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Prevalence, Intensity and Pathological Lesions Associated with Helminth

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Prevalence, Intensity and Pathological Lesions Associated with Helminth PREVALENCE, INTENSITY AND PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN FARMED / / AND WILD FISH IN UPPER TANA RIVER BASIN, KENYA CHARLES GICHOHlt MATHENGE (BVM, UON) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FISH SCIENCE University of NAIROBI Library 0416939 7 DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2010 11 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signed ............ date: \ Charles Gichohi Mathenge This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors: Signed:........................................................ date: A P i 0 Dr. Mbuthia, P. G. (BVM, MSc, Dip. Path., PhD) date:...... Dr. Waruiru, R. M. (BVM, MSc, PhD) Signed: ...'. 7 ......... date:. /. 9 .... Prof. Ngatia, T. A. (BVM, MSc, Dip. PVM, PhD) Ill DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother Rachael Waruguru and my late father, Moses Wanjuki Mathenge. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Mbuthia P.G., Dr. Waruiru R.M. and Professor Ngatia T.A., for their invaluable advice, suggestions, guidance, moral support and encouragement throughout the study period. I am highly indebted to the Director, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, for allowing me to go on study leave and the award of a scholarship to undertake this MSc programme. I also wish to acknowledge the Chairman, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Prof. Maingi E. N. for invaluable advice and facilitating the preliminary market study. I am grateful to the manager and staff, Sagana Aquaculture Centre, Kirinyaga District for their cooperation, friendship and support during the field study. My very special thanks go to laboratory technologist Mary Mutune of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology for her great technical support and encouragement during the research period. Special thanks to all the staff of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology for their encouragement and technical support during my course work and stay at the institution, especially Messrs. Weda E.H., Kibe J. K., Otieno R.O., Muongi J., Gachoka J M. and Mureithi D. Further thanks to Simon Musyoka and other fishermen/mongers at Sagana bridge for their immense cooperation and support during the field study. V My sincere thanks to the Provincial Director of Veterinary Services, Coast Province, my fellow District Veterinary Officers and their staff in the greater old districts of Mombasa and Kwale, respectively, for their immeasurable support and understanding during the study period. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my mother Rachael Waruguru Wanjuki, my family (wife Wambui; children Waruguru, Murugi, Gichuki, Mwangi, Mathenge, Ngaruiya and Njenga), brothers and sisters (Mathenge, Wambui, Mihiuko, Muthoni, Gatigi and Kariuki) and their families for their encouragement, moral and spiritual support, without which, this would have been impossible. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE...........................................................................................................................i DECLARATION..........................................................................................................ii DEDICATION............................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................xiii LIST OF APPENDICES..........................................................................................xvii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. xix CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 1.1 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................3 1.2 Objectives...............................................................................................................3 1.2.1 General objective................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Specific objectives.............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Justification.......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................5 2.1 Kenya fisheries...................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Marine fisheries.................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Inland fisheries 6 v u 2.1.2.1 Tana River basin.............................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Aquaculture....................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Parasites of fish.....................................................................................................13 2.2.1 Fish helminths..................................................................................................14 2.2.1.1 Phylum Platyhelminthes................................................................................14 2.2.1.1.1 Class Monogenea........................................................................................ 15 2.2.1.1.1.1 Sub-class Monopisthocotylea................................................................ 15 2.2.1.1.1.2 Sub-class Polypisthocotylea................................................................... 16 2.2.1.1.1.3 Prevalence and intensity.........................................................................16 2.2.1.1.1.4. Clinical signs and pathological lesions...............................................17 2.2.1.1.2 Class Trematoda.......................................................................................... 18 2.2.1.1.2.1 Order Digenea.......................................................................................... 18 2.2.1.1.2.2.1.2 Prevalence and intensity...................................................................19 2.2.1.1.2.2.1.3 Clinical signs and pathological lesions........................................... 20 2.2.1.1.3 Class Cestoda...................................................................................... 21 2.2.1.1.3.1 Prevalence and Intensity.........................................................................21 2.2.1.1.3.2 Clinical signs and pathological lesions..................................................22 2.2.1.2 Phylum aschelminthes............................................................................. 24 2.2.1.2.1 Class nematoda...........................................................................................24 2.2.1.2.1.1 Prevalence and intensity.........................................................................24 2.2.1.2.1.2 Clinical signs and pathological lesions.................................................. 27 2.2.1.3 Phylum acanthocephala..............................................................................28 VIU 2.2.1.3.1. Prevalence and intensity.........................................................................28 2.2.1.3.2 Clinical signs and pathological lesions................................................... 29 2.3 Diagnosis of fish helminths.............................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Phylum platyhelminthes.................................................................................. 31 2.3.1.1 Class Monogenea........................................................................................... 31 2.3.1.1.1 Monogenean................................................................................................ 31 2.3.1.2 Class Trematoda............................................................................................ 31 2.3.1.2.1 Adult digenean trematodes........................................................................ 31 2.3.1.2.2 Digenean metacercariae............................................................................. 32 2.3.1.3 Class cestoda.................................................................................................. 32 2.3.1.3.1 Bothriocephalus acheilognathi................................................................... 33 2.3.1.3.2 Other adults tapeworms............................................................................. 33 2.3.1.3.3 Larval tapeworms.......................................................................................33
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