South African Fynbos Essential Oils ______

South Africa and South African Fynbos Essential Oils ______

NAHA July 2018 Webinar Dawn L. Langley-Brady PhD(c), MSN, RN, AHN-BC, CHPN, CCA

After attending this webinar, participants will be able to do the following: - Explain a brief history of South Africa - Discuss differing geology in South Africa - List common Fynbos essential oils - Examine how aromatherapists can positively impact the South African economy

A Brief History and Statistics

– Fossils link modern homo sapiens living in South Africa almost 200,000 years ago. – First peoples consisted of San, Khoikhoi, and Bantu-speaking tribes from Africa. – In 1652, a permanent European colony was established in Cape Town to support sailors from the Netherlands and the Dutch East India Company. – In 1815, most of South Africa was annexed by the British and fell under their rule. – In 1961, this country officially became the sovereign state – The Republic of South Africa (RSA). – Apartheid was established in 1948 and abolished between 1991 and 1994. – The RSA is a democracy with three branches of government each located in a separate capital. – South Africa has 11 official languages and is considered culturally and ethnically diverse.

© Dawn L. Langley-Brady 2018 Nelson Mandela’s Cell Robben Island, South Africa Cape Town, South Africa As viewed from Robben Island where Apartheid opposition were held as prisoners. South African Statistics

– South Africa has a population of approximately 56 million. – South African education system ranks 75th out of the top 76 countries. – Approximately 26% of South African adults are HIV positive. – Approximately 47% of South Africans live in poverty. – Approximately 78% of South African land is owned by the wealthy 8%. – In 2016, 29% of the population was 14 years of age or younger. – South Africa leads the world in the most inequality between races and rural and urban youth. – On July 9th, the United States dollar was equal to 13.42 South African Rand.

© Dawn L. Langley-Brady 2018 Shanty Towns These poverty and crime ridden communities are prevalent on the outskirts of Cape Town. Thousands of families live in tiny metal shacks with no electricity or running water. South African Geology

An Overview

– This region boasts desert, semi-desert, coastal and mountainous regions, a Mediterranean climate, and is a region dependent upon mostly winter or summer rainfall. – South African temperatures average 17°C (63°F) in spring and fall, 22°C (72°F) in the summer, and 8°C (46°F) in the winter. – Winds on the Western Cape can be strong, but average 7 m/s (16 mph) during most of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 450 mm (18 inches).

© Dawn L. Langley-Brady 2018 Cape Town, South Africa For most foreigners, the mention of South Africa brings to mind the seaside city of Cape Town or the busy dry streets of the country’s capital – Johannesburg.

© Dawn L. Langley-Brady 2018 Downtown Cape Town A city of approximately 3.4 million people Simmonstown, South Africa This coastal town is surrounded by mountains and has huge boulders near the beach. It is home to South African Penguin colonies. Winery in Riebeek-Kasteel Nestled between mountains are a plethora of wineries and olive plantations. Animal Preserve Desert and mountain terrain South African Fynbos

Indigenous Plants and Their Essential Oils

– Of the world’s six floral kingdoms, the smallest and richest per unit of area is the Fynbos. (This is greater than South American rainforests.) – Fynbos is an exceptionally biodiverse swath of native shrubland in the Western Cape of South Africa. – There are almost 9,000 Fynbos of which over 6,000 are endemic. – Fynbos is Dutch for “fine-leaved” plant. – Fynbos thrive in nutrient-poor, sandy soil, with varied temperatures and rainfall, and windy conditions. – Over 1700 Fynbos are listed as threatened or in danger of extinction.

– Genus, species: Eriocephalus punctulatus – Family: Asteraceae – Common Name: Boegoekapok – Plant Source: Leaves and Stem – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: Strong floral, chamomile- like, rich, slightly sweet, warm, wine-like; middle notes – Properties: Anti-inflammatory, relaxant, stress-reducer, immune enhancer, good for problem skin – Safety Concerns: No hazards or contraindications are known.

– Genus, species: Artemisia afra – Family: Asteraceae – Common Names: Lanyana, Wilde-als, Mhlonyame, Lengana/Sengana – Plant Source: Leaves and Stem – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: deep resinous aroma, slightly camphorous, slightly sweet, woodsy; middle notes – Properties: Analgesic, anthelmintic, anti- hemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, anti-tuberculin, emmenagogue, insect repellant – Safety Concerns: Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Potential neurotoxin. Limit dermal use to 0.8%.

– Genus, species: Salvia Africana-caerula – Family: Lamiaceae – Common Names: Bloubom salie, Rough Blue Sage – Plant Source: Leaves and Stem – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: floral, herbaceous, rich, sweet, slightly camphorous, slightly spicy; middle notes – Properties: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal antispasmodic, anti- tuberclin – Safety Concerns: Oxidizes quickly

– Agathosma betulina or round-leaf Buchu (Diosphenol Chemotype)

– Family: Rutaceae – Common Names: Round-leaf buchu, boegoe – Plant Source : Leaves – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: herbaceous, slightly spicy, strong, black currant-like; middle to base notes – Properties: abortifacient, antiseptic (bladder and kidney), antifungal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, diuretic, and uterine stimulant This Buchu chemotype can also be used as a food additive (see below). – Safety Concerns: Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Not for oral use.

