RESTRICTED FI: DP/NIR/66/524/16 June 1975

NIGERIA

PLANNING OF AQUARIUM FACILITIES AT KAINJI LAKE RESEARCH CENTRE

A report prepared for the Kainji Lake Research Project

by

Edward J. Peterson Aquarium Consultant

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome,1975 This is one of a series of reports prepared during the course of the UNDP project identified on the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United rations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Terms of Reference 1 2. THE AQUARIUM PROJECT 1 3. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS OF AQUARIUN DESIGN 1 3.1 Water Supply 1 3.2 Operations Area 4 3.3 Public Area 5 Appendix 1 KAINJI LAKE RESEARCH PROJECT - PROPOSED AQUARIUM 7 Appendix 2 REFERENCES 11 LIST OF TABLES 1. Possible Display Fish 12 2. Display Specimens 13 3. Display Fish 14 4. Display Fish 15 5. Display Fish 16 6. Display Fish and Holding Unit Criteria (Non—Predatory ) 17 7. Display Fish and Holding Unit Criteria (Non—Predatory Species) 18 8. Display Fish and Holding Unit Criteria (Predatory Species) 19 9. Air Lift Pump from West's Calculation 20 10. Determination of Water and Filter Requirements 21 11. Glass Thickness in Inches when Used in Aquariums 22 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Block Diagram of Water Supply 23 2. Air Lift Pump 24 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE The Government of , assisted by the United Nations Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has been engaged on a project concerned with research in the Kainji man made lake. The purpose of the Kainji Lake Research Project was to assist the Government in the comprehensive development of man made lake resources through research and purveys, the results of which will be made available to all regions of Nigeria, Research was conducted in the fisheries, agricultural and socio-economic aspects. It also studied Public Health problems and means of developing the Borgu Game Reserve into a national tourist attraction. The long range objective of the project as far as fisheries in concerned in described as follows: "To establish a fishery research programme that will enable the fullest utilisation of the lake's and downstream river's fish crop on a maximum sustained yield basis. This will require limnological and biological research, also trials and demonstrations of now fishing boats, different fish catching, processing and marketing methods." As part of the project operation, FAO assigned an Aquarium consultant Mr, Edward J. Peterson, for a short assignment to advise on planning aquarium facilities at the Kainji Lake Research Centre, mainly for endemic species. This would function both an a public aquarium to help stimulate tourism and also house a research aquarium facility. 2. THE AQUARIUM PROJECT When the Consultant arrived at his duty station, the Director of the Kainji Lake Research Project, Dr. Sagua, had not yet selected the site for housing an aquarium which was to be part of a new building complex and which would have the dual functions of public display combined with research, The public display section was intended to complement the area tourism concept, including wildlife observation trails in the Borgu Game Reserve, The size or number of the aquarium tanks was not determined and the use of lake water presented infiltration problems. ( fells were inadvisable owing to the annual heavy load of colloidal clay.) It was decided to compile a list of species, numbers and weights of display fish no that the number and size of the tanks could be estimated. In turn this would give the basic data required for calculating water volume requirements, pumps and water line sizing and filtration systems design. In the meantime, the Consultant examined reports dealing with the Lake Kainji area, thus obtaining details of the chemical, physical and biological factors which might influence aquarium design criteria. He selected several keys for fish of the area along with reports dealing with fisheries and fish populations at the lake (Tables l-5). Selected representative species from these tables were used to develop data, for other tables containing calculated tank volume, filter sizes and water turnover rate (Tables 6-8),The latter indicated that about 12 000 gallons of display area, 3 000 gallons of quarantine area, 5 000 gallons for research tanks and a 5 000 gallon supply reservoir would be required. The Consultant had a meeting with Mr, H.W. Obinya and his associate Mr. Omotoska architects from Lagos, for discussions on general aquarium design. The concept of an aquarium complex at the Centre of the new headquarters building was reaffirmed. An "Outline of Aquarium Design Criteria" was then developed, forming the basis for a questionnaire, later distributed to the staff members concerned (Appendix 1).This was the initial vehicle for their input and ideas regarding their needs. The Consultant then visited the installation at the Shaguna substation which is situated half way up the western lake shore and is operated in conjunction with the Kainji Lake Research Centre and the University of Ibadan. Discussions were held on the monitoring of electrical characteristics of Mormyrids. Lake Kainji has a considerable population of several species of Mormyridae. All have the capacity to give off electrical impulses of varying intensity and frequency. These charges are probably used somewhat like radar or sonar or locating food and avoiding enemies in the turbid waters. The Consultant had previously monitored several species of African and South American fish possessing this ability. In these experiments, two carbon electrodes 6 inches by 12 inches in 30—100 gallon tanks were connected to the high impedence jack of a 25 watt audio amplifier. The output of the amplifier went to an 8 inch 8 inch speaker. There appeared to be no reason why, with proper impedence matching, an amplifier output could not be connected to a pen recorder. The basic closed system aquarium with its air lifts and filters was described by the Consultant and discussions took place on feeding problems of some specimens at the substation. Several fish had adapted their feed from the natural chironomid larvae to maggots. Others however refused to accept ouch a large and rather tough feed. Bottom fauna in the Kainji mud is very scarce and no tubifex were available locally. The Consultant suggested fruit fly larvae as there is an abundance of these diptera. During the regular weekly seminar, the architect Mr. H.W. Obinya requested the return of the completed questionnaires, passed out the previous week. 3. