations to the Conformal Geometric Algebra setup, in particular for the non-crystallographic groups, and construct root systems and quasicrystalline point arrays. We finally show how a Clifford versor framework sheds light on the geometry of the Coxeter element and the Coxeter plane for the examples of the two-dimensional non-crystallographic Coxeter groups I2(n) and the three-dimensional groups A3, B3, as well as the icosahedral group H3. IPPP/12/49,
    [Show full text]
  • The E8 Geometry from a Clifford Perspective
    Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras c The Author(s) This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com 2016 Advances in DOI 10.1007/s00006-016-0675-9 Applied Clifford Algebras The E8 Geometry from a Clifford Perspective Pierre-Philippe Dechant * Abstract. This paper considers the geometry of E8 from a Clifford point of view in three complementary ways. Firstly, in earlier work, I had shown how to construct the four-dimensional exceptional root systems from the 3D root systems using Clifford techniques, by constructing them in the 4D even subalgebra of the 3D Clifford algebra; for instance the icosahedral root system H3 gives rise to the largest (and therefore ex- ceptional) non-crystallographic root system H4. Arnold’s trinities and the McKay correspondence then hint that there might be an indirect connection between the icosahedron and E8. Secondly, in a related con- struction, I have now made this connection explicit for the first time: in the 8D Clifford algebra of 3D space the 120 elements of the icosahedral group H3 are doubly covered by 240 8-component objects, which en- dowed with a ‘reduced inner product’ are exactly the E8 root system. It was previously known that E8 splits into H4-invariant subspaces, and we discuss the folding construction relating the two pictures. This folding is a partial version of the one used for the construction of the Coxeter plane, so thirdly we discuss the geometry of the Coxeter plane in a Clif- ford algebra framework. We advocate the complete factorisation of the Coxeter versor in the Clifford algebra into exponentials of bivectors de- scribing rotations in orthogonal planes with the rotation angle giving the correct exponents, which gives much more geometric insight than the usual approach of complexification and search for complex eigenval- ues.
    [Show full text]
  • The E8 Geometry from a Clifford Perspective
    This is a repository copy of The E8 geometry from a Clifford perspective. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/96267/ Version: Published Version Article: Dechant, Pierre-Philippe orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4010 (2017) The E8 geometry from a Clifford perspective. Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras. 397–421. ISSN 1661-4909 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00006-016-0675-9 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras c The Author(s) This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com 2016 Advances in DOI 10.1007/s00006-016-0675-9 Applied Clifford Algebras The E8 Geometry from a Clifford Perspective Pierre-Philippe Dechant * Abstract. This paper considers the geometry of E8 from a Clifford point of view in three complementary ways. Firstly, in earlier work, I had shown how to construct the four-dimensional exceptional root systems from the 3D root systems using Clifford techniques, by constructing them in the 4D even subalgebra of the 3D Clifford algebra; for instance the icosahedral root system H3 gives rise to the largest (and therefore ex- ceptional) non-crystallographic root system H4.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaping Space Exploring Polyhedra in Nature, Art, and the Geometrical Imagination
    Shaping Space Exploring Polyhedra in Nature, Art, and the Geometrical Imagination Marjorie Senechal Editor Shaping Space Exploring Polyhedra in Nature, Art, and the Geometrical Imagination with George Fleck and Stan Sherer 123 Editor Marjorie Senechal Department of Mathematics and Statistics Smith College Northampton, MA, USA ISBN 978-0-387-92713-8 ISBN 978-0-387-92714-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013932331 Mathematics Subject Classification: 51-01, 51-02, 51A25, 51M20, 00A06, 00A69, 01-01 © Marjorie Senechal 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publishers location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Icosahedral Group and 600-Cell
    Article Binary Icosahedral Group and 600-Cell Jihyun Choi and Jae-Hyouk Lee * Department of Mathematics, Ewha Womans University 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3277-3346 Received: 10 July 2018; Accepted: 26 July 2018; Published: 7 August 2018 Abstract: In this article, we have an explicit description of the binary isosahedral group as a 600-cell. We introduce a method to construct binary polyhedral groups as a subset of quaternions H via spin map of SO(3). In addition, we show that the binary icosahedral group in H is the set of vertices of a 600-cell by applying the Coxeter–Dynkin diagram of H4. Keywords: binary polyhedral group; icosahedron; dodecahedron; 600-cell MSC: 52B10; 52B11; 52B15 1. Introduction The classification of finite subgroups in SLn(C) derives attention from various research areas in mathematics. Especially when n = 2, it is related to McKay correspondence and ADE singularity theory [1]. The list of finite subgroups of SL2(C) consists of cyclic groups (Zn), binary dihedral groups corresponded to the symmetry group of regular 2n-gons, and binary polyhedral groups related to regular polyhedra. These are related to the classification of regular polyhedrons known as Platonic solids. There are five platonic solids (tetrahedron, cubic, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron), but, as a regular polyhedron and its dual polyhedron are associated with the same symmetry groups, there are only three binary polyhedral groups (binary tetrahedral group 2T, binary octahedral group 2O, binary icosahedral group 2I) related to regular polyhedrons.
    [Show full text]