– Agathosma crenulata or long-leaf Buchu

– Common Names: Oval-leaf buchu, boegoe, langblaar boegoe, anysboegoe – Characteristics: herbaceous, slightly spicy, slightly sweet, black currant-like; middle to top notes – Primary Chemical Constituents: similar to above, but with high Pulegone content – Properties: This Buchu chemotype is used primarily in perfumery and as a food additive (black currant flavoring) at less than 25mg/kg of food. In herbal medicine, it has gastrointestinal anti-spasmodic and carminative, diuretic and urinary antiseptic properties.

– Genus, species: Coleonema album – Family: Rutaceae – Common Names: Aasbossie, Bait Bush, Klipboegoe, White Confetti Bush, Wild Buchu – Plant Source: Leaves and Stems – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: Sweet, herbaceous, hint of pepper; middle to top notes – Properties: Analgesic, anti-anxiety, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, insect repellant, deodorizer – Safety Concerns: No hazards or contraindications are known. Degrades quickly; store in a refrigerator and use with an antioxidant in blends. No information is found related to organ-specific or systemic effects. – Please Note: This oil has very limited availability.

– Genus, species: Eriocephalus africanus and Eriocephalus racemosus – Family: Asteraceae – Common Names: Wilde Roosmaryn, Strandkapokbos, Koppkkie – Plant Source: Leaves and Stem – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: Astringent, cool, herbaceous, slightly camphorous, slightly spicy; middle notes – Properties: Analgesic, antidepressant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antipyretic, diuretic – Safety Concerns: No hazards or contraindications are known. No information was found related to organ-specific or systemic effects. – Please Note: This oil has limited availability.

– African Immortelle – Genus, species: Helichrysum odoratissimum – Family: Asteraceae – Common Names: Hotsnots Kooigoed, Imphepho – Plant Source: Flowering Plant – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: Astringent, balsamic, camphorous, herbaceous; middle to top notes – Properties: Analgesic, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiseptic, immune-stimulant, insect repellant, sedative – Safety Concerns: None found.

– Genus, species: Tagetes minuta – Family: Asteraceae – Common Name: Kakiebos, Stinkbos – Plant Source: Aerial parts of flowering plant – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: resinous, fresh, green, herbaceous, slightly floral, slightly sweet; middle notes – Properties: Antifungal, anthelmintic, anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial (particularly MRSA), antioxidant, anti-tumoral (cytotoxic against breast cancer cells), carminative, and insecticidal; indigenous peoples inhaled Khaki Bush smoke to induce a trance-like state – Safety Concerns: Phototoxic. Limit dermal use to 0.01%. Oxidizes quickly

– Genus, species: Rosmarinus officinalis ct cineole – Family: Lamaiceae – Common Names: Rosamarie – Plant Source: Flowering Plant – Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation – Characteristics: Softer and less camphorous than traditional, herbaceous; middle to top notes – Properties: Analgesic, Anti-bacterial, Anti- fungal, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Anti-rheumatic, etc. – Safety Concerns: Potential for neurotoxicity, cautions in pregnancy, infants and children.

– Ali, N.A., Sharpova, F.S., Al-Kaf, A.G., Hill, G/M., Arnold, N., Al-Sokari, S.S., Setzer, W.N., Wessjohann, L. (2014, Feb.). Compostition of essential oil from Tagetes minuta and its cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Natural Product Communications, 9(2): 265-268. – Cape Mountain Oils (2016). Retrieved from http://www.capemountainoils.co.za/index.php/essential-oils/indigenous-fynbos – Catarino, M.D., Silva, A.M.S., Saraiva, S.C., Sobral, A.J.F.N., Cardosa, S.M. (2015, Apr.). Characterization of phenolic constituents and evaluation of antioxidant properties of leaves and stems of Eriocephalus africanus. Arabian Journal of Chemistry; E-Pub. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.04.018. – Education in South Africa (May 2017). World Education News and Reviews. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2017/05/education-south-africa – Esterhuizen, L.L., Meyer, R., Dubery, I.A. (2006, Jul-Aug.). Antimicrobial compounds from Coleonema album (Rutaceae). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Journal of Biosciences, 61(7-8): 489-498. References (cont.)

– Kamatou, G.P.P., Makunga, N.P., Ramogola, W.P.N., Viljoem, A.M. (2008). South African Salvia species: A review of biological activities and phytochemistry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology; 19(3): 664–672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.030 – Lawal, I.O., Griersib, D.S., Afolayan, A.J. (2014). Phytotherapeutic information on plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 2014:735423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/735423. – Lis-Balchin, M., Hart, S.L. (2002, May). Coleonema album: Studies of the pharmacological action on smooth muscle in vitro and antimicrobial action of its essential oil. Phytotherapy Research; 16(3): 292-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.863. – Ocheng, F., Bwanga, F., Joloba, M., Azeem, M., Putsep, K., Borg-Karlson, A.K., Obua, C., Gustafsson, A. (2015). Essential oils from Ugandan aromatic medicinal plants: Chemical composition and growth inhibitory effects on oral pathogens. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 2015:230832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/230832. References (cont.)

– Statistics, South Africa (2016). Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/country/ZA – Tisserand, R., Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety, 2nd Ed. Churchill, Livingstone, Elsevier: New York. – Wolters Kluwer Health (medfacts natural products) www.drugs.com – www.weathersa.co.za – www.PlantZAfrica.com Thank You for Attending  Contact Information:

Dawn L. Langley-Brady, PhD(c) [email protected] [email protected]