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON AQUARIUM DESIGN 3.1 WATER SUPPLY Lake Kainji is very turbid from August through December. Though the drinking water is treated with alum and pressure filtered through sand by the National Electric Power Authority plant, it remains milky. It would seem that only diatomaceous earth filters could' provide clarity for an aquarium. This hypothesis should be checked experimentally with a small portable swimming pool filter which uses diatomite. If the test is successful a large stationary unit should be used on the raw water. This could be done in an under-the floor storage reservoir. A 5 000 gallon reservoir could supply an adequate margin of safety. In emergencies two of the largest tanks could be dumped and quickly refilled. A D.E. filter such as a commercial swimming pool type, capable of recirculating the reservoir water at least twice per hour, while removing particles above 3-5 microns might be used. Provisions for D.E. disposal must be included in the design. Diatomite should not be discharged into a septic system, A block diagram of a possible system is shown in Figure 1. A description of D.E. filter - operation and drawings of typical units arc included in manual "Aquarium Management" compiled by the Consultant which he left at Kainji (7). A turbid water supply also means that a closed tank system would be the logical choice. Cloned system aquariums have no continuous fresh water flow from an external source. Each fish tank has independent filters with no water contact between tanks. Closed systems are also advantageous because they reduce chances of spreading disease or parasites through the aquarium complex. Display tank volumes from tables 6-3 total 10 420 gallons. An additional 35 each 10 to 40 gallon aquaria plus 20 each 50 to GO gallon units should be included. This would furnish space for the numerous species of small tropical fish. For example the Barbus has over 280 reported species in Africa. Many of these arc endemic to Kainji and the River. Examples of these and other local small species or even juveniles of the larger varieties could be worked into, pleasing displays. The sizes and numbers of research tanks can be adjusted to the needs of the Project at a later tine. Space for the wot lab tanks however should not be overlooked. Quarantine holding tanks, with a total volume of 1/3 the display tanks, would be desirable. It would be foolish to introduce disease or parasites in incoming fish, into tanks containing prize specimens. ?7ew specimens should be isolated, observed and treated if necessary prior to being put on display, Airlift pumps should be used wherever possible (Fig. 2 & Table 9). They are easy to build, dependable and efficient. Some units consist of a 3/8 inch diameter air stone inserted in a 3/4 to 1 inch diameter tube. In practice, the efficiency of an airlift depends on (a). the uniformity of dispersion of air in the liquid within the lift. (b). The percentage submergence; that is that length plus the distance above the surface the fluid is to be raised. A more detailed look at airlift is contained in pages 30—32a of the "Aquarium Management" manual. Airlifts should be used to circulate water through all fish tanks and all biological filters. Biological filters, both bottom type and external units, are the most widely accepted systems in modern aquariums. They are simple to service yet provide excellent control over metabolic wastes in a closed system. Ammonia, the most objectionable nitrogenous waste can be converted to nitrite and nitrate through bacterial action in the substrate. A good substrate consists of 75% volume of 2 — 5 millimetre silica sand mixed with 25% crushed oyster shell or other suitable calcercous media. Calcium acts as a buffer, maintaining an optimum pH for nitrification. Design criteria for filters are shown on Table 10, Biological filters can be cleaned by periodic backwashing. A reverse water flow through the filter, while stirring the media, allows the dirty water to be drained into a floor trench. Internal or bottom filters can be cleaned by stirring the bottom media with the flow from a portable D.E. filter. At least five portable diotomite filters should be available. Three each 5O-75 gpm units for the large tanks and two each 10 gpm filters for the small tanks. These arc also available from swimming pool equipment companies. A schedule of replacing at least 10% of the water in each tank once a week should be maintained. This will, in most cases, control dissolved waste product accumulation in the tanks. All waterlines must be composed of inert materials. Schedule GO P.V.C. can be used in most cases on lines under 3 inches. The valves should also be inert, Kainji Lake water is relatively soft, consequently able to pick up heavy metals such as copper and zinc, These can be very toxic to fish. 3.2 OPERATIONS AREA An adequate work space of at least six feet should exist between the back of the display tanks and the quarantine tanks. This will allow easy movement of new specimens, tanks, equipment and bulky materials by hand truck. The operations floor should be about three feet above the viewing area floor. Level access to an outside loading dock should be provided. Stairways with locked doors can allow passage for aquarists between operations and the public area. Display tanks 200 gallons or more need ample bottom drains. Tanks to 175 gallons can be commercial glass units. Medium tanks up to 1 000 gallons could be fiberglass. These are commercially available. Large tanks over 1 000 gallons will likely require re-enforced concrete. Glass bearing surface should be true in all cases. A table of dimension is included on Table 11 and in the Aquarium Manual on pages 40-49. Tanks with species tending to jump should have provisions for restraining the . A 12 inch wide screen which lies horizontally along the back and side walls and over the water helps in some cases. Another method is a netting curtain attached to the ceiling and rim of the tanks. Choice of tank arrangement or placement should be such that aquarists can work comfortably behind the scenes. They must be able to clean the glass, remove uneaten food, dead or sick specimens and be able to adjust or change decorative materials. A floor trench about 6 incites deep and 12 inches wide Should extend around the perimeter of the back of the display tanks. It should have drains with sand traps. Ample electric outlets arc needed at each tank position (500 gal..