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INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master. UMI Films the Text Directly from the Origina INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microtilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9211220 A multivariate model of ethnic diversity and violent political behavior Shih, Cheng-Feng, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 U-M 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 A MULTIVARIATE MODEL OF ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND VIOLENT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Cheng-Feng Shih, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Chadwick F. Alger, Ph.D. Saad Z. Nagi, Ph.D. Adviser Goldie A. Shabad, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to three teacher who have guided me at different stages of this study. I am grateful to Dr. Nagi for his reading the manuscript and offering methodological comments. I also extend my sincere appreciation to Dr. Shabad for her patient teaching and suggestions on theoretical issues. I am most deeply indebted to Dr. Alger, my adviser, who has encouraged and guided me during study at the Ohio State University. I still have a vivid image of the first day we met in the department reception, where he challenged: "What if Texas wants to get independence?" My strong commitment to the idea of self-determination led me to answer spontaneously: "Why not!" He has become my mentor since then. I can never appreciate him enough for his insights and stimulating suggestions spanning the content in all of the dissertation chapters. I like to thank my parents for their love and support. To my wife Pei-Ing, I like to say without your encouragement and confidence in me, my study in the graduate school in this country would have not been possible. ii VITA February 24, 1958 .. Born - Taichung, Taiwan (Formosa) .. B.S., Department of Agricultural Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 1985-1986 .. Teaching and Research Assistant, Department of Political Science, Iowa State University. 1986 .. M.A., Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 1986-1987 .. Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, Department of Political Science, the Ohio State University. 1989-1990 . .. Graduate Administrative Associate, University Libraries, the Ohio State University. 1990-1991 .. Graduate Research Associate, Mershon Center, the Ohio State University. MAJOR FIELD: Political Science iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii VITA iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Objective 3 C. Study Organization 4 II. ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND VIOLENT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 6 A. Wilsonian/Value Perspective 8 B. Psychological Perspective 11 C. Preliminary Model 14 III. INTERVENING VARIABLES 19 A. Economic Development (Ia) 21 B. Economic and Political Discrepancies (I2) 24 C. Governmental Coercion (I ) 27 D. Role of Ethnic Elites (IJ 29 E. Geographic Concentration of Ethnic Groups (I ) 32 F. External Links of Ethnic Groups (I6) 34 G. Process of Modernization (I7) 40 H. Favorable International Conditions (I8) 45 I. Historical Explanations (I9) 48 IV. TOWARD A MODEL OF VIOLENT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 52 A. Revised Model 52 B. Testable Hypotheses 55 C. Methods and Sample 59 V. OPERATIONALIZATION AND DATA SOURCES 62 A. Defining Ethnic Groups 62 iv B. Ethnic Diversity 66 C. Violent Political Behavior 74 D. Intervening Variables 76 E. A Word on Aggregated Data 83 F. Univariate Statistics 87 VI. EMPIRICAL TESTS OF THE MODEL 91 A. Correlation Analysis 91 B. Bivariate Cross-tabulation 91 C. Multivariate Cross-tabulation 101 D. Bivariate and Multiple Regressions 117 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 156 A. Summary of the Study 156 B. Findings ad Prospects 159 LIST OF REFERENCES 169 APPENDIXES A. Lists of Countries Included and Excluded in the Study 189 B. Sources of Indicators of Ethnic Diversity 194 C. Components of the Variables 197 D. Original Data Before Manipulations 198 E. Data After Manipulations 217 F. Cross-tabulation.and Regression Results 224 G. Statistical Results When the Indirect Measure of Governmental Coercion Is Used 263 H. Statistical Results With the Quadratic Forms of Economic Development and Governmental Coercion 270 I. Pearson Correlation Coefficients Among All Variables Including the Interaction Terms 273 J. Values for Each Variable in the Ascending Order 276 v LIST OF TABLES PAGE Univariate Statistics of All Variables 90 Pearson Correlation Coefficients Among All Variables 92 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot 95 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack 96 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Assassination 97 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Death from Violence 98 Cross-Tabulation of Economic Development with Riot 225 Cross-Tabulation of Economic Development with Armed Attack 225 Cross-Tabulation of Economic Development with Assassination 226 Cross-Tabulation of Economic Development with Death from Violence 226 Cross-Tabulation of Economic and Political Discrepancies with Riot 227 Cross-Tabulation of Economic and Political Discrepancies with Armed Attack 227 Cross-Tabulation of Economic and Political Discrepancies with Assassination 228 Cross-Tabulation of Economic and Political Discrepancies with Death from Violence 228 Cross-Tabulation of Governmental Coercion vi with Riot 229 Cross-Tabulation of Governmental Coercion with Armed Attack 229 Cross-Tabulation of Governmental Coercion with Assassination 230 Cross-Tabulation of Governmental Coercion with Death from Violence 230 Cross-Tabulation of Role of Ethnic Elites with Riot 231 Cross-Tabulation of Role of Ethnic Elites with Armed Attack 231 Cross-Tabulation of Role of Ethnic Elites with Assassination 232 Cross-Tabulation of Role of Ethnic Elites with Death from Violence 232 Cross-Tabulation of Geographic Concentration with Riot 233 Cross-Tabulation of Geographic Concentration with Armed Attack 233 Cross-Tabulation of Geographic Concentration with Assassination 234 Cross-Tabulation of Geographic Concentration with Death from Violence 234 Cross-Tabulation of External Links with Riot 235 Cross-Tabulation of External Links with Armed Attack 235 Cross-Tabulation of External Links with Assassination 236 Cross-Tabulation of External Links with Death from Violence 236 Summary of the Cross-Tabulations 100 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot Controlling for Economic Development 237 vii Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack Controlling for Economic Development 237 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Assassination Controlling for Economic Development 238 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Death from Violence Controlling for Economic Development 238 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot Controlling for Economic and Political Discrepancies 239 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack Controlling for Economic and Political Discrepancies 239 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Assassination Controlling for Economic and Political Discrepancies 240 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Death from violence Controlling for Economic and Political Discrepancies 240 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot Controlling for Governmental Coercion 241 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack Controlling for Governmental Coercion 241 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Assassination Controlling for Governmental Coercion 242 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Death from Violence Controlling for Governmental Coercion 242 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot Controlling for Role of Ethnic Elites 243 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack Controlling for Role of Ethnic Elites 243 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Assassination Controlling for Role of viii Ethnic Elites 244 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Death from Violence Controlling for Role of Ethnic Elites 244 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Riot Controlling for Geographic Concentration 245 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic Diversity with Armed Attack Controlling for Geographic Concentration 245 Cross-Tabulation of Ethnic
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