200 Anos De Franz Liszt: II. Transcrições E Experiências Harmônicas

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200 Anos De Franz Liszt: II. Transcrições E Experiências Harmônicas 200 anos de Franz Liszt: II. Transcrições e Experiências harmônicas Transcrições “Franz Liszt, am Flügel phantasieren”, pintura de 1840 de Josef Danhauser A metade da obra catalogada de Liszt (no total de quase 1000) são transcrições das obras de outros compositores para piano solo – como sinfonias, canções e obras camerísticas. Mas Liszt é o primeiro pianista a dar à transcrição um papel que vai muito além de uma “redução” funcional de podermos ver uma obra grandiosa resumida em duas claves, pois ele transforma a transcrição em uma verdadeira tradução da obra para uma nova linguagem, a linguagem do piano. São famosas as suas transcrições das sinfonias de Beethoven, mas há também a transcrição da Sinfonia “Fantástica” de Berlioz, do “Liebestod” do Tristão e Isolda de Wagner, de diversas canções de Schubert e até do Requiem de Mozart. O que chama a atenção nas transcrições não é apenas que elas acabaram contribuindo para a própria história da escrita pianística ao buscarem recursos que dessem conta de outras sonoridades, texturas e dimensões, mas também como Liszt concebia a transcrição como uma obra própria, que deveria se justificar independentemente da obra original e por isso demandava necessidades próprias, que ele poderia resolver com compassos totalmente novos. Como exemplo, compare-se a belíssima canção “Kriegers Ahnung” do ciclo Schwanengesang (1828) de Schubert: [audio:http://euterpe.blog.br/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Schubert-Lieder-D-95 7-Schwanengesang-02.-Kriegers-Ahnung-D.-Fischer-Dieskau-G.- Moore-1957.mp3|titles=Schubert – Lieder D 957 ‘Schwanengesang’ – 02. Kriegers Ahnung (D. Fischer-Dieskau & G. Moore – 1957)] O libretto em alemão seguido de uma tradução em português pode ser acessado aqui. e a transcrição de Liszt, que preenche o prolongamento que haveria com a sustentação da voz no original usando uma cascata de notas extras, e até mesmo transições totalmente refeitas entre partes da canção (em 2’48”, 5’34” e 6’34”): [kad_youtube url=”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMOSEa_wCVw” maxwidth=”600″] Esse tratamento do material de outros compositores renderia não apenas as transcrições, mas também as chamadas “paráfrases” operísticas, em que Liszt escreveria longas fantasias para piano inspirando-se livremente nos temas de toda uma ópera, como Don Giovanni de Mozart ou o Rigoletto de Verdi. Experiências harmônicas Por fim, vale destacar as experiências harmônicas de Liszt, especialmente em suas últimas obras. Em Nuages gris (“Nuvens cinzas”) (1881), uma composição curta e sombria, a harmonia é toda baseada em tríades aumentadas, enquanto a melodia, desenhada sempre em enviesados intervalos de quarta, faz extensas referências ao modo lídio. Stanley Kubrick usou a peça em uma cena do seu último filme, Eyes Wide Shut (“De olhos bem fechados”). E características semelhantes ainda seriam exploradas em La lugubre gondola, uma composição de dimensão ainda mais pretensiosa. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkBI9ShQ1mY Na Bagatelle sans tonalité (“Bagatela sem tonalidade”) (1885), Liszt assusta os desavisados, pois escreve uma peça que, abusando do cromatismo, desfaz o tempo todo qualquer noção de tonalidade. O manuscrito trazia o título “Valsa Mefisto No. 4″, o que sugere que Liszt pode tê-la cogitado para substituir a Valsa “Mefisto” No. 4 conhecida atualmente, prevendo que não conseguiria completá-la. A relação com Mefistófeles explica a insistência no intervalo de trítono, tradicionalmente considerado como o Diabolus in Musica, e a harmonia construída sobre sétimas diminutas. O final também é absurdo, abandonando a peça apenas com uma tríade diminuta de Sol#. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwS4kyGl1nE E finalmente há o famoso caso da Sinfonia “Fausto” (1857). Liszt escreveu a obra em três movimentos como o retrato de três personagens doFausto de Goethe: Fausto, Gretchen e Mefistófeles. No terceiro e último movimento, Liszt não delega temas próprios a Mefistófeles, pois, afinal, ele é o pai da mentira, o espírito da negação. Portanto, Mefistófeles toma os temas do Fausto, do primeiro movimento, e os mutila e distorce com ironia. Desse primeiro movimento (obrigado ao Adriano Brandão pela correção!), o tema de Fausto que abre a sinfonia – sendo a obra bem anterior à própria Bagatelle sans tonalité – é o que se reconhece como a primeira passagem atonal da história: [audio:http://euterpe.blog.br/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Liszt-Faust-Symphony -S-108-LW-G12-1.-Faust-Atonal-Theme-Kenneth-Riegel-Leonard-Bernstein-Boston- Symphony-Orchestra-Tanglewood-Festival-Chorus-1977.mp3|titles=Liszt – Faust Symphony S 108 (LW G12) – 1. Faust – Atonal Theme (Kenneth Riegel, Leonard Bernstein – Boston Symphony Orchestra & Tanglewood Festival Chorus – 1977)] O tema de Fausto não tem tonalidade pois ele é mutável, procura a solução e não a encontra. A suspensão da definição da tonalidade no começo de uma sinfonia não é incomum na história da música tonal – acontece comumente nas introduções de Haydn, por exemplo. Mas ou os acordes ainda formam dominantes individuais, ou alternam graus menos definidos que dão uma sensação de incerteza. Mas aqui, novamente, as tríades aumentadas que Liszt exploraria mais vezes em suas últimas obras distorcem qualquer noção de tonalidade, e simplesmente não há relação tonal até a definição de dó maior depois de todos esses primeiros minutos. Liszt tem ainda obras importantes como as Harmonies Poétiques et Religieuses (1847), os treze poemas sinfônicos (1848-82), os dozeÉtudes d’exécution transcendante (“Estudos Transcendentais”) (1852), os Années de Pèlerinage (“Anos de Peregrinação”) (1855-67), a Sinfonia “Dante” (1857) e as Valsas “Mephisto” (1859-85) além de surpresas menos conhecidas, como o melodrama Der traurige Mönch (“O Monge Triste”) (1860), em que já começa a explorar o acorde de tríade aumentada, a Csárdás macabre, em que usa quintas paralelas, a fragmentada 2de Valse oubliée (“2ª Valsa Esquecida”) e Unstern! (“[Estrela do] Azar!”) (1886), que explora escalas de tons inteiros e traz em seu clímax o choque de dois acordes excludentes: si maior e dó maior, ambos com quinta aumentada. Este post pertence à série: 1. 200 anos de Franz Liszt: I. Transformação temática 2. 200 anos de Franz Liszt: II. Transcrições e Experiências harmônicas.
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