+). A double socket on each side of the tank and one on back wall behind the tank should suffice.Even small tanks must have electrical outlets for lights, etc, near enough to eliminate using extension cords. Electric outlets must not bo near the floor ; eye level is convenient.All must be grounded and if possible water resistant, Water and air supply lines should be suspended from the ceiling above the tanks.Valves arc needed at least above tanks over 300 gallons. Direct sunlight should be excluded from the operations and viewing areas, sunlight accelerates algae growth increasing maintenance. Lighting for tanks over 500 gallons should be mounted in a way the fixtures can "be moved from the way while working on a tank. Two sinks located conveniently on the back wall, will allow for cleaning small tanks, decorative materials and utensils, A food preparation area must be considered. Furnishings such as a freezer, refrigerator, sink, blender, hot plate, cabinets, cutting table and cutlery are bare essentials. In many cases natural food cannot bo obtained for all species. Mont fish can be taught to accept a formulated substitute diet. The ability to prepare a wholesome food for your specimens improves chances of maintaining them in optimum condition. A paper entitled "A Meal-Gelatin Diet for Aquarium Fish," by Peterson, Robinson and Willoughby was left at the Kainji Laboratory for future reference (8). A disease and water quality laboratory should be planned in the research section. Storage for dry materials such as sand, oyster shell, diatomite, decorative materials, small equipment and utensils should be provided. Shelving will help keep this area neat. Aquarists should have a crew room with lockers, fountain, shower and water closet. A desk and filing cabinet in this area would offer apace for keeping records. A small shop is necessary for minor repairs on equipment, tools, plumbing and display fabrication. It is difficult to envisage an aquarium without a reasonably well equipped chop. The equipment room for standby generators and air blowers should be adjacent to the operations area. Sound proofing for this area should be used to the extent possible to relieve the staff of the noise of operating machinery. A 50 cfm at 15 psi blower should suffice providing there is another similar backup unit, Emergency gasoline power unit rated at 2.5 KW would drive these blowers in the event of a power failure. 3.3 PUBLIC AREA Tank design and placement with consideration for a smooth natural flow pattern in essential. Examples of tank configurations in aquariums are shown on pager; 27 through 29b in the Aquarium manual. Arrangements should offer variety in size, type and placement contributing to an aesthetic authentic display. Exhibits must be pleasing and artistic to be effective. An axiom is avoid artificial "gimmicks" that in themselves have no meaning - use natural looking material throughout. A good aquarium makes an effort to show natural local rock formations, gravel, driftwood etc., in accord with the general ecological niche associated with the display animals, Back lighted legend boxes above the tanks should contain, at minimum, a picture of the , its distribution, habitat and any significant, distinguishing or peculiar characteristic. An "intercom," or some form of oral communication "between the viewing and operations area would help simplify the tank maintenance and placement of display materials in the tank, A handrail would keep the public slightly back from the display providing viewing for a greater number of visitors. It would also help reduce soiling or marking of the walls and glass by an enthusiastic audience. The public area should have a drinking fountain and rest rooms. The purpose of the preceding suggestions was to cover all important aquarium design considerations in a general way. It seemed prudent to offer guidelines or limits rather than to suggest rigid specifications. One of the reasons for having a public aquarium at Kainji was to help stimulate tourism. Undoubtedly there is an excellent variety of endemic aquatic animals which could be worked into a unique and enviable display. It could certainly complement the general tourism plan for the locality. Appendix 1 KAINJI LAKE RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSED AQUARIUM (Criteria Outline) 1. ORIENTATION (a) RESEARCH - Mainly Staff Participation. State other Requirements, (b) RECREATION - Mainly Tourists, Schools Colleges who seek Information and Research 2. OPERATIONAL AREAS (a) PUBLIC AREA (i) Reception/lnformation/Orientation Cashier (ii) Lecture/Slide Shows; State others below: Theatre/Conference room separate entities (iii) Lounge - (possibly a patio) (iv) Rest rooms (b) PRIVATE AREA (i) Laboratories, State below number required and numbers of users of each: (ii) Disease and water quality (iii) Wet laboratory with space for tanks and four investigators. (iv) (iv) (v) (vi) Offices - State number required. (20) (Aquarists office could be combined with the crew room) (c) SERVICES (i) Storage, State number required. (1 each) equipment, food, etc.) (ii) Food prep room (Aquarium criteria outline) cont. (iii) Mop Closet (d) LIBRARY State whether Research Library and Public Information Library should be combined or separated and possible number of Users and Book Holding: (don't think a public library would be practical) (e) EXHIBITS WET - Fish Yes (Yes or No) Aquatic Plants Yes (Yes or No) *Aquatic Animals Yes (Yes or No) *State possible samples such as Crocodile Endemic aquatic reptiles and invertebrates. DRY - Fish Yes (Yes or No) Aquatic Animals Yes (Yes or No) Aquatic Plants Yes (Yes or No) Legend Boxes Yes (Yes or No) Paintings, Posters & Pictures Yes (Yes or No) (f) WORKSHOPS a) Tool Maintenance Pump maintenance and Equipment b) Stand-by Power PLants (2.5 KW) Blowers (50 cfm 15 psi) oil free air 3 TECHNICAL DETAILS (a) TANK NUMBER - (see Schedule) (Dependent on Species) (i) Predatory No. 20 (ii) Non Predatory No. 50 (b) RESEARCH TANKS (i) Predatory No. (ii) Non Predatory No. (Aquarium criteria outline) cont. (c) TASK SIZES - (Capacity in Gallons). DISPLAY TANKS (1) (2) (3). (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) d) RESEARCH TANK - (Capacity in Gallons). (1) (2) (3). (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (e) State possible location of the Research Tanks as would be convenient to Research Officers and Users. * Note: These are noisy areas and should be located away from main work area requiring quiet. (f) STORAGE TASK - (capacity in Gallons).

Also state Special Features required and possible location. (Note, a Closed System, by which 5000–6000 gallons of water are held in Reserve has been recommended by Mr. Peterson, the UN Specialist). D.E. Filter capable of recirculating reservoir water through the unit at least twice per hour. Reservoir can be under operations area floor. (g) FIITERATION i. Diatomaceous Earch Yes Recommend ii. Permanent Media Maybe Recommended iii. Porus Cartridge No iv. Biological Yes Recommended v. Combination of (i) or (ii) and (iv) (i & iv) (h) PUMPS (Recommend) (i) Air Lift Tea (ii) Centrifugal on power filters (iii) (i) PLUMBING (Recommend Materials) Mostly non metal Materials (i) Asbestos Cement (ii) Fibre Glass (for bigger Pipes) (Aquarium criteria outline) cont. iii) P.V.C. Pipes Schedule 80 up to 3 inch (iv) (v) (j) TEMPERATURE (mainly Environmental in the Laboratory Tanks and Spaces) State possible areas of Use. (k) DISPLAY TANK DESIGN (mainly Design aspect. Architects would like comments on background, materials, drainage and cleaning features), (i) Bottom drains on 300 gallons or more (ii) Some dry diorama types good (iii) Some hexagonal good (iv) Water supply valve to tanks 200 gallons + (v) Air supply each side of 200 + gal tanks (vi) MATERIALS FOR TANKS (i) Reinforced Fibre Glass. (up to 1 000 gal ) (ii) Concrete Tank for Large Tanks (iii) Commercial glass aquaria up to 175 gal (iv) (v) 4. SITE CONSIDERATION (a) Relationship with Administration Block. (b) Relationship with Wildlife Museum (c) Accessibility to Public and Traffic (in bringing of Specimens). (d) Easy Water Supply and Disposal. D.E. must not be washed into a septic system (e) Expansion 5. OTHERS (a) Comments on Aquatic Plants essential to fish life in the tank. (b) Comment on other environment anticipated, other than Clean Water Tank Exhibits such as muddy conditions or holes, etc. (c) State provisions for Electrical connexions such as sockets, light displays, spot lamps, etc. (covered in general suggestions section)

Appendix 2 REFERENCES 1. Henderson, F., Kainji Lake Research Project, Nigeria. 1973 A limnological description of Kainji Lake.FI:DP/NIR, 66/524/10: 47 P. 2. Holden, M. and W. Reed, West African freshwater fish., London, Longmans 1970 3. Jennes, J., Fishermen of the Kainji Basin. Kainji Lake Research Project 1970 New Bussa, Working Paper 3, Nigeria, FI: SF/NIR 24 4. Lelek, A., Fish Populations of Kainji Lake: trends in their development 1972 and utilization. Rome, FAQ, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Technical Report 2, FI:SF/NIR, 24 5. Lewis, D.S.C., An illustrated key to the fishes of Lake Kainji. 1973 Bussa, Nigeria, Director of the Kainji Lake Research Project 6. Peterson, E.J., Aquarium management. Class notes for the Coldwater 1970 In-Service Training School. (Unpubl.) 7. Peterson, E., R. Robinson and H. Willoughby, Paper presented at Aquarium 1966 Symposium of the American Society of Ichtyologists and Herpetologists, Miami, Florida, 21 June 1966 8. Reed, et al., Fish and fisheries of Northern Nigeria. The Ministry of 1970 Agriculture Northern Nigeria for Gasktya Corp., Zaria,N. Nigeria 9. Turner, J.L., Fish populations of the newly impounded Kainji Lake in Nigeria.West Afr. Sci. Assoc., 16 Table 1 POSSIBLE DISPLAY FISH Max. Name Habitat Diet Abundance Remarks Size Inshore and Folypterus senegalus 12 in Nymphs &fish Common rivers Polypterus bichir 24 in Variable Fish Common Inshore and May be difficult Meterotis piloticus 36 in Zooplankton Common rivers to feed May be Zooplankton combined with Pellonule afseliusi 3 in Inshore Abundent Fish larger herbivours May be hard to Sierrathrisse leonensis 1.5 in All over Zooplankton Abundant feed Nymphs& Hyperopisus bebe 18 in Bottom Common seeds Nymphs Normyrus rume 36 in Bottom Common &seeds Marcusenius Invertebrates 12 in Bottom Common senegalensis & detritus Fish & Would make an Normyrops deliciosus 18 in Bottom Not Common Nymphs excellent Bottom & Petrocephalus bovei 4 in Abundant inshore Prawns Bottom Hippopotamyrus pictus 10 in Nymphs Common inshore Pollimyrus isidori 4 in Shallows Nymphs Common Would make an Gumnarchus piloticus 60 in River Pish Not Common excellent specimen

Table 2 DISPLAY SPECIMENS Name Size Hebitat Diet Abundance Remarks Must isolate due to Hydrocynus brevis 30 in All over Fish Common piscivorous diet (Tiger Fish) Hydrocynus 25 in All over Pish Abundant Must isolate (Tiger Fish) forskahlii Grasses, dentex 18 in seeds, Common insects Alestes baremose 13 in All over Omnivorous Abundant Alestes n urse 10 in All over Omnivorous Common Alestes leuciscus 4 in Omnivorous Common Alestes Plants, 16 in Shorelin Common macrolepidotus insects Micralestes 2 in Shallows Omnivorous Common acutidens Hepsetus odoe 17 in River Not common May present a feeding Phago loricatus 6 in Shoreline Fish fins Not common problem Distichodus Grasses, Fairly 20 in Shallows rostratus herbi-vorous common Distichodus Fairly 8 in Shallows Herbi-vorous engycephalus common Paradistichodus Quite 3 in Unknown Unknown dimidiatus common Table 3 DISPLAY FISH Max. Name Habitat Diet Abundance Remarks Size Feeding may be a Citharinus citharinus 20 in Bottom Algae Common problem Quite Feeding maybe a Citharinusdistichodoides 26in Bottom Algae Common problem Labeo parvus 6 in Bottom Not Feeding maybe a

shallows uncommon problem Very Feeding may be a Labeo senegalensis 16 in All over Algae common problem Feeding may be a Labeo coubii 20 in Common problem Very Barbus macrops 4 in Unknown Unknown common Fairly Barbus callipterus 2 in Unknown Unknown common May be combined Berilius senegalensis 8 in Insects & fish Common with equal size or larger herbi-vours Clerias lazera 39 in Bottom Fish & Carrion Common Clarias anguillaris 39 in Bottom Fish & Carrion Common Larva Very A very interesting Physailia pellucida 6 in Zooplankton Abundant specimen Very Siluranodon auritus 6 in Bottom Invertebrates common Can be kept with Eutropius niloticus 10 in Bottom Omnivorous Abundant herbivours its size or larger

Table 4 DISPLAY FISH Max. Name Habitat Diet Abundance Remarks Size It may be kept with Schilbe mystus 12 in Rivers Pish Common herbivours its size or larger Shilbe uranoscopus 14 in Fish Common Fairly bayad 30 in Bottom Insects &fish Common Chrysichthys 8 in Inshore Omnivorous Abundant auratus Chrysichthys Deep May present a feeding 20in Nymphs Common Nigrodigitatus water problem Fairly clarotes laticeps 28 in Bottom Fish Common Auchenoglanis Nymphs, Quite 20 in Bottom Biscutatus molluscs, detritus common May present a feeding 20 in Surface Common Membranaceus problem Synodontis May present a feeding 10 in Surface Plankton Common Batensoda problem Synodontis Plankton & Fairly 16 in Resupinatus detritus common Synodontis Budgetti 16 in Detritus Common Synodontis Fairly 10 in Detritus Eupterus common Synodontis nigrita 7 in Detritus Common Table 5 Disply Fish

Max. Name Habitat Diet Abundance Remarks Size Malapterurus General lakes Fairly 50 in Pish electricus &river common General lakes & Phytoplank- Very Tilapia ge lilaea 16 in river ton, algae common General lakes & Tilapia nilotica 20 in Algae Common river Chromidotilapia g Nymphs & Fairly 4 in untheri fish common Very The famed Nile Lates niloticus 40 in Fish common perch Mastacembelus 6 In Among stones Unknown May be May be difficult to loennbergi in the shallows common display because it hides Carrion, An interesting Tetradon fahaka 16 in insects, Uncommon excellent specimen. molluscs (Puffer) Hemichromis Shallow rocky 4 in Fish bimaculatus shorelines Shallow rocky Pelmatochromis 6 in Fish shorelines Shallow Epiplatys sp. 2 in Plants backwaters Synodontis nigrata Small Common Synodontis Small Conmon filamentosus Synodontis ocelifer Small Common Table 6 DISPLAY FISH AND HOLDING UNIT CRITERIA

Non Predatory Species in 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 0 lbs lbs gal ft2 ft3 gal gal ft ft GPM

Name Tank Filter Filter Filter H20 Total Filter Depth of Circulatio Vol. Area Vol. Vol. H20 Vol. Media Filter n Hate umbe

Vol. Est. length Weight N r Total Weight Tilapia nilotica 10 1 4 4 400 2 9 47 447 4.5 2.2 4.5 Tilapia galilaea 10 1 4 4 400 2 9 47 447 4.5 2.2 4.5 1 Tetradon fahaka 11 1 1 1 100 .5 2.3 12 112 1.1 2.2 1 Alestes baremose 12 .5 4 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 2 Heterotis niloticus 24 6 2 12 1000 5 23 120 1120 11.2 2.2 11 Mormyrus rume 12 .5 2 1 100 .5 2.3 12 112 1.1 2.2 1 Petrocephalus bovei 4 .1 2 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 3 Alestes macrolepidotus 14 1 2 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 2 Distichodus rostratus 16 2 2 4 400 2 9 47 447 4.5 2.2 4.5 Citharinus citharus 13 1 2 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 4 Labeo senegalensis 11 .5 2 1 100 .5 2.3 12 112 1.1 2.2 1 Chrysichthes auratus 4 .2 4 .8 80 Bottom Filter 1 Synodontis batensoda 12 2 4 400 2 9 47 447 4.5 2.2 4.5 5 Synodontis eupterus 5 .2 4 .8 80 Bottom Filter 1 5 Table 7 DISPLAY FISH AND HOLDING UNIT CRITERIA

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Non Predatory Species in lbs lbs Sal ft2 ft3 gal gal ft3 ft GPM Name Tank Filter Filter Filter H20 Total Filter Depth of Circu- Vol. Area Vol. Vol. H20 Vol. Media Filter lation Rate umbe Vol. Est. length Weight N r Total Weight Epiplatus Sp. 30 Bottom Filter 1 Aplocheilichthys Sp. 30 Bottom Filter 1 Aphyosemion Sp. 30 Bottom Filter 1 Pantodon buchholzi 30 Bottom Filter 1 Barbus Sp. 80 Bottom Filter 1 Physailia pellucida 30 Bottom Filter 1 Table 8 DISPLAY FISH AND HOLDING UNIT CRITERIA

Predatory Species 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 gal ft2 ft3 Gal gal ft3 ft GPM

Name Tank Filter Filter Filter Total Filter Depth of Filter Circulation Vol. Area Vol. H20 H20 Media Rate vol. Vol. Vol. Est. Length Weight Numbe r Lates niloticus 30 22 2 44 2000 10 45 237 2300 23 2.3 22 Malapterurus electricus 18 2 1 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 Polypterus bichir 12 1 2 2 200 2 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.5 Gymnarchus niloticus 3028 10 2 20 1000 5 23 120 1120 11.2 2.2 11 Hydrocynus brevis 10 3 30 2000 10 45 237 2300 23 2.3 22 Hepsetus odoe 12 .5 2 1 100 .5 2.3 12 112 1.1 2.2 1 Phago loricatus 4 .2 2 .4 30 Bottom Filter .5 Claris lasers. 11 5 2 1 100 5 2.3 12 112 1.1 2.2 1 Schilbe mystus 80 Bottom Filter 1 Entropius niloticus 80 Bottom Filter 1 Bagrus bayad 12 1 2 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 Chromidotilapia guntheri Bottom Filter 1 Pellonula afseliusi 30 Bottom Filter 1 Hemichromis bimaculatus 30 Bottom Filter .5 Pelmatochromis guentheri 80 Bottom Filter 1 Clarotes laticeps 5 1 2 2 200 1 4.5 24 224 2.3 2.3 2.5 Table 9 AIR LIFT PUMP FROM WEST'S CALCULATION A. formula for working air-lift pump calculations:

The air pressure required measured in feet of water (B+s) B - barometric pressure (one can assume, the efficiency of these units changes from minute to minute) in feet of water - Hg to H20 must be converted most of the tine, s - submergence of the pump - actually - about where the air enters. (In feet.) v - the consumption of free air (cubic feet or per cubic feet of water pumped) 1 - lift - in feet - (above the water level at rest). The efficiency of these units runs about 50% (on down) and starting usually requires a greater pressure than while running. The volume pumped can be charged by raising or lowering the unit. So the air compressure should displace the quantity found by the formula and it is necessary to multiply by ?. to correct the efficiency. Therefore - the pipe should have an X -area (in") equal to the discharge in gpn/12 (tons). Too large a pipe lets the air slip by and too small a pipe builds up excessive friction and hinders the expansion of air bubbles for lift. The POHLE (or side inlet method) is the type of air lift being used, (The Annular ring bir) Table 10 DETERMINATION OF WATER AND FILTER REQUIREMENTS

PURPOSE: To determine the following: 1) Filter size. 2) Specimen loading in pounds. 3) Rate of circulation in gallons per minute. 4) Filter media depth (constant at 2.24') CRITERIA: 1 Min. of 1 cu. ft. filter media per pound of fish (governing). 2 Max. flow of 2 gpm/s.f. thru filter (secondary factor). 3 Tin. of 2' depth of filter media. 4) Tin. of 100 gals, of water/pound of fish (total system). 5 18 in water cover over filter media. 6 12 in water under filter media. 7 Filter media contains max, of 30% water. 8) Display tank water vol. turnover every 90 minutes.

STEP 1 Given: Display Tank Volume in Gallons

STEP 2 Filter Surface Area

Step 1 + 200 = Square feet

STEP 3 Filter Volume - Dry (less freeboard)

Step 2 X 4.5 = Cubic feet

STEP 4 Water Volume in Filter

Step 2 X 23.714 = Gallons

STEP 5 Water Volume of Total System (less pipe runs)

Step 1 + Step 4 = Total gallons

STEP 6 Specimen Load

Step 5 + 100 = Pounds

STEP 7 Volume of Filter Media (sand and gravel)

Step 5 + 100 = Cubic feet

STEP 8 Depth of Filter Media

Step 7 + Step 2 = Feet

STEP 9 Rate of Water Circulation in System

Step 1 + 89.96 = Gallons per minute Table 11 GLASS THICKNESS IN INCHES WHEN USED IN AQUARIUMS (Tank Length in Inches)

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 44 48 60 66 72 12 1/8 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 7/16 16 3/16 3/16 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 20 3/16 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 3/8 7/16 1/2 1/2 24 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 28 5/16 5/16 5/16 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 9/16 9/16 11/16 11/16 32 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 3/4 36 3/6 7/16 7/16 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 3/4 40 7/16 7/16 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 11/16 12/16 13/16 7/8 44 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 3/4 7/8 15/16 15/16 48 9/16 5/8 5/8 11/16 13/16 13/16 7/8 1.0 11/16 FIGURE I BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER SUPPLY

FIGURE 2 AIRLIFT PUMP